1. Introduction of SQL.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful and standardized programming
language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It provides a
set of commands that allow users to create, read, update, and delete data
within a database—commonly referred to as CRUD operations (Create, Read,
Update, Delete). SQL is used in various database management systems (DBMS)
like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, and SQLite.
Advantage of SQL.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used to manage and
manipulate relational databases. Its advantages are numerous, making it one of
the most popular database management languages. Here are the key benefits
of SQL:
1. Data Querying and Retrieval
• Efficient querying: SQL provides powerful and flexible querying capabilities. Complex queries
can be written to filter, join, aggregate, and sort data from multiple tables in a single
statement.
• Standardization: SQL is standardized (ANSI SQL), which means it works across most relational
database management systems (RDBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and Oracle.
2. Data Manipulation and Updates
• INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE: SQL allows you to add, modify, and remove data from a database
with simple commands.
• Bulk operations: SQL supports operations on large amounts of data with minimal coding.
3. Data Integrity and Security
• Constraints: SQL supports data integrity constraints such as primary keys, foreign keys,
unique constraints, and check constraints, which ensure the accuracy and consistency of the
data.
• Access Control: SQL allows fine-grained control over data access, enabling you to define roles
and permissions to ensure that only authorized users can access or modify specific data.
pg. 1
pg. 2
2. Write a query to create table person that contain five
column person id , first name , last name , Address city
and salary .
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
pg. 3
pg. 4
3. Add an Email column to person table
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person(
person_id int PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
ALTER TABLE person ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(255);
UPDATE person
SET email = 'yogender.jangidgmail.com'
WHERE person_id = 235;
UPDATE person
SET email = 'nihil.yadavgmail.com'
WHERE person_id = 236;
UPDATE person
WHERE person_id = 237;
UPDATE person
WHERE person_id = 238;
pg. 5
pg. 6
4. Delete an Email column from person table
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person(
person_id int PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
ALTER TABLE person
ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(255);
ALTER TABLE person
DROP COLUMN email;
pg. 7
pg. 8
5. Modify the first name column of person
table by increasing its with to varchar(35).
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
ALTER TABLE person
MODIFY COLUMN first_name VARCHAR(35);
pg. 9
pg. 10
6. Delete or Drop the table person.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
DROP TABLE person;
pg. 11
pg. 12
7. Increase the salary of employee by 20% in the
person table .
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
UPDATE person
SET salary = salary * 1.20;
pg. 13
pg. 14
8. Delete one row from person table
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
DELETE FROM person
WHERE person_id = 235;
pg. 15
pg. 16
9. Select two column from person table.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
SELECT person_id, salary
FROM person;
pg. 17
pg. 18
10. Select specific row by using where clause.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM person
WHERE person_id = 235;
pg. 19
pg. 20
11. Short the data in person table.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM person
ORDER BY last_name ASC;
pg. 21
pg. 22
12. Use various type of pattern matching
operator in person table.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM person
WHERE first_name LIKE 'yogender';
pg. 23
pg. 24
13. Use group by and having clause the creating
viewers on table by using create method.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person values ( 234 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person values ( 233 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person values ( 232 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person values ( 231 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
CREATE VIEW first_name_salary_summary AS
SELECT first_name, SUM(salary) AS total_salary
FROM person
GROUP BY first_name
HAVING SUM(salary) > 100000;
SELECT * FROM first_name_salary_summary;
pg. 25
pg. 26
14. Use And , Not , Or operator in table.
create database my_data ;
use my_data ;
CREATE TABLE person (
person_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(100),
last_name VARCHAR(100),
address_city VARCHAR(255),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
insert into person
values ( 235 , 'yogender' , 'jangid' , 'Alwar' , 25000 );
insert into person
values ( 236 , 'Nihil' , 'yadav ' , 'rewari' , 28000 );
insert into person
values ( 237 , 'Hites' , 'yadav' , 'rewari' , 26000 );
insert into person
values ( 238 , 'Dinesh' , 'soni' , 'kosli' , 24000 );
select * from person ;
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary , address_city
FROM person
WHERE (salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 40000 OR address_city = 'Alwar')
AND NOT salary > 70000;
pg. 27
pg. 28
