MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

UNIT V
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
INTRODUCTION

Laplace Transformations were introduced by Pierre Simmon Marquis De Laplace

(1749-1827), a French Mathematician known as a Newton of French. Laplace
Transformations is a powerful Technique; it replaces operations of calculus by operations of
Algebra. Suppose an Ordinary (or) Partial Differential Equation together with Initial
conditions is reduced to a problem of solving an Algebraic Equation.

USES:
 Particular Solution is obtained without first determining the general solution
 Non-Homogeneous Equations are solved without obtaining the complementary
Integral
 Solutions of Mechanical (or) Electrical problems involving discontinuous force
functions (R.H.S function) (or) Periodic functions other than and are obtained easily.

Applications:
 L.T is applicable not only to continuous functions but also to piece-wise continuous
functions, complicated periodic functions, step functions, Impulse functions.

Definition:
Let f (t) be a function of‘t’ defined for all positive values of t. Then Laplace

transforms of f (t) is denoted by L {f (t)} is defined by L  f  t    e st f  t dt  f  s   (1)
0

Provided that the integral exists. Here the parameter‘s’ is a real (or) complex number.


The relation (1) can also be written as f  t   L1 f  s  
In such a case the function f(t) is called the inverse Laplace transform of f  s  .The

symbol ‘L’ which transform f(t) in to f  s  is called the Laplace transform operator. The

symbol ‘L-1’ which transforms ̅

(s) to f (t) can be called the inverse Laplace transform
operator.

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 221

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Conditions for Laplace Transforms

Exponential order: A function f (t) is said to be of exponential order ‘a’ If lt e st f  t   a
t 

finite quantity.
Ex: (i). The function t2 is of exponential order
3
(ii). The function et is not of exponential order (which is not limit)
Piece – wise Continuous function: A function f (t) is said to be piece-wise continuous over
the closed interval [a,b] if it is defined on that interval and is such that the interval can be
divided in to a finite number of sub intervals, in each of which f (t) is continuous and has both
right and left hand limits at every end point of the subinterval.
Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace transform of a function:
The function f (t) must satisfy the following conditions for the existence of the L.T.
(i).The function f (t) must be piece-wise continuous (or) sectionally continuous in any
limited interval 0  a  t  b
(ii).The function f (t) is of exponential order.

Laplace Transforms of standard functions:

1
1. Prove that L 1 
s
Proof: By definition
 
 e st  e e0
L 1   e .1dt  
 st
    0  1 if s  0
0   s 0  s  s s

L 1  1
s  e 
 0

2. Prove that L t  1

s2
Proof: By definition


  e st  e st 
L t   e .tdt  t. 
 st
   1. dt 
0   s  s  0

 e st e st 
 t .  2
 1 2
  s    0
 s s

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 222

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

3. Prove that L t n    n!
s n1
where n is a +ve integer

Proof: By definition

 e st   n 1 e st
L t 

   n.t .  s dt
 st
n
e .t dt  t n .
n
0
 s  0 0
n   st n 1
s 0
 00 e t dt

L t n 1
n

s
n 1
Similarly L t n1  L t n2 
s
n2
L t n2   L t n3
s
By repeatedly applying this, we get
n n 1 n  2
L t n   . ..... . L t nn 
2 1
.
s s s s s
n! n! 1 n!
 n
L 1  n .  n1
s s s s
Note: L t n  can also be expressed in terms of Gamma function.

n !   n  1
i.e., L t n       n  1  n!
s n1 s n1

Def: If n>0 then Gamma function is defined by   n    e x x n1dx
0

We have L t n    e st .t n dt


Putting x=st on R.H.S, we get

 x  st 
xn 1
L t n  t   e x .

. dx  
0 sn s  1 dx  dt 
s 

1   When t  0, x  0 

s n 1  0
e x .x n dx  
 When t  , x   

L t n  
1
.  n  1
s n1
If ' n 'is a +veinteger then   n  1  n !
 L t n   n !
s n 1

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 223

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Note: The following are some important properties of the Gamma function.
1.   n  1  n.  n  if n  0

2.   n  1  n! if n is a +ve integer

3.  1  1,   1   
2

Note: Value of   n  in terms of factorial

  2   1 1  1!
  3  2   2   2!
  4   3   3  3!

---------------
In general   n  1  n! provided ‘n’ is a +ve integer.

Taking n=0, it defined 0! =  1  1

4. Prove that L eat   1

sa
Proof: By definition,

L eat    e st .eat dt   e
   s  a t
dt
0 0


 e   s  a t 
 
   s  a  0

e e0 1
   if s  a
sa sa sa

 
Similarly L e at 
1
sa
if s  a

a
5. Prove that L sinh at 
s  a2
2

Proof: L sinh at  L 


eat  e at 
   L e   L e 
1 at  at

 2  2

1 1 1  1 s  a  s  a 2a a
      2
 
2 s a s  a 2  s a  2s  a  s  a

2 2 2 2 2

s
6. Prove that L cosh at 
s  a2
2

 eat  e at 
Proof: L cosh at  L  
 2 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 224

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1 1 1 
 L eat   L e at   
1
 
 2 s  a s  a
2 
1 s  a  s a 2s s
   2

2  s a  2s  a  s  a

2 2 2 2 2

a
7. Prove that L sin at 
s  a2
2

Proof: By definition,

L sin at   e st sin atdt
0


 e st 
2 
 2  s sin at  a cos at  
s  a 0

 eax 
2 
  e sin bxdx 
ax
a sin bx  b cos bx 
 a b
2

a

s  a2
2

s
8. Prove that L cos at 
s  a2
2

Proof: We know that L eat    1

sa
Replace ‘a’ by ‘ia’ we get
s  ia
L eiat  
1

s  ia  s  ia  s  ia 

s  ia
i.e., L cosat  i sin at 
s2  a2
Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
s a
L cos at  and L sin at  2
s a
2 2
s  a2
Problems
1. Find the Laplace transforms of (t 2  1)2

Sol: Here f(t)  (t 2  1)2  t 4  2t 2  1

L{(t 2 + 1)2 } = L{t 4 + 2 t 2 + 1} = L{t 4} + 2L{t 2} + L{1}

4! 2! 1 4! 2! 1
 4 1
 2. 3   5  2. 3 
s s s s s s
24 4 1 1
 5
 3   5 (24  4s 2  s 4 )
s s s s

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 225

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 e at  1 
2. Find the Laplace transform of L  
 a 

 e a t  1  1
 = L e  1   L e   L 1
 at 1  at
Sol: L
 a  a a

1 1 1 1
   
a s a s s( s  a)
3. Find the Laplace transform of Sin2tcost
1 1
Sol: W.K.T sin 2t cos t  [2sin 2t cos t ]  [sin 3t  sin t ]
2 2

1  1
 L{sin 2t cos t}  L  [sin 3t  sin t ]  L sin 3t  L sin t
2  2
1 3 1  2( s 2  3)
  
2  s 2  9 s 2  1 ( s 2  1)( s 2  9)

4. Find the Laplace transform of Cosh22t

1
Sol: W.K.T cosh 2 2t  1  cosh 4t 
2

Lcosh 2 2t  L(1)  L{cosh 4t}

1
2
1 1 s  s2  8
  
2  s s 2  16  s( s 2  16)

5. Find the Laplace transform of Cos33t

Sol: Since cos9t=cos3(3t)
1
cos9t=4cos3 3t-3cos3t (or) cos3 3t= cos9t  3cos3t 
4
1 3
L{cos3 3t} = L{cos9t} + L{cos3t}
4 4

∴ 1 s 3 s
= . 2  . 2
4 s  81 4 s  9

s 1 3  s  s 2  63
=  2  
4  s  81 s 2  9   s 2  9  s 2  81

Find the Laplace transforms of  sin t  cos t 

2
6.

Since  sin t  cos t   sin 2 t  cos2 t  2sin t cos t  1  sin 2t

2
Sol:

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 226

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

L{(sin t + cos t )2 } = L{1+ sin 2t}

= L{1} + L{sin 2t}

1 2 s 2  2s  4
  2 
s s 4 s  s2  4

7. Find the Laplace transforms of cost cos2t cos3t

1
Sol: cos t cos 2t cos3t  .cos t  2.cos 2t.cos3t 
2
1 1
= cos t[cos 5t + cos t ] = [cos t cos 5t + cos2 t ]
2 2
1 1
  2cos t cos5t  2cos2 t    cos 6t  cos 4t   1  cos 2t  
4 4
1
= [1  cos 2t  cos 4t  cos 6t ]
4
1
 L{cos t cos 2t cos3t}  L{1  cos 2t  cos 4t  cos 6t}
4
1
= [ L{1}  L{cos 2t}  L{cos 4t}  L{cos 6t}]
4

= 1  1  2 s  2 s  2 s 
4  s s  4 s  16 s  36 

8. Find L.T. of Sin2t

1  cos 2t 
Sol: L{sin 2 t}  L  
 2 
1 1 1 s 
 [L{1}  L{cos 2t}]    2
2 2  s s  4 

9. Find L(√ )

1 
   1
 t   L t 2
  1  where n is not an integer
2
1
Sol: L
 1
s2
1 1
 
2 2 
 3
 3
  n  1  n.  n 
2 2
s 2s
10. Find 𝑳 { 𝝎 + 𝜶 }, where  a constant is
Sol: { 𝑖 𝜔 +𝛼 }= { 𝑖 𝜔 𝛼+ 𝜔 𝑖 𝛼}
= 𝛼 { 𝑖 𝜔 }+ 𝑖 𝛼 { 𝜔 }
= 𝛼 + 𝑖 𝛼
+ +

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 227

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Properties of Laplace transform:

Linearity Property:
Theorem1: The Laplace transform operator is a Linear operator.
i.e. (i). L cf t   c.L  f t  (ii). L  f t   g t   L  f t   L g t  Where ‘c’ is

constant
Proof: (i) By definition
 
L cf  t    e cf  t  dt c  e st f  t  dt  cL  f  t 
 st

0 0

(ii) By definition

L  f  t   g  t    e st  f  t   g  t dt
0

 
 e  st
f  t dt   e st g  t dt  L  f  t   L g  t 
0 0

Similarly the inverse transforms of the sum of two or more functions of ‘s’ is the sum of the
inverse transforms of the separate functions.

    
Thus, L1 f  s   g  s   L1 f  s   L1 g  s   f  t   g t  
Corollary: L c1 f  t   c2 g  t   c1L  f  t   c2 L g t  , where c1, c2 are constants

Theorem2: If a, b, c be any constants and f, g, h any functions of t, then

L{af (t ) + bg (t ) - ch(t )} = a.L{ f (t )} + b.L{g (t )}- cL{h(t )}
Proof: By the definition

L{af (t )  bg (t )  ch(t )}   e st {af (t )  bg (t )  ch(t )}dt
0

  
 a. e st f  t  dt  b  e st g  t  dt  c  e  st h  t  dt
0 0 0

 a.L{ f (t )}  bL{g (t )}  cL{h(t )}

Change of Scale Property:

-
1  s
If L{ f (t )} = f (s) then L{ f (at )}  . f  
a a
Proof: By the definition we have

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 228

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS


L{ f (at )}   e st f (at )dt
0

du
Put at  u  dt 
a
when t   then u   and t = 0 then u = 0
 s

 
 su
 du 1  a .u 1
 L{ f (at )}   e a
f (u )  . e f  u  du  . f s
a a 0 a a
0

1. Find 𝑳{𝐬 }

Sol: {sinh } = =
−

∴ {sinh }= ⁄ (Change of scale property)

1 1 3
  2
  1 s  9
2
3 s
3
2. Find 𝑳{𝐜 𝐬 }

Sol: {cos } = =
+

{cos }= ( ⁄ ) (Change of scale property)

⁄
{cos }= =
( ⁄ ) + +

First shifting property:

at
If L{ f (t )} = f (s) then L{e f (t )} = f (s - a)
Proof: By the definition

L{eat f (t )}   e st eat f (t )dt
0


f  t  dt
  s  a t
 e
0


  eut f  t  dt whereu  s  a
0

= f (u )  f  s  a 
- at
Note: Using the above property, we have L{e f (t )} = f (s+ a)
Applications of this property, we obtain the following results
n!  n! 
1. L{eat t n }  n 1 
L(t n )  n 1 
( s  a)  s 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 229

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

b  b 
2. L{eat sin bt}  2 
L(sinbt)  2
( s  a)  b 
2
s  b2 

sa  s 
3. L{eat cos bt}  2 
L(cosbt)  2
( s  a)  b 
2
s  b2 

b  b 
4. L{eat sinh bt}  2 
L(sinhbt)  2
( s  a)  b 
2
s  b2 

sa  s 
5. L{eat cosh bt}  2 
L(coshbt)  2
( s  a)  b 
2
s  b2 

1. Find the Laplace Transforms of t 3e3t

Sol: Since L{t 3} = 3!4

s
Now applying first shifting theorem, we get
3!
L{t 3 e- 3t } =
( s + 3)4

2. Find the L.T. of et cos 2t

Sol: Since L{cos }=
+

Now applying first shifting theorem, we get

−
+ +
{ cos }= =
+ + + +
3. Find L.T of
+
Sol: - L[ ]=L[ ]

= { [ ]+ [ ]}

= + { [ ]} → −
−
−
= +
− − +
−
= +
− − +

Second translation (or) second Shifting theorem:

− , > −
If { }= ={ < ℎ { }=

Proof: By the definition

∞ − − ∞ −
{ }= ∫ =∫ +∫
∞ − ∞ − ∞ −
=∫ . +∫ − =∫ −
Let t-a = u so that dt = du And also u = 0 when t = a and u →  when t → 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 230

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
∞ − + − ∞ − − ∞ −
∴ { }=∫ = ∫ = ∫
− { }= −
=
Another Form of second shifting theorem:
{ }= { }= −
If > ℎ − −
, >
where H (t) = { and H(t) is called Heaviside unit step function.
, <
Proof: By the definition
∞ −
{ − − }=∫ − − →
Put t-a=u so that dt= du and also when t=0, u=-a when t →  , u→ 
∞ − +
Then { − − }=∫ . [ ]
0 
 e
 s (u  a )
F  u  H  u  du   e s (u  a ) F  u  H  u  du
a 0

− + ∞ − +
= ∫− . +∫ .

[Since By the definition of H (t)]

∞ − + − ∞ −
=∫ = ∫

e  sa
e
 st
F  t  dt by property of Definite Integrals
0

− { }= −
=

Note: H  t  a  is also denoted by u t  a 

1.
cos t  

Find the L.T. of g (t) when g  t    3   if t  
3
 0 if t  
 3
Sol. Let f  t   cos t

∴ { }= { }= =
+

( − 𝜋⁄ ) = ( − 𝜋⁄ ), 𝑖 > 𝜋⁄
={
, 𝑖 < 𝜋⁄

Now applying second shifting theorem, then we get

−𝜋
−𝜋
.
{ }= =
+ +
−
2. Find the L.T. of (ii) − − ) (ii) −
Sol:

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 231

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

(i). Comparing the given function with f(t-a) u(t-a), we have a=2 and f(t)=t3
!
∴ { }= { }= = =

Now applying second shifting theorem, then we get

−
{ }= −
− − =

{ − }= { − − − − − −
(ii). − . − }= { − }
−
= then = +

Now applying second shifting theorem then, we get

− +
{ − }= − −
− . =
+ +

Multiplication by‘t’:
−
Theorem: If 𝑳{ }= 𝑳{ }=


Proof: By the definition f  s    e st f  t  dt

0


d
ds
 d

f  s    e st f  t  dt
ds 0

By Leibnitz’s rule for differentiating under the integral sign,


d 
f  s    e st f  t  dt
ds 0
s

  te st f  t  dt
0

∞ −
= −∫ { } =− { }
−
Thus { }=
𝑛
∴ { }= − 𝑛
=

Note: Leibnitz’s Rule


If f  x,   and f  x,   be continuous functions of x and  then


𝛼
{∫ ,𝛼 }=∫ 𝛼
,𝛼

Where a, b are constants independent of 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 232

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Problems:
1. Find L.T of tcosat
Sol: Since { }=
+

{ }=− [ ]
+
− + − . −
= =
+ +

2. Find t2sin at
Sol: Since { 𝑖 }=
+

{ . 𝑖 }= −
+

d  2as  2a  3s  a 
  2 2

= 
ds   s 2  a 2 2   s 2
 a 
2 3
 
3. Find L.T of tet sin 3t

Sol: Since { 𝑖 }=
+
−
∴ { 𝑖 }= [ ]=
+ +

Now using the shifting property, we get

− + +
{ 𝑖 }= =
+ + + +

4. Find 𝑳{ }

Sol: Since { 𝑖 }=
+

 L e2t sin 3t 

3 3

 s  2 9 s  4s  13
2 2

− −
{ 𝑖 }= − [ ]= − [ ]
− + − +

3  2s  4  6  s  2
= 
s  4s  13 s  4s  13
2 2 2 2

Find the L.T. of 1  tet 

2
5.
− − −
Sol: Since + = + +

 L 1  tet   L 1  2L tet   L t 2e2t 

2

1 d  1  2 d  1 
2
  2  1     1  
s ds  s  1  ds 2  s  2 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 233

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1 2 d  1 
    
s  s  1 ds   s  2 2 
2

1 2 2
  
s  s  1  s  2 3
2

6. Find the L.T of t3e-3t (already we have solved by another method)

{ − }= − { − }
Sol:
− ! −
=− +
=
+
!
=
+

7. Find 𝑳{𝐜 𝐬 𝐬 }
+ −
Sol. {cosh sin }= { . sin }
−
= [ { sin }+ { sin }]

1 a a 
   
2   s  a 2  a 2  s  a 2  a 2 

f  t    t  1 , t 1
2

8. Find the L.T of the function

0 0  t 1

Sol: By the definition

∞ − − ∞ −
{ }=∫ =∫ +∫

  e st 0dt   e st  t  1 dt
1 2
0 1

− ∞ −
∞ − ∞
=∫ − =[ −
−
] −∫ − −

2   st
e  t  1 dt
s 1
 0

2  

  e st  e
 st
  t  1 
    1 dt 
s 
  s 1 s 


 2 e 
 st
2 1  2
 3  e st 

 0   e st dt   2  
s s 1  s  s 1 s 1

2
3 
0  e s   3 e s
2

s s

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 234

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

9. Find the L.T of f (t) defined as f (t )  3 , t >2

 0, 0<t<2
∞ −
Sol: { }=∫

  e st f  t  dt   e st f  t  dt
2

0 2

− ∞ −
=∫ . +∫
3  st  3
 e    0  e2 s 

 0   e st 3dt 
2 s 2 s
3
 e2 s
s
10. Find 𝑳{ + }
Sol: { + } = {cos cos − sin sin }
= cos . {cos } − sin {sin }
= cos . +
− sin . +
−
{ . + }= [cos . − sin . ]
+ +

 2    s 2  a 2  .0  a.2s 
 s  a 2
.1  s.2 s   sin b  
=  cos b. 
      
s 2
 a 2 2   s 2
 a 2 2



1  s 2  a 2 2 cos b  2as sin b 
 
s 2
a 2 2

11. Find L.T of L [t ]
Sol: - We know that L[sint] = +
−
L[tsint] = (-1) L[sint] = - ( =-
+ +

= +

By First Shifting Theorem

− −
L [t 𝑖 ]=[ ] = =
+ → − − + − +

Division by‘t’:
∞
Theorem: If 𝑳{ }= 𝑳{ }=∫

Proof: We have f  s    e st f  t  dt
0

Now integrating both sides w.r.t s from s to  , we have

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 235

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS



 


0
f ( s)ds     e st f (t )dt ds
s 0 
 
  f t  e
 st
dsdt (Change the order of integration)
0 s

  f  t    e st ds dt (
 
t is independent of‘s’)
0  s 

  e st 
 f t    dt
0
 t  s
∞ −
=∫ ℒ{ }

Problems:
𝐬
1. Find 𝑳 { }

Sol: Since { 𝑖 } = +
=

Division by‘t’, we have

si ∞ ∞
{ }=∫ =∫ +

=[ − ]∞ = −
∞− −

   Tan1s  cot 1 s
2
sin at
2. Find the L.T of
t
Sol: Since {sin }=
+
=

Division by t, we have
si a ∞ ∞
{ }=∫ =∫ +

1 
 a. Tan1 s   Tan1  Tan1 s
a as a

   Tan1 s  cot 1 s
2 a a  
−𝐜 𝐬 𝐚
3. Evaluate 𝑳 { }

Sol: Since { − cos a } = { } − { }= −

+
−c s a ∞
{ }=∫ −
+

 
 log s  log  s 2  a 2 
1
 2 s

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 236

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS


1   s2 
  2log s  log  s  a    log  2
1 
 2 2
 
2 s 2   s  a2  s

  
1  1  1 s2 
 l og  
2  s 2  a 2 
log1 log
2  1  a2 
 2 
  s  s
1
1  s2   s2  2 s2  a2
  l og  2 2 
 log  2 2 
 log
2  s a   s a  s2

−𝐜 𝐬 s2  1
Note: 𝑳 { } = log (Putting a=1 in the above problem)
s
− − −
4. Find 𝑳 { }
− − − ∞
Sol: { }=∫ +
− +

   s  a 
 log  s  a   log  s  b   s  log  
  s  b  s

 a
 1 s  sa
 l t log   log  
s 
 1 b   sb 
 s
 sb 
 log1  log( s  a)  log( s  b)  log  
sa
1  cos t 
5. Find L  
 t 
2

1  cos t  1 1  cos t 
Sol: L  L .  ..... 1
 t  t 
2
t

1  cos t    1 s   
  s   2  ds  log s  log  s  1
1 2
Now L 
 t   s s 1   2 s

1 s2  1  s2  1 s2 1
 log 2   log 2   log 2
2 s  1 s 2  s  1 2 s

1  cos t  s 1 2
1
L 
 t
2 

 s 2
log 2 ds
s

1    s 2  1     s
2
 2 
  log  2   .s    2  3  .sds
s s 1 s
2    s     
s

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 237

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1   1   s2  1   ds 
   s 
lt s.log  1  2 
 s log  2   2s 2 
2   s   s  s  1

1  1 1 1  s 2  1 
   lt s  2  4  6  ....   s log 2   2Tan 1s 
2   s   s 2s 3s  s  s

1   1   1    x 2 x3 x 4 
  0  s log 1  2   2   Tan s    log 1  x   x     ..... 
2   s  2    2 3 4 
1  1
 cot 1 s  s log 1  2 
2  s 
− − −
3. Find L.T of
− −
Sol: W.K.T L[ ]= ,L[ ]=
+ +
∞
L[ ]=∫ ̅
− − ∞
−
∴ L[ ]=∫ −
s + +
= [log + − log + ]∞
+ ∞
= log +

+
∞
= log
+

+
=log (1)-log ( +
)
+ +
=0- log ( +
) = log ( +
)

Laplace transforms of Derivatives:

If f 1  t  be continuous and { }= ℎ { }= −

Proof: By the definition

∞ −
{ }=∫
 
 e st f  t     s  e st f  t  dt (Integrating by parts)
0 0

 
 e st f  t   s  e st f  t  dt
0 0

 st
l t e f (t )  f (0) + . {
= t  }

Since f (t) is exponential order

 st
 lt e f (t ) =0
t 

∴ { }= − + { }

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 238

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

= −
The Laplace Transform of the second derivative f11(t) is similarly obtained.
∴ { }= . { }−

 s.  s f  s   f  0   f 1  0 

 s 2 f  s   sf  0   f 1  0 

∴ { }= . { }−
= [ { }− − ]−
= { }− − −
Proceeding similarly, we have
{ }= { }− − − −
− ……

−
Note 1: { }= 𝑖 = = , = … =
Note 2: Now | | . .
− −
We have | |= | | .
− −
=M. → → ∞ if s>a
𝑙 −
∴ →∞
= >
Problems:
Using the theorem on transforms of derivatives, find the Laplace Transform of the
following functions.
(i). eat (ii). cosat (iii). t sin at
(i). Let f  t   eat Then f 1  t   a.eat and f  0  1

{ }= . { }−
𝑖. . , { }= . { }−
𝑖. . , { }− . { }=−
𝑖. . , − { }=−

∴ { }=
−

(ii). = ℎ =− 𝑖 =−
∴ { }= { }− . −
Now f  0  cos 0  1and f 1  0   a sin 0  0

ℎ {− cos }= {cos }− . −
⟹− {cos }− {cos }=−

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 239

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

⟹− + {cos } = − ⇒ {cos }=
+

(iii). Let f  t   t sin at then f 1  t   sin at  at cos at

f 11  t   a cos at  a cos at  at sin at   2a cos at  a 2t sin at

Also f = and =
{ }= { }− −
𝑖. . , { cos − sin }= {tsin }− −
𝑖. . , {cos }− { sin }− {tsin }=
−
𝑖. . , − + {t sin }= ⇒ {t sin }=
+ +

Laplace Transform of Integrals:

If { }= ℎ {∫ }=

Proof: Let g  t    f  x  dx
t

Then = [∫ ]= =

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides

{ }= { }
But { }= { }− = { }− [ 𝑖 = ]
∴ { }= { }

⟹ { }= { } ⇒ { }= { }

=∫

∴ {∫ }=

Problems:
t
1. Find the L.T of  sin atdt
0

Sol: L{sin }= =
+

Using the theorem of Laplace transform of the integral, we have

{∫ }=

∴ {∫ sin }=
+

t sin t
2. Find the L.T of 0 t
dt

𝑙 si
Sol: {sin } = →
= 𝑖
+

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 240

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

si ∞ ∞
∴ { }=∫ {sin } =∫
+

 Tan1s   Tan1  Tan1s    Tan1s  cot 1 s (or ) Tan1 1

s


2 s  
si − −
𝑖. . , { }= ( ⁄)
si − −
∴ {∫ }= ( ⁄)
−
3. Find L.T of ∫
− 𝑖
Sol: L[ ∫ ]

We know that
L {sint} = +
= ̅
𝑖 ∞ ∞
L{ }=∫ ̅ =∫ +
− ∞
=(
− − 𝜋 − −
= ∞− = − =
𝑖 −
∴ L{ }=
𝑖 −
Hence L {∫ }=

By First Shifting Theorem

𝑖 −
L[ −
∫ ]= ̅ + = → +

−
𝑖 −
∴ L[ ∫ ]= +
+

Laplace transform of Periodic functions:

If f (t) is a periodic function with period ‘a’. i.e, f  t  a   f  t  then

 f  t   1 1e  e st f  t  dt
a
L  sa 0

Eg: sin x is a periodic function with period 2

i.e., sin x  sin  2  x   sin  4  x  .............

Problems:

1. A function f (t) is periodic in (0,2b) and is defined as f  t   1 if 0  t  b

 1 if b  t  2b
Find its Laplace Transform.

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 241

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

L  f  t  
1
e st f  t  dt
2b
Sol:
1  e2bs  0

1  b  st
  e st f  t  dt 
2b
2bs  0 
 e f t dt 
1 e  b 

1  b  st
e dt   e st dt 
2b
2bs  0

1 e  b 

1  e st b  e st 2b 
     
1  e2bs   s 0   s b 

   e sb  1   e2bs  e sb 
1

s 1  e2bs   

L  f  t  
1
1  2e sb  e2bs 
s 1  e2bs  


2. Find the L.T of the function f  t   sin t if 0  t 

 2 2
 0if t  where f  t  has period
  
2
Sol: Since f (t) is a periodic function with period


L  f  t  
1
e st f  t dt
a

1  e sa  0

2
L  f  t  
1
 s 2 

e st f  t dt
1 e  0

1     st 2

 0   e .0dt 
  st
 2 s
e sin t dt 
1 e 


1  e st   s sin t   cos t   
 2 s  
1 e 
 s2   2 0
eat
 a sin bt  b cos bt 
b
 a
eat sin bt 
a 2  b2


1 e
1
2 s

 1
 s 2   2 e
 s

 
.   



DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 242

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Laplace Transform of Some special functions:

1. The Unit step function or Heaviside’s Unit functions:
<
It is defined as − ={
>
Laplace Transform of unit step function:
−
To prove that { − }=
<
Proof: Unit step function is defined as − ={
>
∞ −
Then { − }=∫ −

  e st u  t  a  dt   e st u  t  a  dt
a

0 a

a 
  e st .0dt   e st .1dt
0 a


  e st  1   as e as
  st
e dt      .  e  e  
a
 s  a s   s
−
∴ { − }=

Laplace Transforms of Dirac Delta Function:

The Dirac delta function or Unit impulse function ∈ = { ⁄∈ ∈

>∈

− − ∈
2. Prove that 𝑳{ ∈ }= hence show that 𝑳{𝜹 }=
∈

Proof: By the definition ∈ = { ⁄∈ ∈

>∈
∞ −
And Hence { ∈ }=∫ ∈
∈ − ∞ −
=∫ ∈ + ∫∈ ∈
∈ − ∞ −
=∫ + ∫∈ .
∈
− ∈
− ∈ − − ∈
= ∈ [ − ] = − ⁄∈ [ − ]=
∈

− − ∈
∴ { ∈ }=
∈

𝑙 𝑙 − − ∈
Now {𝛿 } =∈→ { ∈ } = ∈→
∈

∴ {𝛿 }= 𝑖 L-Hospital rule.

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 243

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Properties of Dirac Delta Function:

∞
1. ∫ 𝛿 =
∞
2. ∫ 𝛿 = where G(t) is some continuous function.
∞
3. ∫ 𝛿 − = where G(t) is some continuous function.

4. G(t ) 1  t  a   G1 (a)
0

Problems
}= −
1. Prove that 𝑳{𝜹 −
Sol: By Translation theorem
}= − {𝛿 }
L{𝛿 −
− {𝛿 }= ]
= [sin
∞
2. Evaluate ∫ 𝐜 𝐬 𝜹( − 𝝅⁄ )
Sol: By using property (3) then we get
∞
∫ 𝛿 − =
Here = 𝜋⁄ , = cos

G  a   G   3   cos 2 3  12
∞
∴ ∫ cos 𝛿( − 𝜋⁄ ) = cos 𝜋⁄ = −𝜋⁄

3. Evaluate e4t 1  t  2  dt
0

Sol: By the 4th Property then we get



  t  a  G  t  dt  G (a)
1 1

G  t   e4t and a  2

G1  t   4.e4t

G1  a   G1  2  4.e8

 e4t 1  t  2  dt  G1  a   4.e8
0

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 244

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Inverse Laplace Transforms:

If f  s  is the Laplace transforms of a function of f (t) i.e. { }= then f (t)

is called the inverse Laplace transform of f  s  and is written as = −

{ }
−
∴ is called the inverse L.T operator.
Table of Laplace Transforms and Inverse Laplace Transforms
{ }= −
S.No. { }=

{ }= ⁄ −
1. { ⁄ }=
−
2.
{ }= { ⁄ − }=
−
−
3.
{ − }= { ⁄ + }=
+
4. ! −
{ }= +
𝑖 + 𝑖 { + }=
!
5. − ! −
{ − }= −
{ ⁄ }= , = , , …
− !
6. {sin }= −
+ { }= . sin
+
7. {cos }= −
{ } = cos
+ +
8. {sinh }= −
− { }= sinh
−
9. {cosh }= −
{ } = cosh
− −

{ }= −
10. sin { }= . sin
− + − +
11. − −
{ cos }= −
{ }= cos
− + − +
12. −
{ sinh }= { }= . sinh
− − − −
13. − −
{ cosh }= −
{ }= cosh
− − − −
14. − − −
{ sin }= { }= . sin
+ + + +
15. −
+ −
+ −
{ cos }= { }= cos
+ + + +
{ }= − −
16. − { − }= { }

{ − }= − − − −
17. + { + }= { }

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 245

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Problems
s 2  3s  4
1. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
s3
− − + −
Sol: { }= { ⁄ − . ⁄ + ⁄ }

 L1 1  s  3L  1 s   L  4 s 
1
2
1
3

t2
 1  3t  4.  1  3t  2t 2
2!
+
2. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of − +

− + − + − − +
Sol: { }= { }= { }
− + − + − +

− − −
= { }+ . { }
− + − +

4
 e2t cos3t  e2t sin 3t
3
2s  5
3. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
s2  4
− − −
Sol: { −
}= { −
− −
}
− −
= { −
}− { −
}

1
 2.cosh 2t  5. sinh 2t
2
+
4. Find 𝑳− { }
+

− + + −
Sol: { }= { + }
+ +

− − −
= { +
}+ { }= +
−
5. Find 𝑳− { }
+

−
Sol: 𝑳− { }= −
{ }− −
{ }
+ + +

− −
= { }− { }
+( ⁄ ) +( ⁄ )

3 5 8 2 5
 .cos t  . sin t
4 2 4 5 2

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 246

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

3 5 4 5
 cos t  sin t
4 2 5 2
s
6. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
s  a
2

− − + − − − −
Sol: { }= { }= { }
+ +

− −
= { − }
− − −
= [ { }− . { }]

 e at 1  at 
+
7. Find 𝑳− { − −
}

3s  7 A B
Sol: Let  
s  2s  3 s  1 s  3
2

− + + = +
= , = ⇒ =
= − ,− = ⇒ =−
3s  7 1 4
  
s  2s  3 s  1 s  3
2

−
+ −
− − −
{ }= { + }=− { }+ { }
− − + − + −
 et  4.e3t

8. Find 𝑳− { (
}
+ + )
+
Sol: = + +
+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + =
Equating Co-efficient of s3, A+C=0……..(1)

Equating Co-efficient of s2, A+B+2C+D=0…….(2)

Equating Co-efficient of s, A+C+2D=1…….(3)
1
put s  1, 2 B  1  B  
2
1
Substituting (1) in (3) 2 D  1  D 
2
Substituting the values of B and D in (2)
i.e. − + + = ⇒ + = , + = ⇒ = , =

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 247

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1 1
s
  2 2  22
 s  1  s  1  s  1 s  1
2 2

− − −
{ }= [ { }− { }]
+ + + +

− −
= [sin − { }]

1
 sin t  tet 
2

9. Find 𝑳− { }
+

Sol: Since s 4  4a 4   s 2  2a 2    2as 

2 2

= + + − +
s As  B Cs  D
 Let  2  2
s  4a
4 4
s  2as  2a s  2as  2a 2
2

+ − + + + + + =
1 1
Solving we get A  0, C  0, B  ,D 
4a 4a
−
− −
{ +
}= { + +
}+ { − +
}

1 1  1  1  1 
 a.L  2
 .. L1  2
 ( s  a )  a  4a  ( s  a)  a 
2 2
4
1 1  at 1 1
 . .e sin at  . eat sin at
4a a 4a a

sin at  eat  e at   2 .sin at.2sinh at  2 sin at sinh at

1 1 1
 2
4a 4a 2a
− + ( − )
10. Find i. 𝑳− { } ii. 𝑳− { }

Sol:
− − + − −
i. { }= { − + }= { − + }

− − −
= { }− { }+ { }

= − + !
= − +

− ( − ) − ( − ) − − +
ii. { }= { }= { }

− − − −
= { − + }+ { { }− { }+ { }}

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 248

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

3 t 2 4t 4  3  t4  1 4
     2
  t  6t 2  6 
2  2! 4!  2  6  4 
1 4 1 2t

11. Find 𝑳− [ ]
−

Sol:
− − − −
[ ]= [ ]= [ ]= [ + ]
− − − + − +

1 at  at
 e  e   cosh at
2
 4 
12. Find L1  
 ( s  1)(s 2) 
 4   1   1 1 
Sol: L1    4 L1    4 L1   t 2 t
  4[e  e ]
 ( s  1)(s  2)   ( s  1)(s  2)   s  1 s  2 
 1 
13. Find L1  
 ( s  1) ( s  4) 
2 2

1 A B Cs  D
Sol:    2
( s  1) ( s  4) s  1 ( s  1)
22 2
s 4
2 1 2 3
A , B  ,C  ,D 
25 5 25 25
 1  2 1  1  1 1  1  2 1  s  3 1  1 
 L1   L   L  2
 L  2  L  2 
 ( s  1) ( s  4)  25  s  1  5  ( s  1)  25  s  4  25  s  4 
2 2

2 t 1  1  1 t 1  1  2 3 1
 e L    e L  2   cos 2t  . sin 2t
25 s 5  s  25 25 2
2 t 1 t 2 3
 e  e .t  cos 2t  sin 2t
25 5 25 50

 s2  s  2 
14. Find L1  
 s( s  3)(s 2) 
s2  s  2 A B C
Sol:   
s  s  3 s  2  s s  3 s  2

Comparing with s2, s, constants, we get

A  1 , B  4 ,C  2
3 15 5
 s2  s  2 
1 1  1 4 2 
L   L    
 s( s  3)(s 2)   3s 15( s  3) 5( s  2) 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 249

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1  4  1  2 
 L1    L1    L  5( s  2) 
 3s  15( s  3)   
1 4 2
  e3t  e2t
3 15 5
 s 2  2s  4 
15. Find L1  2 
 ( s  9)(s 5) 
s 2  2s  4 A Bs  C
Sol: =  2
( s  9)(s 5) s  5 s  9
2

Comparing with s2, s, constants, we get

A  31 ,B  3 , C  83
34 34 34
 s 2  2s  4  1  s  2 s  4 
2
L1  2   L  2 
 ( s  9)(s 5)   ( s  9)(s 5) 
 31  1  3  1  83 
 L1   L   L  
 34(s 5)   34( s  9)   34( s  9) 
2 2

31 5t 1  83 
 e   3cos 3t  sin 3t 
34 34  3 
First Shifting Theorem:
   
If L1 f (s)  f (t ), thenL1 f (s  a)  eat f (t )

 
Proof: We have seen that L eat f (t )  f (s  a)  L1 f (s  a)  eat f (t )  eat L1 f (s)  
  1
1. Find L1 
1
  L f ( s  2)
 ( s  2)  16 
2  
 1  2t 1  1 
Sol: L1   e L  2 
 ( s  2)  16   s  16 
2

1 e2t sin 4t
 e2t . sin 4t 
4 4

 3s  2 
2. Find L1  2 
 s  4s  20 

 3s  2  1  3s  2  1  3( s  2)  4 
Sol: L1  2 L  L  2
 s  4s  20   ( s  2)  16   (s  2)  4 
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 250

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 s2   1 
 3L1  2
 4 L1  2
 ( s  2)  4   ( s  2)  4 
2 2

 s   1 
 3e2t L1  2 2
 4e2t L1  2 2
s  4  s  4 
1
 3e2t cos 4t  4e2t sin 4t
4
s3
3. Find L1 
 2


 s  10s  29 

 s3  1  s3  1  s  5  8 
Sol: L1  2 L  2
L  2
 s  10s  29   (s  5)  2   ( s  5)  2 
2 2

 s  8  5t  1 
 e5t L1  2 2
 e cos 2t  8. sin 2t 
s  2   2 

Second shifting theorem:

 f t  a if t  a 
 
If L1 f (s)  f (t ), then L1{e as f (s)}  G(t) , where G(t )   
if t  a 
 0
 f t  a if t  a 
Proof: We have seen that G(t )   
 0 if t  a 

then L G  t   e as . f (s)

 
 L1 e as f (s)  G  t 

1  e s 
1 1  e
3 s

1. Evaluate (i) L  2  (ii) L  2
 s 1   ( s  4) 

1  e s  1  1  1  e
 s

Sol: (i) L1  2  = L  2  + L  2 
 s 1   s  1  s  1
 1 
Since L1    sin t  f (t ) , say
 s  1
2

1  e s  sin(t   ) , if t   
∴ By second Shifting theorem, we have L    
 s  1  0
2
, if t   
 s
1  e 
or L  2  =sin(t-π)H(t-π)= -sint. H(t-π)
 s  1

1  e s 
1
Hence L  2  =sint-sint. H (t-π) =sint [1- H (t-π)]
 s 1 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 251

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Where H (t-π) is the Heaviside unit step function

 1  4t 1  1 
(ii) Since L1  2
e L  2
 ( s  4)  s 
= e4t .t  f (t ) , say

 e3s  e4(t 3) .(t  3) , if t  3

∴ By second Shifting theorem, we have L1  2
 
 ( s  4)   0 , if t  3

 e3s  4(t 3)

or L1  2
=e .(t  3) H(t-3)
 ( s  4) 
Where H (t-3) is the Heaviside unit step function
Change of scale property:


If L  f t   f  s  , Then L1 f  as    1 t
f  ,a  0
a a

Proof: We have seen that L  f  t   f  s 

1  t 
Then f  as   L  f   , a  0
a  a


 L1 f  as    1 t
f  ,a  0
a a

 s  1  8s 
1. If L1  2 2
= t sin t , find L1  2
 ( s  1)  2  (4s  1) 
2

 s  1
Sol: We have L1  2
= t sin t ,
 ( s  1)  2
2

Writing as for s,
 as  1 1 t t t t
L1  2 2 2
= . . sin = 2 .sin , by change of scale property.
 (a s  1)  2 a a a 2a a
Putting a=2, we get
 2s  t t  8s  1 t
L1  2 2
= sin or L1  2
= sin
 (4s  1)  8  (4s  1)  2
2
2 2

Inverse Laplace Transform of derivatives:

   n

Theorem: L1 f (s)  f (t ) , then L1 f (s)  (1)n t n f (t ) where f ( s) 
n dn
 f ( s) 
ds n  
n


Proof: We have seen that L t f (t )  (1) nd
ds n

f (s) n

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 252

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 n

 L1 f (s)  (1)n t n f (t )

 s  1
1. Find L1 log 
 s 1

 s  1
Sol: Let L1 log   f (t )
 s  1
s 1
L  f (t )  log
s 1
d  s  1
L tf (t )  log 
ds  s  1
1 1
L tf (t )  
s  1 s 1
 1 1 
tf (t )  L1   
 s  1 s  1
 1  1  1 
tf (t )  1. L1   L  
 s  1  s  1
−
= +
2sinh t
t f  t   2sinh t  f  t  
t
 s  1 2sinh t
 L1 log 
 s  1 t
t
 1 s  1 e
1
Note: L log =
 s  t

2. Find L1 cot 1 ( s)

Sol: Let L1 cot 1 ( s)  f (t )

L  f (t )  cot 1 (s)

d  1  1
L tf (t )  [cot 1 ( s)    2

1  s  1  s
2
ds

 1 
tf (t )  L1  2   sin t
 s  1
sin t
f t  
t

 L1 cot 1 ( s)  sin t

1
t

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 253

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Inverse Laplace Transform of integrals:

  f (t )
  
s

Theorem: L1 f (s)  f (t ) , then L1   f ( s )ds  

  t

 f (t ) 
Proof: we have seen that L     f ( s)ds
 t  s


  f (t )

 L1   f ( s)ds  
s
 
 t

 s 1 
1. Find L1  2
 ( s  2s  2) 
2

s 1
Sol: Let f ( s) 
( s  2s  2) 2
2

 s 1 
Then L 1
  
f ( s) = L   2 1

 s ( s  2s  2)
2

ds 

 
 s 1 
= L1  2
[( s  1)  1] 
2

 s 
= et L1  2 2
, by First Shifting Theorem
 ( s  1) 
t t  s  t
 et sin t  et sin t L1  2 2 2
 sin at
2 2  ( s  a )  2 a

Multiplication by power of’s’:

 
Theorem: L1 f (s)  f (t ) , and f (0),then L1 s f (s)  f 1 (t )  

Proof: we have seen that L f 1 (t )  s f (s)  f (0) 
 
 L f 1 (t )  s f (s) [ f (0)  0] or

 
L1 s f (s)  f 1 (t )

Note: L1 s f (s)  f

n n
(t ),if f n (0)  0forn  1, 2,3.........n 1

 s   s 
1. Find (i) L1  2
(ii) L1  2
 ( s  2)   ( s  3) 
1
Sol: Let f ( s)  Then
( s  2)2

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 254

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 1  2t 1  1  2t
 
L1 f ( s)  L1  2
 ( s  2) 
= e L  2  = e .t  f (t ) ,
s 
Clearly f (0) =0
 s  1  s  1
Thus L1  2
 ( s  2) 
= L  s. 2
 ( s  2) 

= L s. f ( s) = f 1 (t ) 
d 2t
= (te ) = t(2e2t )  e2t .1 = e2t (1  2 t)
dt
 s  3t
Note: in the above problem put 2=3, then L1  2
= e (1  3t)
 ( s  3) 
Division by S:
 f s 

  
t

   f  u  du
1
Theorem: If L f (s )  f (t ) , Then L 1

 s 
  0

t  f s
Proof: We have seen that L   f  u  du  
0  s

 f s 
  t
 L1     f  u  du
 s 
  0

 f s 

  
t t
Note: If L1 f (s )  f (t ) , then L1  2     f  u  du.du
 s 
  00
1
1. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of
s (s  a 2 )
2 2

 1  1
Sol: Since L1  2 2 
= sinat , we have
 (s  a )  a
 1  t1
2  
L1  2 = sin atdt
 s( s  a )  0 a

1   cos at 
t
1 1
=   =  2 (cosat  1) = 2 (1  cosat)
a  a 0 a a

 1  t 1
1
Then L  2 2 2 
=  2 (1  cos at )dtdt
 s (s  a )  0 a
t
1  sin at  1  sin at 
= 2 t   = t
a  a 0 a 2  
a 

 1  1  sin at 
 L1  2 2 2 
= 2 t  
 s (s  a )  a  a 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 255

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Convolution Definition:
If f (t) and g (t) are two functions defined for t  0 then the convolution of f (t) and g (t) is

defined as f  t  * g  t    f  u g  t  u  du
t

f  t  * g  t  can alsobe written as  f * g t 

Properties:
The convolution operation * has the following properties
1. Commutative i.e.  f * g t    g * f t 
2. Associative  f *  g * h   t    f * g  * h   t 

3. Distributive  f *  g  h   t    f * g  t    f * h  t  for t  0

Convolution Theorem: If f (t ) and g(t ) are functions defined for t  0 then

L  f  t  * g  t   L  f  t .L g  t   f  s  .g  s 

i.e., The L.T of convolution of f(t) and g(t) is equal to the product of the L.T of f(t) and g(t)

Proof: WKT L   t    e st
0

 f u  g t  u  dudt
t


f  u  g  t  u  du dt
t
 e
 st
0 0

The double integral is considered within the region enclosed by the line
u=0 and u=t
On changing the order of integration, we get

   
 
L  t   e st f  u  g  t  u  dt du
0 u


  e su f  u 
0  e 

u
 s  t u 

g  t  u  dt du

f  u   e 
 
  e su  sv
g  v  dv du put t  u  v
0 0

 
 
  e su f  u  g  s  du  g  s   e su f  u  du  g  s  . f  s 
0 0

L  f  t  * g  t   L  f  t .L g  t   f  s  .g  s 

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 256

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Problems:
 s 
1. Using the convolution theorem find L1  2 2 2
 (s  a ) 
 s  1  s 1 
Sol: L1  2 2 2
=L  2 . 2 2 
 (s  a )  s  a s  a 
2

s 1
Let f  s   and g  s   2
s a22
s  a2


So that L1 f ( s)  L1 
 2s 
2
s  a 
 cos at  f (t )  say

   s  1
L1 g ( s)  L1  2 2
 sin at  g (t )  say
s  a  a
 By convolution theorem, we have

 s  t 1
L1  2 2 2
  cos au. .sin a(t  u )du
 (s  a )  0 a
t
1
sin(au  at  au)  sin(au  at  au) du
2a 0


t
1
sin at  sin(2au  at ) du
2a 0


t
1  1 
  sin at.u  .cos(2au  at ) 
2a  2a 0
1  1 1 
  t sin at  cos  2at  at   cos  at 
2a  2a 2a 
1  1 1 
  t sin at  cos at  cos at 
2a  2a 2a 
t
 sin at
2a

 s2 
1
2. Use convolution theorem to evaluate L  2 2 
 ( s  a )( s  b ) 
2 2

 s2  1  s s 
Sol: L1  2 2 
L  2 . 2 2
 ( s  a )( s  b )  s  a s b 
2 2 2

s s
Let f  s   and g  s   2
s a22
s  b2

  s 
So that L1 f ( s)  L1  2 2
s  a 
 cos at  f (t )  say

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 257

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 
  s
L1 g ( s)  L1  2 2   cos bt  g (t )  say
 (s  b ) 
 By convolution theorem, we have
t
 s s 
L1  2 . 2 2 
  cos au.cosb(t  u )du
s  a s b  0
2

t
1
  cos(au  bu  bt )  cos(au  bu  bt ) du
20

1  sin(au  bu  bt ) sin(au  bu  bt ) 
t

   
2 a b a b 0
1  sin at  sin bt sin at  sin bt  a sin at  b sin bt
   
2  a b ab a 2  b2

 1 
3. Use convolution theorem to evaluate L1  2 2
 s( s  4) 
 1  1  1 s 
Sol: L1  2   L  . 2
 s( s  4)   s ( s  4) 
2 2 2

1 s
Let f  s   and g  s  
 s2  4
2 2
s

  1
So that L1 g ( s)  L1  2   t  g (t )  say
s 

  t.sin 2t    ts in 2t 
 
L1 f (s)  L1  2
s
2
 ( s  4) 
  f (t )  say  L1  2
 
s
2 2

 
4  ( s a ) 2a 

1 s  tu
1
L  2 . 2 2
  sin 2u (t  u )du
 s ( s  4)  0 4
t t
1 2
t
4  u sin 2udu 
0
4 0
u sin 2udu

t
 u 1 
 t   cos 2u  sin 2u 
4 2 4 0
t
1  u 2 u 1 
  cos 2u  sin 2u  cos 2u 
4 2 2 4 0
1
 1  t sin 2t  cos 2t 
16

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 258

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 1 
4. Find L1  
 ( s  2)( s  1) 
2

 1   1 1 
Sol: L1    L1  . 2 
 ( s  2)( s  1)   s  2 s  1
2

1 1
Let f  s   and g  s   2
s2 s 1

   1  2t
So that L1 f (s)  L1    e  f (t )  say
s  2

   1 
L1 g ( s)  L1  2   sin t  g (t )  say
 s  1
t
 1 1 
 L1  . 2 
 s  2 s  1
 f (u).g(t  u) du
0
(By Convolution theorem)

t t
  e sin(t  u) du (or)  sinu.e2(t u ) du
2u

0 0

 sin ue
2 u
e 2t
du
0

t
 e2u 
 e  2  2sin u  cos u 
2t

 2 1 0

1 
 e2t  e2t  2sin t  cos t   1  1
5 5 


5
 e  2sin t  cos t 
1 2t

 1 
5. Find L1  
 ( s  1)( s  2) 
 1  1  1 1 
Sol: L1  L  . 
 ( s  1)( s  2)   s 1 s  2 
1 1
Let f  s   and g  s  
s 1 s2

   1  t
So that L1 f ( s)  L1    e  f (t )  say
 s  1

   1  2t
L1 g ( s)  L1    e  g (t )  say
s  2
 By using convolution theorem, we have

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 259

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 1  t u 2(t u )
L1    e e du
 ( s  1)(s 2)  0
t
t t
 e3u  1 2t t
 e e 2 t 3u
du  e 2t
e
3u
du  e  2t
  e  e 
0 0  3  0 3
 1 
6. Find L1  2 2 2 
 s (s  a ) 
 1  1 1 
Sol: L1  2 2 2 
 L1  2 . 2 2
 s (s  a )  s s  a 
1 1
Let f  s   and g  s   2
s 2
s  a2
1
 
So that L1 f ( s)  L1  2   t  f (t )  say
s 


 1  1
L1 g ( s)  L1  2 2 sinh at  g (t )  say
s  a  a
By using convolution theorem, we have

 1  t 1
L1  2 2 2    u. sinh a(t  u )du
 s (s  a )  0 a
t
1
  u sinh(at  au )du
a0

sin  at  au  
t
1  u
  cosh  at  au   
a a a2 0
1  t 1 
 cosh(at  at )  0  2 [0  sinh at ]
=aa a 

1  t 1 
  sinh at 
a  a a 2 
1
  at  sinh at 
a3
3. Using Convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳− { 𝑺+ +
}
𝑆 𝑆
Sol: −
{ +
. +
}= −
{ +
. +
}= −
{ ̅ . ̅ }

̅ = = { }⇒ = −
{ }= −
----------------- (1)
+ +

−
̅ = = { }⇒ = { }= ----------------- (2)
+ +

By Convolution theorem we have

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 260

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

−
{ ̅ . ̅ }= ∗

Where ∗ =∫ −
− 𝑆 − −
∴ { . }=∫
+ +

−
= ∫
−
= . +
[ − 𝑖 ]
−
= [ − − 𝑖 ]
−
[ − ]−
= − 𝑖

Application of L.T to ordinary differential equations:

(Solutions of ordinary DE with constant coefficient):

1. Step1: Take the Laplace Transform on both the sides of the DE and then by using the
formula
L{f n (t )}  s n L{f(t)}  sn1 f (0)  sn1 f 1 (0)  sn2 f 2 (0)  ............. f n1 (0) and apply
given initial conditions. This gives an algebraic equation.
2. Step2: replace f (0), f 1 (0) , f 2 (0) ,……… f n1 (0) with the given initial conditions.

Where f 1  0   s f  0  – f  0 

f 2 (0)  s 2 f  s  – s f  0   f 1  0  , and so on

3. Step3: solve the algebraic equation to get derivatives in terms of s.

4. Step4: take the inverse Laplace transform on both sides this gives f as a function of t
which gives the solution of the given DE

Problems:
1. Solve y111  2 y11  y1  2 y  0 using Laplace Transformation given that

y(0)  y1 (0)  0 and y11 (0)  6

Sol: Given that y111  2 y11  y1  2 y  0

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides, we get

     
L y111 (t )  2L y11 (t )  L y1  2L  y  0

 s3L  y(t )  s 2 y(0)  sy1 (0)  y11 (0)  2 s 2L  y(t )  sy(0)  y1 (0)  
sL  y(t )  y(0)  2L  y(t )  0

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 261

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

 
 s3  2s 2  s  2 L  y(t )  s 2 y(0)  sy1 (0)  y11 (0)  2sy(0)  2 y1 (0)  y(0)

 0  0  6  2.0  2.0  0

 
 s3  2s 2  s  2 L  y(t )  6

6 6
L  y(t )  
s  2s  s  2 ( s  1)( s  1)( s  2)
3 2

A B C
  
s 1 s  1 s  2
 A(s  1)(s  2)  B(s 1)(s  2)  C (s  1)(s  1)  6

 A(s 2  3s  2)  B(s 2  s  2)  C (s 2  1)  6

Comparing both sides s2,s,constants,we have

 A  B  C  0,3 A  B  0, 2 A  2B  C  6

ABC  0
2A  2B  C  6
______________
3A  B  6
3A  B  0
_____________
6A  6  A  1
3 A  B  0  B  3 A  B  3
 A  B  C  0  C   A  B  1  3  2
1 3 2
 L  y(t )   
s 1 s  1 s  2
 1  1  1  1  1 
y(t )  L1    3.L    2.L 
t
 = e  3e  2.e
t 2t

 s  1  s  1 s  2
Which is the required solution

2. Solve y11  3 y1  2 y  4t  e3t using Laplace Transformation given that

y  0   1and y1  0   1

Sol: Given that y11  3 y1  2 y  4t  e3t

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides, we get

   
L{ y11 (t )  3L y1 (t )  2L  y(t )  4L t  L e3t  
4 1
 s 2L{ y(t )  sy(0)  y1 (0)  3  sL{ y(t )  y(0)   2L{ y(t )  
s s 3
2

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 262

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

4 1
 (s 2  3s  2)L{ y(t )   s4
s s 3
2

4s  12  s 4  s 2  3s 3  4s3  12s 2
 ( s 2  3s  2)L{ y(t ) 
s 2 ( s  3)

s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12
 L{ y(t ) 
s 2 ( s  3)( s 2  3s  2)

s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12
 L{ y(t ) 
s 2 ( s  3)( s  1)( s  2)

s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12 As  B C D E
    
s ( s  3)(s  1)(s  2)
2
s 2
s  3 s 1 s  2

( As  B)( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)  C ( s 2 )( s  1)( s  2)  D( s 2 )( s  2)( s  3)  E ( s 2 )( s  1)( s  3)


s 2 (s  3)(s  1)(s  2)
 s 4  7 s3  13s 2  4s  12  ( As  B)( s 3  6s 2  11s  6) 
C ( s 2 )( s 2  3s  2)  D( s 2 )( s 2  5s  6)  E.s 2 ( s 2  4s  3)

Comparing both sides s4,s3,we have

A  C  D  E  1......................(1)
6 A  B  3C  5D  4E  7......................(2)

1
put s  1, 2 D  1  D 
2
put s  2,  4E  8  E  2

1
put s  3,18C  9  C 
2
1 1
from eq.(1) A  1    2  A  3
2 2
3 5
from eq.(2) B= -7+18+   8  3  1  2
2 2
3 2 1 1 2 
y(t )  L1   2    
 s s 2( s  3) 2( s  1) s  2 
1 1
y  t   3  2t  e3t  et  2.e2t
2 2
d2y dy dy
3. Using Laplace Transform Solve 2
 2  3 y  sin t , given that y   0 when t=0
dt dt dt
d2y dy
Sol: Given equation is 2
 2  3 y  sin t.
dt dt

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 263

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

L  y11  t   2L  y1  t   3L  y  t   L sin t

s 2L  y  t   sy  0   y1  0   2  sL  y  t   y  0   3.L  y  t  
1
s 1
2

  s 2  2s  3 L  y  t  
1
s 1
2

 
 L  y  t    2
1

  s  1 s 2  2s  3 
 
 1 
 y  t   L1  
  s  1 s  3  s 2  1 
 

Now consider
1 A B Cs  D
   2
 s  1 s  3  s  1 s  1 s  3 s  1
2

A  s  3  s 2  1  B  s  1  s 2  1   Cs  D  s  1 s  3  1

Comparing both sides s3,we have

1
put s  1,8 A  1  A 
8
1
put s  3,  40 B  1  B 
40
1 1
A B C  0  C  0 
8 40
5  1 4 1
C  
40 40 10
3 1 1
3 A  B  2C  D  0  D    
8 40 5
15  1  8 8 1
D  
40 40 5
 1 1 1 1 
 s 
 y  t   L1  8  40  102 5 
 s 1 s  3 s 1 
 
1  1  1 1  1  1 1  s  1 1  1 
 L1   L   L  2  L  2 
8  s  1 40  s  3  10  s  1 5  s  1
1 1 1 1
 y  t   et  e3t  cos t  sin t
8 40 10 5

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 264

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

dx
4. Solve  x  sin  t, x  0   2
dt
dx
Sol: Given equation is  x  sin  t
dt
L  x1  t   L x  t   L sin  t


 s.L  x  t   x  0   L x  t  
s  2
2


 s.L  x  t   2  L x  t  
s  2
2


  s  1 L  x  t   2
s  2
2


  2 
 x  t   L1   
  s  1  s    s  1
2 2
 

 1  1    

 2L1  L  
 s  1   s  1  s    
2 2
  (By using partial fractions)
  s  
 2 
 2et  L1    1  12  2  12  2 
2 2

 s 1 s   s  
 
   1
 2et  et  cos t  . sin t
 1
2
1  2
1 2 
5. Solve  D2  n2  x  a sin  nt    given that x=Dx=0, when t=0

Sol: Given equation is  D2  n2  x  a sin  nt   

x11  t   n2 x  t   a sin  nt   

L x11  t   n2L x  t   L a sin nt cos   a cos nt sin  

 s 2L x  t   sx  0  x1  0  n2L x  t   a cos  L sin nt  a sin  L cos nt

  s 2  n2  L x  t   a cos 
n s
 a sin  . 2
s n
2 2
s  n2

 L  x  t   a cos 
n s
 a sin 
s 
2 2
s  n2 
2
2
n 2

(By using convolution theorem I –part, partial fraction in II-part)

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 265

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1 1 a sin  1 
d 1 

.sin nx. sin n  t  x  dx 
t
 na cos   L  2 
 ds  s  n  
2
0 n n 2 

a cos  a sin  1
 cos  nt  2nx   cos nt dx 
t
 t sin nt
2n 0 2 n
a cos   t 
 
2n  0  cos n  t  2 x   cos nt dx  sin  t sin nt 
a
2n 

a cos   1  at sin 
t


2n  2n .sin n  t  2 x   x cos nt   2n sin nt
0

a cos   sin nt  at sin 

   t cos nt   sin nt
2n  2n  2n
a cos  sin nt at
  cos  cos nt  sin  sin nt 
2n 2 2n
a cos  sin nt at
  cos   nt 
2n 2 2n
−
6. Solve − + = using L.T given that y (0) = y1 (0) = 1.
−
Sol: Given equation is − + =
−
Applying L.T on both sides we get − + =

⇒ {s2L[y] –s y (0) – y1 (0)} – 4{s L[y] – y (0)} + 3L{y} = +

⇒ (s2 + 4s +3) L{y} –s-1-4 = +

⇒ (s2 + 4s +3) L{y} = +

+s +5

⇒ (s2 + 4s +3) L{y} = +

+s+5
+
L{y} = + + +
+ + +

− − +
y= [ ]+ [ ]
+ + + + +

Let us consider
− −
[ +
]= [ ]
+ + + +

=
+ + + + +
= + + 𝑆+
+ 𝑆+

−
=
+
+ 𝑆+
+ 𝑆+

−
−
= [ +
+ 𝑆+
+ 𝑆+ ]

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 266

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

−
−
= [ +
+ 𝑆+
+ 𝑆+ ]

− − −
=− [ ]+ [ ]+ [ ]
+ 𝑆+ 𝑆+

− − − −
[ ]=− + + − −−→
+ + +
− + − + −
[ + +
]= [ ]+ [ ]
+ − + −

− − − − −
= [ −
]+ + [ −
]

− + −
[ + +
] = + − − −→

From (1) & (2)

− − − − −
∴ =− + + + +

𝝅
7. Solve + = using L.T. given x (0) =1, x ( ) = -1.

Sol: Given + =
L[ ]+ [ ]= [ ]
⇒ [ ]− − + [ }=
+

⇒ + [ ]− − = +

⇒ + [ ]= + +
+

[ ]= + +
+ + + +

− − −
X= [ + +
]+ [ +
]+ [ +
]

−
= [ − ]+ + 𝑖
+ +
− −
= [ +
]− [ +
]+ + 𝑖

= − + + 𝑖 ------------------→
𝜋
Given x ( ) = -1.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ − = − + + + 𝑖

⇒ -1= - − + −

=− +

∴ x= + + 𝑖 From (1)

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 267

 MAMATHMATICS - II LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

.𝑺 𝒍 𝑫 − 𝑫 + 𝑫− = Using L.T given y (0) =1, = , =−

Sol: Given − + − =
[ ]− [ ]+ [ ]− [ ]= [ ]
⇒{ [ ]− − − }− { [ ]− − }+
{ [ ]− }− [ ]= [ ]

⇒ − + − [ ]− − + + + − = − [ ]

⇒ − L[y]- + =
−

= −

⇒ − L[y] = + −
−

[ ]= + −
− − −
− − −
= [ ]+ [ ]− [ ]
− − −

− − −
= [ −
]+ [ −
]− [ −
]

− − −
= [ ]+ − [ ]
−

−
= !
− !
+ [ ]
−

−
Consider [ ]
−

− −
W.K.T [ −
]= [ ]= =
!

−
[ ]= = + = + + +
−

= + +

∴ = !
− !
− + +

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES MRCET (EAMCET CODE: MLRD) 268