Padmashri Dr.

Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar

PWP-22616,CM

UNIT II
PYTHON OPERATORS AND CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS
(10 Marks)

Unit Outcomes

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2a. Write simple Python program for the given arithmetic expressions.

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2b. Use different types of operators for writing the arithmetic expressions.
2c. Write a 'Python' program using decision making structure for two-way
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branching to solve the given problem.
2d. Write a Python' program using decision making structure for multi-way
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branching to solve the given problem.

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Topics and Sub-topics

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 Basic Operators: Arithmetic, Comparison, Relational, Assignment

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 Logical, Bitwise, Membership, Identity operators, Python Operator

Precedence
 Control Flow Statements
 Conditional Statements (if, if ... else, nested if)
 Looping in python (while loop, for loop, nested loops)
 loop manipulation using continue, pass, break, else.

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Python Operators
o The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular
operation between two operands.
o Operators are the pillars of a program on which the logic is built in a particular
programming language.
o Python provides a variety of operators described as follows.
 Arithmetic operators
 Comparison operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators

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 Bitwise Operators

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 Membership Operators

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 Identity Operators
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Arithmetic operators
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o Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two

operands. It includes +(addition), - (subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide),
%(reminder), //(floor division), and exponent (**).
o Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Operator Description Example

+ It is used to add two operands. >>> a=20
(Addition) >>> b=10
>>> a+b
30
- It is used to subtract the second operand from the >>> a=20
(Subtraction) first operand. If the first operand is less than the >>> b=10
second operand, the value results negative. >>> a-b
10
/ It returns the quotient after dividing the first >>> a=20

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(divide) operand by the second operand. Notice that >>> b=10

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division results in a floating-point value. >>> a/b

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2.0
* It is used to multiply one operand with the other. >>> a=20
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(Multiplication) >>> b=10
>>> a*b
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200
% It returns the reminder after dividing the first >>> a=20
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(reminder) operand by the second operand. >>> b=10

>>> a%b
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** It is an exponent operator represented as it >>> a=20

(Exponent) calculates the first operand power to second >>> b=10
operand. >>> a**b
10240000000000
// Divides and returns the integer value of the >>> a=20
(Floor division) quotient. It dumps the digits after the decimal. >>> b=10
>>> a//b
2

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Comparison operator

o Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of the two operands and
returns boolean true or false accordingly.

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o The comparison operators are described in the following table.
Operator Description Example
==
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If the value of two operands is equal, then the >>> a=30
condition becomes true. >>> b=20
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>>> a==b
False
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!= If the value of two operands is not equal then the >>> a=30
condition becomes true. >>> b=20
>>> a!=b
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True
<= If the first operand is less than or equal to the >>> a=30
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second operand, then the condition becomes true. >>> b=20

>>> a<=b
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False
>= If the first operand is greater than or equal to the >>> a=30
second operand, then the condition becomes true. >>> b=20
>>> a>=b
True
> If the first operand is greater than the second >>> a=30
operand, then the condition becomes true. >>> b=20
>>> a>b
True
< If the first operand is less than the second >>> a=30
operand, then the condition becomes true. >>> b=20
>>> a<b
False

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Python assignment operators

o The assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right expression to the

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left operand.

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o The assignment operators are described in the following table.

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Operator Description Example
= It assigns the value of the right expression to the >>> a=30
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left operand. >>> a
30
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+= It increases the value of the left operand by the >>> a=10

value of the right operand and assign the >>> b=20
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modified value back to left operand. >>> a+=b

>>> print(a)
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30
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-= It decreases the value of the left operand by the >>> a=20

value of the right operand and assign the >>> b=10
modified value back to left operand >>> a-=b
>>> print(a)
10
*= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the >>> a=10
value of the right operand and assign the >>> b=20
modified value back to left operand. >>> a*=b
>>> print(a)
200

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

%= It divides the value of the left operand by the >>> a=20

value of the right operand and assign the >>> b=10
reminder back to left operand. >>> a%=b
>>> print(a)
0
**= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b >>> a=4
>>> b=2
>>> a**=b
>>> print(a)
16

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//= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b >>> a=4

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>>> b=3

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>>> a//=b
>>> print(a)
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1
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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Bitwise operator

o The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two operands.

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For example,
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Operator Description Example

& It performs bit by bit AND operation on the two values. >>> a=2
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(binary and) Here, binary for 2 is 10, and that for 3 is 11. &-ing them >>> b=3
results in 10, which is binary for 2. >>> bin(a)
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'0b10'
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>>> bin(3)
'0b11'
>>> a&b
2
| It performs bit by bit OR on the two values. Here, OR- >>> a=2
(binary or) ing 10(2) and 11(3) results in 11(3). >>> b=3
>>> bin(a)
'0b10'
>>> bin(3)
'0b11'

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

>>> a|b
3
^ It performs bit by bit XOR(exclusive-OR) on the two >>> a=2
(binary xor) values. Here, XOR-ing 10(2) and 11(3) results in 01(1). >>> b=3
>>> bin(a)
'0b10'
>>> bin(3)
'0b11'
>>> a^b
1

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~ It returns the one’s complement of a number’s binary. It >>> a=2

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(negation) flips the bits. Binary for 2 is 00000010. Its one’s >>> b=3

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complement is 11111101. This is binary for -3. So, this >>> bin(a)
results in -3. '0b10'
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>>> ~a
-3
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<< It shifts the value of the left operand the number of >>> a=2
(left shift) places to the left that the right operand specifies. Here, >>> bin(a)
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binary of 2 is 10. 2<<2 shifts it two places to the left. '0b10'

This results in 1000, which is binary for 8. >>> a<<2
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8
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>> It shifts the value of the left operand the number of >>> a=2
(right shift) places to the right that the right operand specifies. Here, >>> bin(a)
binary of 2 is 01. 3>>2 shifts it two places to the right. '0b10'
This results in 00, which is binary for 0. >>> a>>2
0

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Logical Operators

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o The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a

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decision. Python supports the following logical operators.
Operator Description Example
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and If both the expression are true, then the >>> a=2
condition will be true. If a and b are the two >>> b=3
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expressions, a → true, b → true => a and b >>> c=3

→ true.
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>>> a>b and a>c

False
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>>> a<b and a<c

True
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or If one of the expressions is true, then the >>> a=2

condition will be true. If a and b are the two >>> b=3
expressions, a → true, b → false => a or b >>> c=2
→ true. >>> a<b or b<c
True
not If an expression a is true then not (a) will be
false and vice versa.

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Membership Operators
o These operators test whether a value is a member of a sequence.
o The sequence may be a list, a string, or a tuple.
o We have two membership python operators- ‘in’ and ‘not in’.
Operator Description Example
in This checks if a value is a member of a >>> pets=["dog","cat","rat"]
sequence. In our example, we see that the string >>> "fox" in pets
‘fox’ does not belong to the list pets. But the False
string ‘cat’ belongs to it, so it returns True. >>> "cat" in pets
True

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not in Unlike ‘in’, ‘not in’ checks if a value is not a >>> pets=["dog","cat","rat"]

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member of a sequence. >>> "fox" not in pets

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True
>>> "cat" not in pets
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False
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Identity Operators
o These operators test if the two operands share an identity.
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o We have two identity operators- ‘is’ and ‘is not’.

Operator Description Example
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is If two operands have the same identity, it returns >>> 2 is 20

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True. Otherwise, it returns False. Here, 2 is not the False

same as 20, so it returns False. >>> 2 is 2
True
is not 2 is a number, and “2” is a string. So, it returns a >>> 2 is "2"
True to that. False

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Operator Precedence
o The precedence of the operators is important to find out since it enables us to know
which operator should be evaluated first.
o The precedence table of the operators in python is given below.
Operator Description
** The exponent operator is given priority over all the others used
in the expression.
~+- The negation, unary plus and minus.
* / % // The multiplication, divide, modules, reminder, and floor
division.

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+- Binary plus and minus

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>> << Left shift and right shift

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& Binary and.
^| Binary xor and or
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<= < > >= Comparison operators (less then, less then equal to, greater
then, greater then equal to).
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<> == != Equality operators.

= %= /= //= -= Assignment operators
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+=
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*= **=
is is not Identity operators
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in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Python Conditional Statements

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o Sometimes, in a program, we may want to make a decision based on a condition.
o We know that an expression’s value can be True or False.
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o We may want to do something only when a certain condition is true.
o For example, assume variables a and b. If a is greater, then we want to print “a is
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greater”. Otherwise, we want to print “b is greater”.

o For this, we use an if-statement. Also, operators come in handy when you want to join
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conditions to make a composite one.

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Python if Statements
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o An if statement in python takes an expression with it.

o If the expression amounts to True, then the block of statements under it is executed.
o If it amounts to False, then the block is skipped and control transfers to the statements
after the block.
o But remember to indent the statements in a block equally. This is because we don’t
use curly braces to delimit blocks. Also, use a colon(:) after the condition.
o Syntax

if expression:
statement(s)

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

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Example 1

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num = int(input("enter the number?"))

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if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")
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Output:
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enter the number?10

Number is even
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Example 2 : Program to print the largest of the three numbers.

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a = int(input("Enter a? "));
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b = int(input("Enter b? "));
c = int(input("Enter c? "));
if a>b and a>c:
print("a is largest");
if b>a and b>c:
print("b is largest");
if c>a and c>b:
print("c is largest");
Output:
Enter a? 100

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Enter b? 120
Enter c? 130
c is largest

Python if-else statement

o The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement which is
executed in the false case of the condition.
o If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise, the else-block is
executed.

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o The syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-block)

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Example 1 : Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not.

age = int (input("Enter your age? "))
if age>=18:
print("You are eligible to vote !!");
else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");
Output:
Enter your age? 90
You are eligible to vote !!

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Example 2: Program to check whether a number is even or not.

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num = int(input("enter the number?"))

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if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even...")
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else:
print("Number is odd...")
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Output:
enter the number?10
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Number is even
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The elif statement

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o The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the specific
block of statements depending upon the true condition among them.
o We can have any number of elif statements in our program depending upon our need.
However, using elif is optional.
o The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be succeeded
by an if statement.
o The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

if expression 1:
# block of statements

elif expression 2:
# block of statements

elif expression 3:
# block of statements

else:
# block of statements

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Example 1
number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
if number==10:
print("number is equals to 10")
elif number==50:

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

print("number is equal to 50");

elif number==100:
print("number is equal to 100");
else:
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");
Output:
Enter the number?15
number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100
Example 2
marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))

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if marks > 85 and marks <= 100:

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print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")

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elif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
print("You scored grade B + ...")
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elif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
print("You scored grade B ...")
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elif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):

print("You scored grade C ...")
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else:
print("Sorry you are fail ?")
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Output
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Enter the marks? 80

You scored grade B + ...

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Python Loop
o When we want some statements to execute a hundred times, you don’t repeat them
100 times.
o Think of when we want to print numbers 1 to 99. Or that we want to say Hello to 99
friends. In such a case, we can use loops in python.
o Here, we will discuss 4 types of Python Loop:
 Python For Loop
 Python While Loop
 Python Loop Control Statements
 Nested For Loop in Python

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While Loop

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 A while loop in python iterates till its condition becomes False.

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 In other words, it executes the statements under itself while the condition it takes is True.
 When the program control reaches the while loop, the condition is checked.
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 If the condition is true, the block of code under it is executed.

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Remember to indent all statements under the loop equally.

 After that, the condition is checked again.
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 This continues until the condition becomes false. Then, the first statement, if any, after
the loop is executed.
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>>> a=3
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>>> while(a>0):
print(a)
a-=1

3
2
1
 This loop prints numbers from 3 to 1. In Python, a—wouldn’t work. We use a-=1 for the
same.

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

a. An Infinite Loop
 Be careful while using a while loop.

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 Because if you forget to increment the counter variable in python, or write flawed

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logic, the condition may never become false.
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In such a case, the loop will run infinitely, and the conditions after the loop will
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starve.
 To stop execution, press Ctrl+C.
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 However, an infinite loop may actually be useful.

 This in cases when a semaphore is needed, or for client/server programming.
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b. The else statement for while loop

 A while loop may have an else statement after it.
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 When the condition becomes false, the block under the else statement is executed.
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 However, it doesn’t execute if we break out of the loop or if an exception is raised.

>>> a=3
>>> while(a>0):
print(a)
a-=1
else:
print("Reached 0")

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

3
2
1
Reached 0
 In the following code, we put a break statement in the body of the while loop for a==1.
So, when that happens, the statement in the else block is not executed.

>>> a=3
>>> while(a>0):
print(a)
a-=1

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if a==1: break;

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else:
print("Reached 0")
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3
2
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c. Single Statement while

 Like an if statement, if we have only one statement in while’s body, we can write it all in
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one line.

>>> a=3
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>>> while a>0: print(a); a-=1;

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3
2
1
 We can see that there were two statements in while’s body, but we used semicolons to
separate them. Without the second statement, it would form an infinite loop.

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

For Loop
 Python for loop can iterate over a sequence of items.
 The structure of a for loop in Python is different than that in C++ or Java.
 That is, for(int i=0;i<n;i++) won’t work here.
 In Python, we use the ‘in’ keyword.
 Lets see a Python for loop Example

>>> for a in range(3):

print(a)

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1

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2


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If we wanted to print 1 to 3, we could write the following code.

>>> for a in range(3):

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print(a+1)
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1
2
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3
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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

a. The range() function

 This function yields a sequence of numbers. When called with one argument, say n, it
creates a sequence of numbers from 0 to n-1.

>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

 We use the list function to convert the range object into a list object.
 Calling it with two arguments creates a sequence of numbers from the first to the
second.

>>> list(range(2,7))

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[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

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 We can also pass three arguments. The third argument is the interval.

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>>> list(range(2,12,2))
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[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
 Remember, the interval can also be negative.
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>>> list(range(12,2,-2))
[12, 10, 8, 6, 4]
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 However, the following codes will return an empty list.

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>>> list(range(12,2))
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[]
>>> list(range(2,12,-2))
[]
>>> list(range(12,2,2))
[]

b. Iterating on lists or similar constructs

 We aren’t bound to use the range() function, though. You can use the loop to iterate
on a list or a similar construct.

>>> for a in [1,2,3]:

print(a)

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

1
2
3
>>> for i in {2,3,3,4}:
print(i)
2
3
4

 You can also iterate on a string.

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>>> for i in 'wisdom':

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print(i)

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s
d
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o
m
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c. Iterating on indices of a list or a similar construct


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The len() function returns the length of the list.

 When you apply the range() function on that, it returns the indices of the list on a
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range object. You can iterate on that.

>>> list=['Romanian','Spanish','Gujarati']
>>> for i in range(len(list)):
print(list[i])
Romanian
Spanish
Gujarati

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

d. The else statement for for-loop

 Like a while loop, a for-loop may also have an else statement after it. When the loop is
exhausted, the block under the else statement executes.

>>> for i in range(10):

print(i)
else:
print("Reached else")
0
1
2

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3

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4

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5
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7
8
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Reached else
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 Like in the while loop, it doesn’t execute if you break out of the loop or if an exception is
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raised.
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>>> for i in range(10):

print(i)
if(i==7): break
else: print("Reached else")
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

4. Nested for Loops Python

 We can also nest a loop inside another.
 We can put a for loop inside a while, or a while inside a for, or a for inside a for, or a
while inside a while. Or we can put a loop inside a loop inside a loop.
 We can go as far as you want.

>>> for i in range(1,6):

for j in range(i):
print("*",end=' ')
print()

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*

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**

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**
***
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****
Let’s look at some nested while loops to print the same pattern.
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>>> i=6
>>> while(i>0):
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j=6
while(j>i):
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print("*",end=' ')
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j-=1
i-=1
print()
*
**
***
****
*****

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

Loop Control Statements in Python

 Sometimes, we may want to break out of normal execution in a loop.
 For this, we have three keywords in Python- break, continue, and pass.

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a. break statement

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 When we put a break statement in the body of a loop, the loop stops executing, and
control shifts to the first statement outside it.
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 We can put it in a for or while loop.
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>>> for i in 'break':

print(i)
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if i=='a': break;

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a

b. continue statement
 When the program control reaches the continue statement, it skips the statements after
‘continue’.
 It then shifts to the next item in the sequence and executes the block of code for it.
 We can use it with both for and while loops.
>>> i=0
>>> while(i<8):

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 Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

i+=1
if(i==6): continue
print(i)
1
2
3
4
5
7
8

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 If here, the iteration i+=1 succeeds the if condition, it prints to 5 and gets stuck in an

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infinite loop. You can break out of an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl+C.

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>>> i=0
>>> while(i<8):
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if(i==6): continue
print(i)
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i+=1
0
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4
5

c. pass statement
 In Python, we use the pass statement to implement stubs.
 When we need a particular loop, class, or function in our program, but don’t know what
goes in it, we place the pass statement in it.
 It is a null statement.
 The interpreter does not ignore it, but it performs a no-operation (NOP).
>>> for i in 'selfhelp':

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Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute Of Technology Engineering (Polytechnic ), Pravaranagar
PWP-22616,CM

pass
>>> print(i)
p

 To run this code, save it in a .py file, and press F5. It causes a syntax error in the shell.

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