Artificial Intelligence

COL333/COL671
Mausam
(Based on Slides by Stuart Russell, Henry Kautz,
Subbarao Kambhampati, and UW-AI faculty)
 Personnel
• Instructor: Mausam, SIT 402, [email protected]

• TAs:
– Yatin Nandwani (csz178057 at iitd.ac.in)
Keshav Sai Kolluru (csz178058 at iitd.ac.in)
Sachin Kumar Chauhan (csz188012 at iitd.ac.in)
Saransh Goyal (cs5150292 at iitd.ac.in)
Makkunda Sharma (cs5150459 at iitd.ac.in)
Phaneesh Barwaria (mcs182014 at iitd.ac.in)
Mehak (mcs182143 at iitd.ac.in)

© Mausam 2
 Logistics
• Timings: Tue/Thu/Fri 11-12

• Office hours
– By appointment

• Course Website:
www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~mausam/courses/col333/autumn2019
• Join class discussion group on Piazza (access code col333)
https://piazza.com/iit_delhi/fall2019/col333/home
• Textbook:
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd edition), Russell and Norvig

• Communication: Piazza (no email)

 Programming Assignments
• 5 programming assignments; one of them in two parts
– some assignments may be done in teams of two (as per
instructions)

– no team can be repeated for a second assignment (COL333)

• no team can be repeated for a third assignment (COL671)

– late policy (penalty of 10% every day)

– I/O error (penalty of 20%)

– Logical error (penalty of 50% only under special permission)

© Mausam 4
 Grading
• Grading:
– 50% assignments
– 10% Minor 1
– 10% Minor 2
– 30% Major
– Extra credit: constructive class participation, and discussion group
participation

• Audit
– 50% absolute in exams
– C in course
• I believe in making course demanding rather than
grading harsh
– Make your life this semester miserable, rather than GPA
beyond it low 
 Academic Integrity
• Cheating  negative penalty (and possibly more)
– Exception: if one person/team is identified as cheater
– Non-cheater gets a zero
• Collaboration is good!!! Cheating is bad!!! Who is a cheater?
– No sharing of part-code
– No written/soft copy notes
– Right to information rule
– Kyunki saas bhi kabhi bahu thi Rule
 Class Requirements & Prereqs
• Class requirements
– Uses a variety of skills / knowledge:
• Probability and statistics
• Boolean Logic
• Algorithms
• Above average coding skills
– You will often have to work to fill the gaps

• Official Prerequisites
– Data structures

• Unofficial Prerequisites
– A willingness to learn whatever background you are missing
 Languages
• English 

• C++/Java/Python
– Coding efficiency : python
– Program efficiency : C++

• Your choice of language may give unfair

disadvantage to you!
 Class Size
• Currently enrolled: don’t know
• Expect to take: 150-160 students total.
• Others (fill the form on the course webpage)
– https://forms.gle/SZz7BEehuzKkQvAL8
– Grade in data structures
– Total GPA
– Minor degree: prev courses and grades
– Prev relevant coursework (and grade)
– Prev relevant project (and grade, if applicable)
 Artificial Intelligence

Mausam
(Based on Slides by Stuart Russell, Henry Kautz, B
Ravindran, Subbarao Kambhampati, and UW-AI
faculty)
 Goals of this course
• A brief intro to the philosophy of AI
• A brief intro to the breadth of ideas in AI

• General computer scientist

– general tools to aid in attacking a new problem

• Serious AI enthusiast
– A primer from which to launch advanced study
 Theory vs. Modeling vs. Applications
• Lecture balance tilted towards modeling

• Assignment balance tilted towards applications

• Relatively few theorems and even fewer proofs

• Desired work – lots!

HISTORY
1946: ENIAC heralds the dawn of Computing
1950: Turing asks the question….

I propose to consider the question:

“Can machines think?”
--Alan Turing, 1950
 1956: A new field is born
• We propose that a 2 month,
10 man study of artificial
intelligence be carried out
during the summer of 1956
at Dartmouth College in
Hanover, New Hampshire.
– Dartmouth AI Project
Proposal; J. McCarthy et al.;
Aug. 31, 1955.
 1956-1966
• 1950: Turing Test for Machine Intelligence

• 1956: AI born at Dartmouth College Wrkshop

• 1964: Eliza – the chatbot psychotherapist

• 1966: Shakey – general purpose mobile robot

 AI Winters
• 1974 – 1980: Winter #1
– Failure of machine translation
– Negative results in Neural nets
– Poor speech understanding

• 1987 – 1993: Winter #2

– Decline of LISP
– Decline of specialized hardware for expert systems

• Lasting effects
– [Economist07] “Artificial Intelligence is associated with systems that
have all too often failed to live up to their promises.”
– [Pittsburgh BT06] “Some believe the word 'robotics' actually carries a
stigma that hurts a company's chances at funding.”
 1996: EQP proves that
Robbin’s Algebras are all boolean
----- EQP 0.9, June 1996 -----
The job began on eyas09.mcs.anl.gov, Wed Oct 2 12:25:37 1996
UNIT CONFLICT from 17666 and 2 at 678232.20 seconds.
---------------- PROOF ----------------
2 (wt=7) [] -(n(x + y) = n(x)).
3 (wt=13) [] n(n(n(x) + y) + n(x + y)) = y.
5 (wt=18) [para(3,3)] n(n(n(x + y) + n(x) + y) + y) = n(x + y).
6 (wt=19) [para(3,3)] n(n(n(n(x) + y) + x + y) + y) = n(n(x) + y).
…….
17666 (wt=33) [para(24,16426),demod([17547])] n(n(n(x) + x) ….

[An Argonne lab program] has come up with a major mathematical

proof that would have been called creative if a human had thought of it.
-New York Times, December, 1996
 1997: Deep Blue ends Human
Supremacy in Chess

vs.

I could feel human-level intelligence across the room

-Gary Kasparov, World Chess Champion (human)
In a few years, even a single victory
in a long series of games would be the triumph of human genius.
 Success Story: Chess

Does Deep Blue use AI? Saying Deep Blue

doesn’t really think about
chess is like saying an
airplane doesn’t really fly
because it doesn’t flap
its wings.

“If it works, its not AI!” – Drew McDermott

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 1999: Remote Agent takes
Deep Space 1 on a galactic ride

Mission-level
actions &
Goals Scripts resources
Generative
Planner &
Scheduler
Executive
Scripted

Generative
Mode Identification
ESL & Recovery
component models
Monitors

Real-time Execution
Adaptive Control
Hardware

For two days in May, 1999, an AI Program called Remote Agent

autonomously ran Deep Space 1 (some 60,000,000 miles from earth)
2004 & 2009

28
 2005: Cars Drive Themselves

• Stanley and three

other cars drive
themselves over a
132 mile
mountain road
 2005: Cars Drive Themselves
• Stanley and three other cars drive themselves over
a 132 mile mountain road
 2011: IBM’s Watson

And Ken Jennings pledges obeisance to the new Computer Overlords..

 2011: IBM’s Watson

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFR3lOm_xhE
PRESENT
2016: AlphaGo
© https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alexkantrowitz/were-in-an-artificial-intelligence-hype-cycle
What Changed?

Data

Deep Learning
Neural networks
Object Recognition

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 Artistic
Applications
!
• Doodle to
Painting!
• Style
Transfer
• Image
Colorization

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.08511.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01768.pdf
41
https://github.com/jcjohnson/fast-neural-style
Image  Caption
 Automatic Speech Recognition

(c) https://medium.com/@gaurav.sharma/voice-is-the-new-o-s-and-the-future-of-search-
commerce-and-payments-64fc8cc848f6
“if it works it is not AI”  “its all AI”
• By 2050, develop a team of fully autonomous humanoid
robots that can win against the human world champion
team in soccer.

49
The Definition of AI
 Science of AI
Physics: Where did the physical universe come from?
And what laws guide its dynamics?

Biology: How did biological life evolve?

And how do living organisms function?

AI: What is the nature of intelligent thought?

© Daniel S. Weld 53
 What is intelligence?
• Dictionary.com: capacity for learning, reasoning,
understanding, and similar forms of mental activity

• Ability to perceive and act in the world

• Reasoning: proving theorems, medical diagnosis
• Planning: take decisions
• Learning and Adaptation: recommend movies,
learn traffic patterns
• Understanding: text, speech, visual scene
 Intelligence vs. humans
• Are humans intelligent?
– replicating human behavior early hallmark of intelligence

• Are humans always intelligent?

• Can non-human behavior be intelligent?

 What is artificial intelligence?
human-like vs. rational
“[automation of] activities “The study of mental
that we associate with faculties through the use of
human thinking, activities computational models”
such as decision making, (Charniak & McDertmott
problem solving, learning…” 1985)
thought (Bellman 1978)
vs. “The study of how to make “The branch of computer
behavior computers do things at science that is concerned
which, at the moment, with the automation of
people are better” (Rich & intelligent behavior” (Luger &
Knight 1991) Stubblefield 1993)

© Daniel S. Weld 56
 What is artificial intelligence?
human-like vs. rational

Systems that think Systems that think

thought
like humans rationally
vs.
behavior Systems that act like Systems that act
humans rationally

© Daniel S. Weld 57
 Thinking Humanly
• Cognitive Science
– Very hard to understand how humans think
• Post-facto rationalizations, irrationality of human thinking

• Do we want a machine that beats humans in chess or a machine

that thinks like humans while beating humans in chess?
– Deep Blue supposedly DOESN’T think like humans..

• Thinking like humans important in Cognitive Science applications

– Intelligent tutoring
– Expressing emotions in interfaces… HCI

• The goal of aeronautical engg is not to fool pigeons in flying!

 Thinking Rationally: laws of thought
• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
– Logic

• Problems
– Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical
deliberation (reflexes)
– What is the purpose of thinking?
 Acting Humanly: Turing’s Test
• If the human cannot tell whether the responses
from the other side of a wall are coming from a
human or computer, then the computer is
intelligent.

60
 Acting Humanly
• Loebner Prize
– Every year in Boston
– Expertise-dependent tests: limited conversation

• What if people call a human a machine?

– Shakespeare expert
– Make human-like errors

• Problems
– Not reproducible, constructive or mathematically analyzable
 Acting rationally
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• Need not always be deliberative
– Reflexive
• Aristotle (Nicomachean ethics)
– Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action
and every pursuit is thought to aim at some good.
 Acting  Thinking?
• Weak AI Hypothesis vs. Strong AI hypothesis
– Weak Hyp: machines could act as if they are
intelligent
– Strong Hyp: machines that act intelligent have to
think intelligently too
 Rational Agents
• An agent should strive to do the right thing, based on what
it can perceive and the actions it can perform. The right
action is the one that will cause the agent to be most
successful

• Performance measure: An objective criterion for success of

an agent's behavior

• E.g., performance measure of a vacuum-cleaner agent

could be amount of dirt cleaned up, amount of time taken,
amount of electricity consumed, amount of noise
generated, etc.

64
 Ideal Rational Agent
“For each possible percept sequence, does
whatever action is expected to maximize its
performance measure on the basis of evidence
perceived so far and built-in knowledge.''

• Rationality vs omniscience?
• Acting in order to obtain valuable information
What is artificial intelligence (agent view)
• An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its
environment through sensors and acting upon that
environment through actuators

• Human agent:
– eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors
– hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for actuators

• Robotic agent:
– cameras and laser range finders for sensors
– various motors for actuators

• We will revisit this view in detail later in the course

 Examples: Formal Cognitive Tasks
• Games
– Chess
– Checkers
– Othello
• Mathematics
– Logic
– Geometry
– Calculus
– Proving properties of programs

67
 Examples: Expert Tasks
• Engineering
– Design
– Fault Finding
– Manufacturing planning
• Medical
– Diagnosis
– Medical Image Analysis
• Financial
– Stock market predictions
68
 Examples: Perceptual Tasks
• Perception
– Vision
– Speech
• Natural Language
– Understanding
– Generation
– Translation
• Robot Control

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 What is artificial intelligence
(algorithmic view)
• A large number of problems are NP hard

• AI develops a set of tools, heuristics, …

– to solve such problems in practice
– for naturally occurring instances

• Search
• Game Playing
• Planning
• …
 Recurrent Themes
• Weak vs. Knowledge-based Methods
• Weak – general search methods (e.g., A* search)
• primarily for problem solving
• not motivated by achieving human-level performance

• Strong AI -- knowledge intensive (e.g., expert systems)

• more knowledge  less computation
• achieve better performance in specific tasks

• How to combine weak & strong methods seamlessly?

© Daniel S. Weld 74
 Recurrent Themes
• Logic vs. Probabilistic vs. Neural
–In 1950s, logic dominates
• attempts to extend logic
–1988 – Bayesian networks
• efficient computational framework
–2013 – deep neural networks
• powerful representation across modalities

© Daniel S. Weld 75
 Topics of this Course
• Phase 1: Search, Constraint Satisfaction, Logic,
Games

• Phase 2: Uncertainty (decision theory,

probabilistic knowledge representation),
Learning (reinforcement)

• Phase 3: Deep Neural Networks