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NDT defined
 Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is a very
FME 624 - Non-destructive Testing broad field
 Interdisciplinary

Introduction  Plays a critical role in assuring that

structural components and systems
perform their function in a reliable and
cost effective fashion.
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NDT Defined NDT defined

 NDT technicians and engineers define and implement  Allows inspection without interfering
tests that locate and characterize material conditions and
flawsn with a product's final use
 Prevention of catastrophic failure –  Excellent balance between quality
 Examples: planes crashing, reactors failing (Chernobyl), train
to derail, pipelines to burst, and a variety of less visible, but control and cost-effectiveness.
equally troubling events.
 Testing performed in a manner that does not affect the
future usefulness of the object or material.
 NDT allows parts and material to be inspected and
measured without damaging them.
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NDT defined NDT technologies

 Visual inspection  Electromagnetic
Generally applies to industrial
 Radiographic  Eddy currents
inspections. technologies  Magnetic
 X-ray and Gamma
The technologies that are used in  Magnetic particle
radiation testing
NDT are similar to those used in  Wave based technologies  Optical
the medical industry, but nonliving  Ultrasonic testing  Shearography
 Acoustic emission  Liquid penetrant
objects are the subjects of the  Thermal imaging testing
inspections.  Vibratin modal testing
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Non Destructive Evaluation Non Destructive Evaluation

 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is a term  An NDE method would not only locate a
that is often used interchangeably with defect, but it would also be used to measure
NDT. something about that defect such as its size,
 Technically, NDE is used to describe shape, and orientation.
measurements that are more quantitative in  NDE may be used to determine material
nature. properties, such as fracture toughness,
formability, and other physical
characteristics.
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NDT&E and Structural Health

NDT&E and Structural Health Monitoring Monitoring
 SHM – actively monitoring  Global perspective - locating the
damage during service of a position of the damage
component  Local – determining the severity
 Continuous real time  Involves
monitoring, inspection and  Multiple sensor arrays
damage detection  Integrated signal processing and
 Minimal labor involvement DAQ hardware/software
 Analysis algorithms
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NDT&E and Structural Health NDT&E and Structural Health

Monitoring Monitoring
 Global methods - analytical and  NDT&E can be considered
experimental techniques that within the framework of SHM
study changes in modal  But there can be a difference in
characteristics of a structure data interpretation between
 FE based NDT&E and SHM
 Local methods – using visual
inspection or NDE techniques

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NDT&E and Structural Health NDT&E and Structural Health

Monitoring Monitoring
 Traditional NDT&E tend to use  SHM techniques use the change
direct measurements to in measurements at the same
determine physical condition of location to identify condition of
the structure or component structure
 No history data needed  History data is critical
 Accuracy depends on resolution  Accuracy depends on the
of equipment being used sensors used for measurements

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NDT&E and Structural Health Example application of SHM using

Laser vibrometry
Monitoring  Traditional Methods have involved use of contact type
 NDT&E relies more on the sensors – mainly accelerometers - added mass treatment,
accuracy
equipment  Laser vibrometer – non-contacting, high sensitivity
 SHM is more dependent upon  Velocity at a point is obtained by measuring the Doppler
frequency shift of the scattering induced on the incident
analysis and interpretation of laser beam by the vibrating body,
the measured data  f = 2v/λ
 Typical resolutions are in the order of 0.5 m/s,
bandwidths up to 200 kHz, velocity ranges of 10 m/s
 Mode shape information, frequency response and phase
data obtained easily during measurements
 Limitations in its use include speckle noise, interference,
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Vibrometer Setup for Truss Structure Testing

Example : Frequency Response of a cantilever beam

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Mode Shapes for the Cantilever beam Animation of third mode

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