NIF LAB PRELIM

Lesson 1:
Basic Components

3 basic components: CPU, Inout and

📌Benefits of NIF Output, and

Central processing unit (CPU)

​ ◦​ Improved patient safety​
​ ◦​ Enhanced communication​ ​ ⁃​ “the brain of the computer”
​ ◦​ Increased efficiency​
​ ◦​ Improved decision making​ Consists of
​ ◦ Enhanced patient education​
= Memory: where data is stored and
​ ◦​ Reduced cost
working on​
🔍COMPUTER HARDWARE​ = Arithmetic and Logic: used to control
arithmetic and logic functions​
​ ⁃​ all physical components of
= Control Unit
the machine​
​ ⁃​ composed of many
2 Types of Memory
different parts that enable user to
communicate in a wide range​ ​ 1.​ ROM (Read Only Memory)
​ ⁃​ uses electronic = can only be read by the computer and
components and instructions to perform cannot be erased. PERMANENT.
calculations and repetitive and complex
procedures, process text and manipulate ​ 2.​ RAM (Random Access
data and signals. Memory) = working memory hsed for
working storage. Can be Changeable.
Major Characteristics
Ex. DDDRS - double data rate S
1.​ Automatic: working spontaneously
Parts of CPU
2.​ Electronic: operating w/ small
components such as microchips etc. ◦​ Motherboard (skeletal of desktop)​
​ ⁃​ printed circuit board and
3.​ General purpose foundation of a computer, biggest board in
a computer chassis
​ ⁃​ Speed
◦​ RAM​
​ ⁃​ Reliability
◦​ CPU Microchip (The heart)​
​ ⁃​ aka. Micro processors​
​ ⁃​ Storage capacity
​ ⁃​ Complete computation
engine that is fabricated in a single chip​
​ ⁃​ Measured in MIPS

** Intel 4004 - first ever microchip

Input and Output ​ •​ • ZIP AND JAZ DRIVES -
similar to floppy disk but are of higher
​ ⁃​ It is used as a way of capacity
receiving commands and data from the
outside and a way of reporting out its **Floppy Disk - 1.4 mb storage only
work. This is red to a controller that is
plugged into the slots or circuit boards. History of Computers

Input > receive info from outside world ​ ◦​ First Gen

(Scanners, mouse, keyboard, joystick) ​ •​ used vacuum tubes in their

design, they run hot thus required a great
Output > report the result to the external deal of cooling.
world
​ •​ The first true digital
(Monitor, speaker, printers, headphones) computer, was built in 1943 with funding
from the U.S Military and used to design
Storage Media airplane and other complex engineering
applications.
​ ⁃​ It includes the main
memory but also external devices on 1.​ Prototype World War II Military
which programs and data are stored Computer

Examples: 2.​ Vacuum Tube Computer

​ •​ HARD DRIVE -a peripheral 3.​ Univac - 1

that has high speed and high density
​ ◦​ 2nd Generation
​ •​ DISKETTES- a round
magnetic disk encased in a flexible or rigid • They were introduced in 1950's. They
case used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

​ •​ CD-ROM (Read only) - rigid There is lesser heat, improve reliability

disk that holds a much higher density of and much greater speeds
informationthan a diskette and has a much
higher speed A transistor is a semiconductor device
used to amplify or switch electrical signals
​ •​ CD-RW (rewritable) - new and power.
type of CD that could be written on by the
user ​ ◦​ 3rd Generation

​ •​ USB DISK/FLASHDRIVE - They were introduced in mid 1960's. They

small, removable hard drive that is used micro miniature, solid state
inserted into the USB port of a computer components called "integrated circuits"

​ •​ MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVES An integrated circuit (IC) - commonly

- run a magnetic tape the same with any called a chip - is made out of a
music tape player. Today it is obsolete for semiconductor material called silicon, in
home computer use which small electronic components called
transistors are formed within the silicon
and then wired together with interconnects TYPES OF COMPUTERS
layered on top of the silicon surface.
​ 1.​ Supercomputers - The
​ ◦​ 4th Gen largest type of computer, computational
oriented specially designed for scientific
• They developed a new speed which applications requiring gigantic amounts of
could process instructions rather than calculations
access and speeds were measured by
instructions per second. ***Designed for engineering

​ 1.​ Intel 8008 ​ 2.​ Mainframe - The fastest,

largest and most expensive type of
​ 2.​ Apple computer used in corporate America for
processing, storing and retrieving data.
​ 3.​ IBM 370
​ ⁃​ It is a large multiuser
​ ◦​ 5th gen central computer that meets the
computing needs especially the large
They are computers with a high level of amount of repetitive calculations of bills
performance as compared to a and payroll of large organizations
general-purpose computer. The
performance of supercomputers are ​ 3.​ Microcomputer - used for
commonly measured in floating-point an increasing number of independent
operations per second instead of million applications as well as serving as a
instructions per second. desktop link to the programs of a
mainframe
​ 1.​ CDC 6600
***aka. Personal computer
​ 2.​ Cray I supercomputer
​ 4.​ Handheld computers -
Classes of Computer small and special functioned computers

1. Analog Computer Common Hardware Peripherals

- operates on continuous physical or ​ ◦​ keyboard -

electrical magnitudes, measuring ongoing
continuous analog quantities such as Types of keyboard
voltage, current, temperature and
pressure. ​ •​ Typewriter Keys

Ex. Pulse oximeter, thermometer, doppler ​ •​ Function Keys

2. Digital Computer ​ •​ Numerical Keys

- operates and discrete discontinuous ​ •​ Cursor Keys.

numerical digits using binary numbering
system. ​ •​ Toggle Keys

Ex. Laptops, desktops ​ •​ Special Operation Keys

​ ◦​ Monitor - a display screen ​ ◦​ Modems - communication
component that allows the user to see device used to connect a terminal with
images, programs, commands. mainframe or another computer.

​ ◦​ Mouse and Trackball -

hand controlled mechanical device that
electronically instructs the cursor to move

​ ◦​ Touchpad - flat, rectangular

depression on the keyboard that senses
pressure and movement of the user's
finger.

​ ◦​ Light Pen/Touch screen -

​ ◦​ Magnetic ink character

recognition - use to exam the shape of the
Magnetic Ink Character and convert them
into binary code for computer input.

​ ◦​ Optical Chatacter
Recognition - An electronic optical
scanning device or a barcode reader that
interpret marks, codes, numbers, letters or
characters.

​ ◦​ Imaging - primarily
transforms images from various types of
graphics into digital form which the
computer can accept, represent on the
screen and process.

​ ◦​ Digital Versatile Disk - looks

and feels like CD-ROM but holds much
more information and contains many more
multimedia features.

​ ◦​ Printers - converts
information produced by the computer
system into printed form.

Different kinds of printers are as follows:

​ •​ Laser printers

​ •​ Inkjet printers

​ •​ Bubble Jet Printers