What are the components of Excel ?

Workbook
A workbook is a separate file just like every other application has.
Each workbook contains one or more worksheets.
You can also say that a workbook is a collection of multiple worksheets or can be a single
You can add or delete worksheets, hide them within the workbook without deleting them

Worksheet
A worksheet is made up of individual cells which can contain a value, a formula, or text.

Cell
A cell is a smallest but most powerful part of a spreadsheet.
You can enter your data into a cell either by typing or by copy-paste.
Every cell is identified by its cell address, cell address contains its column number and row

Window Components

Title Bar The title bar will show the name of your workbook, fo
Quick Access Toolbar A toolbar to quickly access the options which you freq
File Tab It gives the Backstage view, where you come when yo
Ribbon tab
Ribbon contains commands organized in three components
Tabs − They appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related co
Groups − They organize related commands; each group name appears below the
Commands − Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.
Dialog Box Launcher
This appears as a very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many groups on th
Zoom Control
Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control co
View Buttons
Normal Layout view − This displays the page in normal view.
Page Layout view − This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed.
Page Break view − This shows a preview of where pages will break when printed.
Status Bar
This displays the sheet information as well as the insertion point location.
From left to right, this bar can contain the total number of pages and words in th
Row Bar
Rows are numbered from 1 onwards and keeps on increasing as you keep enterin
Column Bar
Columns are numbered from A onwards and keeps on increasing as you keep ent

Address Bar
It shows the address of the active cell
Formula Bar
Formula bar is an input bar, below the ribbon. It shows the content of the active
 or can be a single worksheet.
hout deleting them, and change the order of your worksheets within the workbook.

formula, or text.

n number and row number

your workbook, followed by the application name (“Microsoft Excel”).

ons which you frequently use. You can add your favorite options by adding new options to quick access toolb
you come when you need to open or save files, create new sheets, print a sheet, and do other file-related op

roups of related commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are the examples of ribbon tabs.
appears below the group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of comm
ned above.

many groups on the Ribbon. Clicking this button opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options

he zoom control consists of a slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out. The + buttons can be clic

ear when printed. This gives a full screen look of the document.
eak when printed.
nt location.
ges and words in the document, language etc.

as you keep entering data. Maximum limit is 1,048,576 rows.

ng as you keep entering data. After Z, it will start the series of AA, AB and so on. Maximum limit is 16,384 co

ntent of the active cell and you can also use it enter a formula in a cell.
o quick access toolbar.
ther file-related operations.

ts or group of commands related to alignment etc.

vides more options about the group.

buttons can be clicked to increase or decrease the zoom factor.

m limit is 16,384 columns.
 Press Tab to go to next column.

Press Enter to go to next row.

Shortcut keys

Key Combination Where the Insertion Point Moves

Ctrl + To the last box containing data of the current row.
Ctrl + To the first box containing data of the current row.
Ctrl + To the first box containing data of the current column.
Ctrl + To the last box containing data of the current column.
Ctrl + PageUp To the sheet in the left of the current sheet.
Ctrl + PageDown To the sheet in the right of the current sheet.
Ctrl + Home To the beginning of the sheet.
Ctrl + End To the end of the sheet.

Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

Shift+F11 To Create a new Blank sheet

Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+v Paste
Ctrl+x cut
ctrl+f1 Hide Ribbon Tab

shift+spacebar select the entire row

ctrl and -(minus sign) delete the entire row
Alt_i+r insert a new row
ctrl+spacebar select the entire column

hello Excel Formatting !

ABC
 hello introduction

ctrl+n newworkbook
ctrl+o open
 It’s important to understand that when you create a formula with several ope
Symbol Operator Precedence
: Range 1
<Space> Intersection 2
, Union 3 45
- Negation 4 50
% Percentage 5 4
^ Exponential Operator 6 5
* Multiplication 7 65
/ Division 7 70
+ Addition 8 75
- Subtraction 8 80
& Concatenation 9
= Equal to 10
In the absence o
> Greater than 10 multiplication and div
left to right. We say
< Less than 10 and division are l
>= Greater than Equal to 10 8/4*5
8/4*5 ≠
<= Less than Equal to 10
<> Not Equal to 10

//Union Operator E7:F8 F8:G9 it has all values 5,2,65,106,81,113

ula with several operators, Excel evaluates and performs the calculation in a specific order. Fo

78 45 12 180
85 54 18
2 3 6
2 3 4 424.2667
106 81 36
113 90 42
42 54 48
127 108 54

In the absence of parentheses,

multiplication and division are performed
left to right. We say that multiplication
and division are left associative.
8/4*5 = 10
8/4*5 ≠ 0.40

es 5,2,65,106,81,113,90
xcel evaluates and performs the calculation in a specific order. For instance, Excel always per

=E5+F5+G5+H5 F7 2
E7 5
E5 50
=F8^E8*(E6/H7)+(F6+G9+F11-H12)+(G8^H8/G5*F7) H6 6
=F7^E7*(8.33)+(154)+(81/G4*F6) F5 85
=32*8.33+154+(1.8*F6) G8 81
=266.66+154+3.6 F10 42
=424.26 H11 54
G7 3
=((A1/B1*C2)+(E5+F5)+(D4+N4))*F1 H7 4
G4 45
1 F6 2
=E8:F9!F9:G10*50%/53 106
=106*50%/53
=106*0.5/53
=53/53
=1
ance, Excel always performs multiplication before addition. This order is called the order of o

//intersection means common part

d the order of operator precedence. You can force Excel to override the built-in operator p
built-in operator precedence by using parentheses to specify which operation to evaluate first.
to evaluate first.
References A cell reference in Excel refers to the value of a different cell or cell range

Default excel uses Relative References.

Example:-

Product Quanitiy price Total

Bread 2 1.5 3
butter 1 1.2 1.2
Cheese 3 2 6

Absolute References place a $ symbol in front of the column letter and row number ($H$3

Length(cm)Width(cm)Length(inch) Width(inch) Conversion rate 0.393701

1 10 0.3937008 3.937008
5 12 1.968504 4.7244096
4 8 1.5748032 3.1496064
2 10 0.7874016 3.937008

Mixed References Combination of relative and absolute references.

The row is locked while the column changes when the formula is copied.
The column is locked while the row changes when the formula is copied.

Below is a data set where you need to calculate the three tiers of commission based on the percentage value in cell E2, F2, an
Commision
10% 15% 20%
Item Price Quanity Total Tier1 Tier2 Tier3
Item A 15 15 225 22.5 33.75 45
Item B 20 20 400 40 60 80
Item C 12 18 216 21.6 32.4 43.2
Item D 18 8 144 14.4 21.6 28.8
Item E 8 10 80 8 12 16
Item F 10 20 200 20 30 40

Circular References Referring the same cell

Product Price How to calculate price/Month for Jea

Jeans 80
Shirt 30
Month Jan Feb Mar
Reduction 20% 40% 50%

Jan Feb Mar

Jeans 64 48 40
Shirt 24 18 15
ifferent cell or cell range on the current worksheet or a different worksheet within the spreadsheet. A cell reference c
Fibnoacci Series
0 12 0
1 13 13 1
1 13 14 1
2 13 15 2
3 13 16 3
5 13 17 5
8 13 18 8
13 13 19 13
21 21
34
nd row number ($H$3) in the formula of cell E3.
12 12

12
13

tage value in cell E2, F2, and G2.

22.5 33.75 45
40 60 80
21.6 32.4 43.2
14.4 21.6 28.8
8 12 16
20 30 40

alculate price/Month for Jeans and shirt

64 64

64
64 64 48 40
24 18 15
dsheet. A cell reference can be used as a variable in a formula.
To enter a date use "/" or "-" . Time -use ":"
Excel stores Date and Times as positive integers.
1 12/31/1899
42736 1/1/2017

Times in Excel are stored as decimals, between 0 and 1, which represent a proportion of the day.

0 12:00:00 AM
0.25 06:00:00 AM
0.5 12:00:00 PM
0.75 06:00:00 PM
0.8 07:12:00 PM
0.9 09:36:00 PM
1 12:00:00 AM
How Excel stores date and time
1.5 12/31/1899 12:00
42736.25 1/1/2017 6:00

Since Excel stores date and Time as numbers, we can do all arithmetic operations.

/Now()
Now() - 1/29/2025 7:19
How to find the difference between two dates ?(number of days between two dates)

Date 1 9/23/2021
Date 2 9/24/2021
Difference 1

Difference between two times

Time 1 13:00
Time2 18:00
Difference 5:00

Difference between two dates and times

Date&Time 8/21/2020 18:00
Date&Time 8/24/2020 19:00
Difference 3.04166666666424

Example 1 To check whether appoint time is due or not.

Appointment Time 9/25/2021 10:59

Current date and time 1/29/2025 7:19
Differennce -29324:20:13

Today() Returns current date.

1/29/2025

How to find the number of days that have passed since 17,May,2018
Days passed
17-May-18 2449

Days Function returns the number of days between two supplied dates.
Syntax DAYS( end_date, start_date )

18-Jul-21 31
18-Aug-21
31

#VALUE! How many days left for new year

How to calculate your age ?

DOB 5/12/2002
8298.00
Age 22.7342465753425
 8/21/1994
converted into date format
4/12/2019 12/31/1899

12:00:00 PM 06:51:50 PM
06:00:00 AM
0.5
noon

11/9/2020 14:20 11/9/2020

12/31/1899 12:00
12/31/1899 12:00

1/29/2025 7:19
24-08-202014:03 1/29/2025 7:19
//displays current date and time 21-08-202010:06

9/24/2021 10:28
21-08-202011:28

9/23/2021 18:00
9/24/2021 19:00 1.04166666666424 25
01:59:59 AM

72.9999999999418 To find the no of hours ,multiply by 24

the result is compared against the va

Appointment is Due !!! 0.04166666666667

1/29/2025
1/29/2025

//format as general 2449

 ctril+;
ctrl+shift+;

7/19/2019 10:30
7/19/2019 17:30
06:59:59 AM

ctrl+;
ctrl+shift+;

ompared against the value 1/24, which is the value of 1 hour in Excel. If the current tim
f the current time is less than 1 hour from the appointment time, the alert is displayed.
e alert is displayed. Otherwise, the text “Not yet due” is displayed.
WEEKDAY FUNCTION

The WEEKDAY function in Excel returns a number from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday) representin

Eg:-
9/27/2021 2

To display the day of the week, you can use TEXT function
27 Mon Monday

Networkdays function

The NETWORKDAYS function returns the number of weekdays (weekends excluded) between

9/24/2021 9/26/2021

. If you supply a list of holidays, the NETWORKDAYS function returns the number of workdays

9/21/2021 9/26/2021
3

Networkdays function INTL NETWORKDAYS.INTL(

weekend
Optional. It is the days of the week to include as weekend days. If this parameter is omitted, it will assume that wee

=NETWORKDAYS.INTL(B20,D20) 4
=NETWORKDAYS.INTL($B$20,$D$20,11) 5
=NETWORKDAYS.INTL(B20,D20,1,I19) 4

Workday function It returns the date before or after a s

9/29/2021
8/23/2020 9/29/2021

=WORKDAY.INTL("24-09-2021",5,11)
9/30/2021

###
Time Function
Start time End Time Difference
6:00 AM 3:00 PM 9:00 change the time format without AM
7 (Saturday) representing the day of the week of a date

ends excluded) between two dates.

he number of workdays (weekends and holidays excluded) between two dates.

holiday 9/22/2021

NETWORKDAYS.INTL( start_date, end_date, [weekend], [holidays] )

it will assume that weekends include Saturday and Sunday.

only Sunday
holiday included

date before or after a specified number of weekdays (weekends excluded).

=WORKDAY("27-09-2021",8) 10/5/2021 icluding holiday

10/7/2021 10/5/2021

11/9/2020 11/19/2020

### ###
 Note: AM is used for times in the night and morning. PM is used for times in the afternoon and evening. Change the Time form
me format without AM or PM
Value

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
and evening. Change the Time format to display a time with or without AM/PM.
Explanation
(days of week to include as weekend days)
Saturday and Sunday (default)
Sunday and Monday
Monday and Tuesday
Tuesday and Wednesday
Wednesday and Thursday
Thursday and Friday
Friday and Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday