Mobile Application Development

Unit-1
Android Introduction
Android is an operating system based on Linux kernel, developed by Google. Linux
is an Open Source and free operating system and with some modifications on the
Linux operating system, android OS was developed. Linux OS is majorly used in
server and Desktop operating system so the android operating system is focused on
touch screen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets
Various Platform for Mobile

Android OS: The Android operating system is the most popular operating system
today. It is a mobile OS based on the Linux Kernel and open-source software. The
android operating system was developed by Google. The first Android device was
launched in 2008.
BlackBerry OS: The BlackBerry operating system is a mobile operating system
developed by Research In Motion (RIM). This operating system was designed
specifically for BlackBerry handheld devices.
iPhone OS / iOS : The iOS was developed by the Apple inc for the use on its device.
The iOS operating system is the most popular operating system today. It is a very
secure operating system. The iOS operating system is not available for any other
mobiles.
Windows Mobile OS : The window mobile OS is a mobile operating system that was
developed by Microsoft. It was designed for the pocket PCs and smart mobiles.

Android API
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a particular set of rules (‘code’)
and specifications that programs can follow to communicate with each other .
APIs are growing exponentially every year.
The world of software moves fast. In earlier days data entered and processed in the
same system, but now the origin of the data and processing place is entirely
different. We should be able to access the data from anywhere at any time , that’s
why we store this data in cloud storage .
For sending and receiving data from/to the server ,we want a middle man who is
platform independent.That middleman handles the requests and serves the
response to the user .The below diagram illustrates this better than words.
Android API
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a particular set of rules (‘code’)
and specifications that programs can follow to communicate with each other .
APIs are growing exponentially every year.
The world of software moves fast. In earlier days data entered and processed in the
same system, but now the origin of the data and processing place is entirely
different. We should be able to access the data from anywhere at any time , that’s
why we store this data in cloud storage .
For sending and receiving data from/to the server ,we want a middle man who is
platform independent.That middleman handles the requests and serves the
response to the user .The below diagram illustrates this better than words.
Android API
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a particular set of rules (‘code’)
and specifications that programs can follow to communicate with each other .
APIs are growing exponentially every year.
The world of software moves fast. In earlier days data entered and processed in the
same system, but now the origin of the data and processing place is entirely
different. We should be able to access the data from anywhere at any time , that’s
why we store this data in cloud storage .
For sending and receiving data from/to the server ,we want a middle man who is
platform independent.That middleman handles the requests and serves the
response to the user .The below diagram illustrates this better than words.
he End user sends a request , API executes the instruction then gets the data
from the server and responds to the user.
The End user sends a request , API executes the instruction then gets the data
from the server and responds to the user.
Types of API :
● SOAP API (Simple object Access Protocol)
● REST API (Representational state transfer)
Andriod Architecture
Android architecture contains a different number of components to support any
android device needs. Android software contains an open-source Linux Kernel
having a collection of C/C++ libraries which are exposed through an application
framework services.
Among all the components Linux Kernel provides main functionality of
operating system functions to smartphones and Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM)
provides a platform for running an android application.
The main components of android architecture are following:-
● Applications
● Application Framework
● Android Runtime
● Platform Libraries
● Linux Kernel
Pictorial representation of android architecture with several main components and
their sub components –
Applications –
Applications is the top layer of android architecture . The pre-installed
applications like home, contacts, camera, gallery etc and third party applications
downloaded from the play store like chat applications, games etc. will be installed on
this layer only.
It runs within the Android run time with the help of the classes and services
provided by the application framework.
Application framework –
Application Framework provides several important classes which are used to
create an Android application . It provides a generic abstraction for hardware
access and also helps in managing the user interface with application
resources. Generally, it provides the services with the help of which we can create a
particular class and make that class helpful for the Applications creation.
It includes different types of services activity manager, notification manager,
view system, package manager etc. which are helpful for the development of our
application according to the prerequisite.
Application runtime –
The Android Runtime environment is one of the most important part of Android .
It contains components like core libraries and the Dalvik virtual machine(DVM).
Mainly , it provides the base for the application framework and powers our
application with the help of the core libraries .
Like Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) . It depends on
the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-level memory management. The core
libraries enable us to implement android applications using the standard JAVA or
Kotlin programming languages.
Platform libraries –
The Platform Libraries include various C/C++ core libraries and Java based
libraries such as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager, OpenGL etc. to provide
support for android development.
● Media library provides support to play and record audio and video formats.
● Surface manager responsible for managing access to the display subsystem.
● SGL and OpenGL both cross-language, cross-platform application program
interface (API) are used for 2D and 3D computer graphics.
● SQLite provides database support and FreeType provides font support.
● Web-Kit This open source web browser engine provides all the functionality
to display web content and to simplify page loading.
● SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is security technology to establish an encrypted
link between a web server and a web browser.
Linux Kernel –
Linux Kernel is the heart of the android architectu re. It manages all the
available drivers such as display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth drivers,
audio drivers, memory drivers, etc . which are required during the runtime.
The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction l ayer between the device hardware
and the other components of android architecture. It is responsible for
management of memory, power, devices etc.
The features of Linux kernel are:
● Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and
the system.
● Memory Management: It efficiently handles the memory management
thereby providing the freedom to develop our apps.
● Process Management : It manages the process well, allocates resources to
processes whenever they need them.
● Network Stack : It effectively handles the network communication.
● Driver Model: It ensures that the application works properly on the device
and hardware manufacturers responsible for building their drivers into the
Linux build.
Features of Android
● User Interface: The user interface of the Android operating system is straight
forward, and these features make it very user friendly.
● Multiple Language Support: Android supports multiple languages in its
operating system and one can change the language very easily based on
one’s requirement, the International languages supported are English,
Germany, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and
many more also some native language of India is also Supported Like Hindi,
Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi and many more.
● Multi-tasking: Android provides support to run apps and services in the
background with ease which allows the users to use multiple apps at the
same time.
● Connectivity : Android has extensive support to the connectivity and it
supports connectivity such as WiFi, Bluetooth, Hotspot, CDMA, GSM, NFC,
VOLTE, UBB, VPN, 3G network band, and 4G Network Band.
● Extensive Application Support : Android have Play store which is used as
the major tool to download and update applications on the operating system,
however, one can download the installer(often called as APK file) and install it
manually, but it is not much recommended as third party applications could be
prone to some security breach in the smartphones.
ANDROID SDK
Android SDK stands for Android Software Development Kit which is developed
by Google for Android Platform. With the help of Android SDK, we can create
Android Apps easily.
About Android SDK
Android SDK is a collection of libraries and Software Development tools that are
essential for Developing Android Applications. Whenever Google releases a new
version or update of Android Software, a corresponding SDK also releases
with it .
Components of Android SDK
Android SDK Components play a major role in the Development of Android
applications. Below are the important components:
1. Android SDK Tools
Android SDK tool is an important component of Android SDK. It consists of a
complete set of development and debugging tools. Below are the SDK developer
tools:
 ● Android SDK Build tool.
● Android Emulator.
● Android SDK Platform-tools.
● Android SDK Tools.
2. Android SDK Build-Tools
Android SDK build tools are used for building actual binaries of Android App . The
main functions of Android SDK Build tools are built, debug, run and test
Android applications.
3. Android Emulator
An Android Emulator is a device that simulates an Android device on your
system. . In Android Emulator the virtual android device is shown on our
system on which we run the Android application that we code.
4. Android SDK Platform-tools
Android SDK Platform-tools is helpful when we are working on a Project and they will
show the error messages at the same time. It is specifically used for testing . I
5. Android SDK Tools
Android SDK tool is a component of SDK tool. It consists of a set of tools which and
other Utilities which are crucial for the development of Android Application. It
contains the complete set of Debugging and Development tools for android.
6. SDK Platforms
For Each Android Software, one SDK platform is available as shown below :
Like in this Android 11.0(R) is installed.
These are numbered according to the android version.

Eclipse Installation:

How to Install and Setup Eclipse IDE For

Android App Development?
Last Updated : 07 Nov, 2022

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Android Application Development can be done using Android Studio as

well as Eclipse IDE. We can create android applications in Eclipse IDE
using the ADT plugin. Eclipse is preferred for creating small android
applications. Eclipse IDE is an open-source software used by developers,
it contains a variety of plugins to develop software in different
programming languages. We will be using Eclipse IDE to set up Android
App Development. First, we need to install Eclipse IDE, and then we will
be setting it up for Android App Development.
Steps to Install Eclipse IDE
1. To install Eclipse IDE, click on Download Eclipse
2. Download JDK (Java Development Kit) and Android Studio as well.
3. In File Explorer, go to Downloads – “Eclipse IDE” will be downloaded.
4. Open Eclipse IDE, choose Eclipse IDE for Java Developers and Install.
5. Eclipse IDE environment is ready, now it’s time to set up Android
Development.
Steps to Setup Eclipse IDE for Android App Development
Step 1: Open Eclipse IDE.
Step 2: Select Help, Click on “Install New Software”
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Step 3: Type “https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/” in the
“Work With” section and click on Add. Further, a new Dialog box will
appear, type Name – ADT Repository and Click on Add.

Step 4: You can see Developer Tools under Name – tick the box, then
click Next. A dialog box will appear, click on Next and then click on
Finish. After that, Installation will begin.
The installation will take some time:
Step 5: After the installation is completed, Eclipse will be restarted.
After the restart, a dialog box will appear for setting up the Preferences.
Click on Open Preferences then Click on Proceed. If the dialog box does
not appear then go to Eclipse -> Window -> Preferences.

Step 6: Browse the SDK Location of Android (C:\Program Files\Android\

android-sdk) and Click Apply.
Note 1: SDK Path is also present in Android Studio -> Tools -> SDK
Manager -> Copy the Android SDK Location path and paste it here.
Note 2: If in case after Step 6, if you are facing this issue “Could not find
folder ‘tools’ inside SDK” please refer to this article How to fix Could not
find folder ‘tools’ inside SDK in Android?
Step 7: Click on Install new SDK then Next. Another dialog box will
appear, Accept all three packages and Click on Install.
After installation of packages, SDK Manager will appear for API Level
Build Tools and System Images installation. Click on Install.
Step 8: After installation is completed, Go to Eclipse then Select Window
then Click on Android Virtual Device Manager. A dialog box will appear,
Select existing AVD and Click on Edit.

Fill in all the details as per the below image. Click OK.
Step 9: To create an android application, Select File -> New -> Other,
and then the below dialog box will appear Select Android -> Android
Application Project then Click on Next. Follow the steps and then click on
Finish.
Step 10: Eclipse IDE setup is completed for Android Application
Development.
Android Installation:

Install Android
Android supports java, c++, c# etc. language to develop android applications. Java is the officially
supported language for android. All the android examples of this site is developed using Java
language and Eclipse IDE.

Here, we are going to tell you, the required softwares to develop android applications using
Eclipse IDE.

There are two ways to install android.

 1. By ADT Bundle
2. By Setup Eclipse Manually

1) By Android Studio
 Eclipse IDE
 Android SDK
 Eclipse Plugin

If you download the Android Studio from android site, you don't need to have eclipse IDE, android
SDK and eclipse Plugin because it is already included in Android Studio.

How to setup Android for Eclipse IDE

In this page, you will learn what softwares are required for running an android application on
eclipse IDE. Here, you will be able to learn how to install the android SDK and ADT plugin for
Eclipse IDE. Let's see the list of software required to setup android for eclipse IDE manually.

1. Install the JDK

2. Download and install the Eclipse for developing android application
3. Download and Install the android SDK
4. Intall the ADT plugin for eclipse
5. Configure the ADT plugin
6. Create the AVD
7. Create the hello android application

1) Install the Java Development Kit (JDK)

For creating android application, JDK must be installed if you are developing the android
application with Java language. download the JDK

2) Download and install the Eclipse IDE

For developing the android application using eclipse IDE, you need to install the Eclipse. you can
download it from this location download the Eclipse. Eclipse classic version is recommended but
we are using the Eclipse IDE for JavaEE Developers.

3) Download and install the android SDK

First of all, download the android SDK. In this example we have installed the android SDK for
windows (.exe version).

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Now double click on the exe file, it will be installed. I am using the android 2.2 version here.
4) Download the ADT plugin for eclipse
ADT (Android Development Tools) is required for developing the android application in the eclipse
IDE. It is the plugin for Eclipse IDE that is designed to provide the integrated environment.

For downloading the ADT, you need to follow these steps:

1) Start the eclipse IDE, then select Help > Install new software...

2) In the work with combo box, write https://dl-ssl.google.com/android/eclipse/

3) select the checkbox next to Developer Tools and click next

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4) You will see, a list of tools to be downloaded here, click next

5) click finish

6) After completing the installation, restart the eclipse IDE

5) Configuring the ADT plugin

After the installing ADT plugin, now tell the eclipse IDE for your android SDK location. To do so:

1. Select the Window menu > preferences

2. Now select the android from the left panel. Here you may see a dialog box asking if you want to
send the statistics to the google. Click proceed.
 3. Click on the browse button and locate your SDK directory e.g. my SDK location is C:\Program
Files\Android\android-sdk .
4. Click the apply button then OK.

6) Create an Android Virtual Device (AVD)

For running the android application in the Android Emulator, you need to create and AVD. For
creating the AVD:

1. Select the Window menu > AVD Manager

2. Click on the new button, to create the AVD
3. Now a dialog appears, write the AVD name e.g. myavd. Now choose the target android version
e.g. android2.2.
4. click the create AVD

building you First Android application:

How to make android apps

In this page, you will know how to create the simple hello android application. We are creating the
simple example of android using the Eclipse IDE. For creating the simple example:

1. Create the new android project

2. Write the message (optional)
3. Run the android application

Hello Android Example

You need to follow the 3 steps mentioned above for creating the Hello android application.

1) Create the New Android project

For creating the new android studio project:

1) Select Start a new Android Studio project

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2) Provide the following information: Application name, Company domain, Project location and
Package name of application and click next.
3) Select the API level of application and click next.
4) Select the Activity type (Empty Activity).
5) Provide the Activity Name and click finish.
After finishing the Activity configuration, Android Studio auto generates the activity class and other
required configuration files.

Now an android project has been created. You can explore the android project and see the simple
program, it looks like this:

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 2) Write the message
File: activity_main.xml

Android studio auto generates code for activity_main.xml file. You may edit this file according to
your requirement.

1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

2. <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/
android"
3. xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
4. xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
5. android:layout_width="match_parent"
6. android:layout_height="match_parent"
7. tools:context="first.javatpoint.com.welcome.MainActivity">
8.
9. <TextView
10. android:layout_width="wrap_content"
11. android:layout_height="wrap_content"
12. android:text="Hello Android!"
13. app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
14. app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
15. app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
16. app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
17.
18. </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>
19. }
File: MainActivity.java

1. package first.javatpoint.com.welcome;
2.
3. import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
4. import android.os.Bundle;
5.
6. public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
7. @Override
8. protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
9. super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
10. setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
11. }
12. }
To understand the first android application, visit the next page
(internal details of hello android example).

3) Run the android application

To run the android application, click the run icon on the toolbar or simply press Shift + F10.

The android emulator might take 2 or 3 minutes to boot. So please have patience. After booting
the emulator, the android studio installs the application and launches the activity. You will see
something like this: