The Contemporary World 5. Ideoscapes -movement of political ideas.

Steger: Globalization should be limited to a set of intricate social processes that

modify prevailing social statuses based on the modern regime of self- dependent
Module 1 Introduction to Globalization nation-states.
Module 2 The Structure of Globalization
Steger Five (5) Core Claims of Globalism:
Module 3 A World of Regions 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of
Module 4 A World of Ideas markets;
Module 5 Global Population and Mobility 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible;
Module 6 Towards a Sustainable World 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization;
Module 7 Global Citizenship 4. Globalization benefits everyone; and
5. Globalization further the spread of democracy in the world.
Introduction to Globalization
Political Scientist:
*Global Economic Imperialism is a situation in which one nation assumes -globalization serves as a challenge to nation-states.
economic power or influence over the others. -the strengthening of regional blocks like EU, UN and ASEAN is gaining a
* The age of Westernization and/or Americanization of the contemporary stable ground
Filipinos, that is, Filipinos adopt ideas and behavior that are characteristic of -the emergence of global political norm is evident
the West and of the North America while relegating the ideas and behavior
traditional in their culture. In other words, the Filipinos have become alien to Economist:
their foreign products. -globalization means increase of free trade, speed of trade, global economic
*Globalization is a phenomenon. organization and regional trade blocks.
*Globalization is a process -the expansion of free trade allows government not to restrict the importation
*Globalization is a condition of products nor impede the export of local products.
*Globalization is an ideology -establishment of economic organization such as the International Monetary
Five(5) dimensions of global cultural flow namely: Fund(IMF), World Bank(WB), World Trade Organization(WTO), International
1. Ethnoscapes- movements of people Labor Organization(ILO)European Free Trade Area(EFTA) and others.
2. Technoscapes- movement of technology
3. Mediascapes -movement of media Culture and Communication Experts:
4. Financescapes-movement of money and commodities -globalization refers to the concept of a global village.

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-the world has become borderless Examples of cross-border trading:
-communication makes the world shrink -Philippines trading partnerships with China, the United States and
-globalization is referred to as cultural imperialism. Australia
-cultural imperialism is a conviction that there is “better” culture; some -the flow of international capital in foreign direct investments(FDI), a
cultures see other cultures as superior to theirs, forming inferior or non- type of investment in which a company establishes a business in another country
dominant cultures. for production of goods or services and takes part in the management of the
business.
*Steger’s definition of globalization: -ex. Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation which is a subsidiary of
“Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social Toyota Motor Corporation based in Toyota, Japan
relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space.” * The International Monetary Fund(IMF) defined economic globalization as a
historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It
Four (4) Attributes of Globalization: refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly
1. Globalization has various forms of connectivity such that it can be through the movement of goods, services and capital borders.
economic, cultural or political.
2. Globalization allows for the expansion and stretching of social relations. *Four (4) Interconnected Dimensions of Economy:
3. Globalization intensifies and accelerates social exchanges and activities. a. globalization of trade of goods and services;
4. Globalization occurs worldwide b. globalization of financial and capital markets;
The Structures of Globalization c. globalization of technology and communication; and
Economic is derived from the ancient Greek word “oikonomia” which d. globalization of production
pertains to the management of a family or household. A science of wealth that
studies the process of production, consumption and accumulation of wealth or *Szentes definition of economic globalization is the process of making the
a study of men as they live and move and think in the ordinary business of life. world economy an organic system by extending transnational economic
Economics is the study of a person’s decision-making amidst the processes and relations to more and more countries and by deepening the
presence of scarcity. economic interdependence among them.

*Economic Globalization Agents to Economic Globalization:

-refers to the expanding interdependence of world economies.
*Shangquan -growing scale of cross-border trade commodities and services, Nation-States:
flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technology.

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 -Boyer and Drache state that the role of nation-states as manager of the Globalization of Market
national economy is being redefined by globalization. Nation-states still act as - refers to the integration of market in a global scale.
buffer to negative effects of globalization. Market Integration
-Brodie supported Boyer and Drache that the government acts as - integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a process involving
midwives of globalization. attempts to combine separate national economies into larger economic
regions
Global Corporation: Advantages of Market Integration:
-Ohmae(scholar) argues that the nation-states has ceased to exist as the a. creates competition
primary economic organization unit in the global market because Filipino b. better utilization of resources
consumers prefer to consume and avail of global products and services like c. cultural globalization
H7M, Uniqlo, Amazon ,Alibaba and so forth. And as a result of transforming Disdvantages of Market Integration:
the national economy into a global one, one scholar posit that national a. Monopoly: big vs. small firms
products,technologies,corporations and industries become obsolete. San b. The weaponization of market integration for political motivation
Miguel Corporation and Jollibee Foods Corporation are good illustrations of
this effect. These two companies have expanded outside their home country. After the Second World War, almost all countries around the world faced
the great challenge of bringing their feet back on the ground. As a substitute to
International Monetary System(IMS) the unsuccessful League of Nations, the United Nations(UN) was established
-it refers to internationally agreed rules, conventions, and institutions for on October 24,1945.
facilitating international trade, invetsments and flow of capital among nation- -The UN was tasked to promote international cooperation and to restore
states. international order.
-The first government-sponsored international financial institutions
Three (3) Global International Monetary System: were established-the World Bank(WB) and the International Monetary
1. Gold Standard Fund(IMF).
2. Bretton Woods System -There are two(2) types of international financial institutions;
3. European Monetary System(EMS) a. intergovernmental; and
Market Integration b. private
Market
- An economic concept which refers to a place with tow or more parties Intergovernmental Financial Institutions
participating in the activity of exchanging goods and services.

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 - its aim is to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity in a 1. International Companies
sustainable way. Example: World Bank -these are importers and exporters with no investment outside
International Monetary Fund their home countries.
Five (5) Organizations that belong to the World Bank: 2. Multinational Companies(MNCs)
-these organizations facilitate the granting of loans and financial -they have investments in other countries, but do not have a
assistance to developing countries. coordinated product offering in each country. They are more
a. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; focused on adapting their products and services to each
b. International Development Association; individual local market.
c. International Financial Corporation; 3. Global Companies
d. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency; and -they have investments and are present in many countries. They
e. International Center for Settlement and Investment Disputes. typically market their products and services to each individual
During 1960s Asian Development Bank(ADB) and African local market.
Development Bank(AfDB) were established. These two intergovernmental 4. Transnational Companies(TNCs)
financial institutions were created to spur social progress and economic growth -they are more complex organizations that have investments in
in order to address and reduce poverty. As financial institutions, ADB and foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but give
AfDB are anchored on the goal of fostering sustainable development in their decision-making, research and development, and marketing
respective member countries. powers to each individual foreign market.
Global Market Integration was the result of the establishment of a global The emergence of international, multinational, global and transnational
economy that involved the homogenization of trade and commerce. companies in the United States(US), the European Union(EU) and Japan as the
The integration of the global market started when big American triad- the major economies of the world.
corporations began to emerge after the Second World War with the rise of new
conglomerates. Three (3) Structural Periods in the existence of global corporation after the war:
Japanese global automobile corporations like Toyota, Nissan, and Isuzu 1. Investment-based period(1950-1970);
took off after the giant American companies flourished. These companies 2. Ttrade-based period(1970-1995);
prospered as the primary and global makers of trucks for the Japanese military. 2. Digital Globalization(1995 onwards)
The rise of American, Japanese and European global corporations paved The Global Interstate System
the way for the further development of international trade.
Differences among international, multinational,transnational and global 1. State
companies: 2. Nation

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 3. Government -nation-states are in danger of losing important elements of
4. Interstate economic sovereignty because of the notion that neo-liberalism
5. Treaty is beyond contestation as an aspect og globalization.
6. Supranational -nation-states are forced to realign their policies to be congruent
7. Liberal Internationalism with the principles of free trade because of the pressures from
8. Socialist Internationalism global corporations.
State as a compulsory political organization with a centralized Illustration:
government that maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain territory A member-states of the Association of Southeast Asian
The concept of nation emphasizes the organic ties that hold groups of Nations(ASEAN), including the Philippines, established the ASEAN Free
people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging-i.e. ethnicity Trade Area(AFTA). Its goal is to encourage the member-states to deepen their
,language, religion, and others. commitments in investment, trade, and industrial collaboration to brace them
Nation-state is a political community that emanates from the civic for the increase in the region’s economic activity.
society to legitimately execute peace. Thus, the civic society is the basis of the 2. Establishment of economic and political integrations.
people’s oneness. Illustration:
The 194 member states of United Nations(UN) prove that globalization The European Union(EU) and the North America Free Trade
has affected the dynamics of nation-states in the context of their agency as Agreement(NAFTA). EU has become a supranational body with 28 members.
legitimate holders of force in their jurisdiction. Globalization has reshaped the It has a single currency and monetary system among 17 states, parliament with
role and functions of nation-states as government bodies in their particular legislative powers, with common citizen’s right to live, work, vote, and run for
territories. office, with developed collective mechanism to resolve crises and assist those
in need, and with intercontinental jurisprudence in the case of the European
Effects of Globalization on Nation-states Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.
1. Globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-states. The statehood of the members is not dissolved, what has changed is only
-they either conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market how the nation-states function, in terms of economy and politics, as part of a
principles of deregulation,privatization, and free trade or run the whole.
risk of being left behind in terms of development. 3. Establishment of International Laws and Principles
-the nation-states are forced to submit themselves to the -this is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates
demands of globally accepted free-market principles. as a forum for nation states to air their differences and try to
resolve them.

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 -the UN Security Council has powers that include the creation -digital media has become the platform for strategic communications at
of peacekeeping operations and the international sanctions and home and abroad wherein the nation-states can utilized the internet to gather
the authorization of military action. feedback from the citizens.Social media gives people the power to air their
-UN’s International Criminal Court(ICC) prosecutes individuals sentiments, and also, serves as an avenue to discuss issues.
accused of crimes against humanity such as genocide. -government websites can also be avenue to formally forward concerns
-the United States of America(USA), China and India are to particular government offices and digital media can become an alternative to
not signatories.Thus the treaty is not binding to these economic mainstream media that advances its biased perspective.
powers. However, there are also universal principles that are
adopted by nation-states in relation to the dynamism of Intergovernmental Organizations(IGOs) were established to facilitate
globalization: connections among nation-states. IGOs aim is to foster strong
A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights-affirms an economic.political,cultural,educational, and technical intergovernmental
individual’s rights. relationships. Example of IGOs are The Association of Southeast Asian
B. United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)- Nations(ASEAN), European Union(EU) and World Trade
defines the rights of the nation-states on the use of the world’s Organization(WTO).
oceans.
4. Rise of transnational activism (TNA) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
-this happens when activist groups of nation-states connect with their -ASEAN has ten (10) member states:
counterparts in other states.
Example: a. Indonesia
An advocacy-based organization in the Philippines may connect itself b. Malaysia
with and get support from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the c. Philippines
Philippine government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human d. Singapore
rights. e. Thailand
5. Creation of new communications network f. Vietnam
-globalization binds communities through digital media. g. Laos
-with new technologies in communication, political interaction can h. Myanmar
happen in a virtual sphere. i. Cambodia
-people can exchange political perspectives through the internet, j. Brunei
therefore stirring political discourse on an online platform. -it aims are:

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1. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in h. establishes an economic and monetary union.
the region:
2. promote regional progression; World Trade Organization(WTO)
3.advance peace and sustainability; WTO has one hundred sixty-four states (164). It is the sole IGO that caters
4.promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on matters to rules of trade on a global scale. Its objective is to ensure that trade runs as
of common interest in the economic technical, cultural, administrative, and smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It also encourages trade by
scientific fields; lowering trade barriers that may hinder how products and services flow from
5. provide assistance to each other in the framework of training and research nation to nation.
installations in the educational, professional, technical and administrative
spheres; Internationalism is the theory and practice of interdependent
6. work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and collaboration while globalism is an attitude.
industries; Internationalism is anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be
7. advance Southeast Asian research; and outrun because links that bind people of different countries are more powerful
8. preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current international and than those that disconnect
regional institutions with similar aims and purposes.
Immanuel Kant: Liberal Internationalism
European Union (EU) - he conceptualized the idea of liberal internationalism which proposes
-is an IGO with twenty-eight (28) state members. that nations must give up their freedom and submit to a larger system of
-it was established in November 1993 laws that is embodied by common international principles.
-it goals are: - he believed that a form of global government is needed to create and
a. to promote peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens; enforce these laws
b. offers freedom, security, and justice without internal borders; Giuseppe Mazzini:
c. uphold sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and - assumed that nationalism and international cooperation complemented
price stability; each other and he believed also that cooperation among nation-states is
d. combat social exclusion and discrimination; essential.
e. promotes scientific and technological progress; US President Woodrow Wilson:
f. enhance economic, social, and territorial cohesion and solidarity among - thought that nations were subject to the universal laws of God that could
member countries; be discovered through reason.
g. respect cultural and linguistic diversity; and

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 - he adopted the principles of self-determination, democratic government, 3. Economic and Social Council
collective security ,international law, and a league of nations in his 4. Trusteeship Council
concept of internationalism. 5. International Court of Justice
6. Secretariat
Karl Marx: Socialist Internationalism
- this form of internationalism is based on the view that capitalism is a General Council:
global system and that the working class must unite as a global class to
forward the struggle against capitalism. The General Assembly is the central deliberative and the only organ where all
- The notion of socialist internationalism is linked to the goal of a world the member-states have equal representation in discussion and consideration,
revolution- to end class struggle globally. and policy-making.
Contemporary Global Governance
Global governance is the totality of norms, laws, policies, and bodies Security Council:
that define, comprise and facilitate transnational relations between citizens, The Security Council is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace
states, cultures, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organization. and security.
It has 15 member-states. The General Assembly elects ten(10) of these
United Nations: fifteen(15) members to two(2)year terms and the remaining five(5) are the
-it’s one central mission is to maintain international peace and security. permanent member of the council.
-UN is also a space for its members to manifest their perspective through The Security Council Permanent Five(P5) holds a veto power over the
its core organs committees. council’s decision.
-the organization has become an instrument for governments to identify
spaces of agreements and resolve problems collectively by enabling the Economic and Social Council:
exchange of opinions between and among its members and by hosting The ECOSOC is the main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue
consultations. and advice on social, economic and environmental issues.
-UN is also responsible for carrying the functions of delivering
humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding The Trusteeship Council:
international law The Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to administer international
-is composed of six (6) organs: oversight for 11 trust territories and make sure that adequate procedures are
1. General Assembly taken for independence and self-government.
2. Security Council

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International Court of Justice: -the term third world was initially used to refer to the former colonies
The International Court of Justice is the UN’s prime judicial organ of the European countries. The category was used to refer to countries that were
neither capitalist nor socialist. Since many countries were impoverished, the
The Secretariat: term was also used to refer to the poor world. These countries were considered
The Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by to be non-industrialized and newly industrialized. They lacked the standard
the five other organs. systems in banking, finance and trade.
A World Of Regions
The Global Divides: The North and the South Global North
Global South -is the home of all members of the Group of Eight(G8):
-is a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product of Western a. Canada e. Japan
imagination b. France f. United Kingdom
-refers to the socio-economic and political divide primarily focused on c. Germany g. Russia
the southern hemisphere of the 1569-designed Mercatorian map. d. Italy h. United States of America
-global south also connotes developing countries as opposed to rich,
industrialized, and wealthy nations. Asian Regionalism
-global south is also found in developed countries. -China is one of the economic super giants of the world.
-economically poor families, underprivileged individuals, unfair labor -Japan,after the Second World War, was able to adopt its policies to the
practices, and suppression of human rights, and other violations of basic human dictates of the West and consequently incorporated itself to the global economy
rights in Europe, Australia, US, and Canada are the pieces of evidence that while Singapore has become one of the emerging centers of different cultures
people from developed countries also share similar experiences with people and has turned itself into a great cosmopolitan city-state.
from developing countries. -Japan,China and Singapore belong to the Asian continent.
-the term global south and third world are conceptually the same. They -Among all seven continents. Asia has the biggest population of at least
both refer to conditions usually found in the developing countries but the term two-thirds(2/3) of the world’s population.
third world is the antecedent of global south. -In terms of economy, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5 or
the ASEAN 5( Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Vietnam and Thailand) had a
Capitalist economies were considered first world and socialist higher Gross Domestic Produce(GDP) compared to the world average growth.
economies were referred to as second world. Those that did not belong to the -China is also the world’s leading exporter followed by the United States
either types of formal economies belong to the Third World. of America.

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 -European Union is already on its advance state of regionalism, the 2. Formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank were
world is now focused on Asia. established;
-the ASEAN, as a regional bloc, pays full respect for sovereignty and 3. Economic grants and overseas development assistance are made
independence of its members through consensus and consultation available by better Asian economies.;
Regionalization is the growth of societal integration within a region and 4. Production networks have expanded;
to the often undirected processes of social and economic interaction. 5. Cooperation among ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the
Regionalism refers to regional concentration of economic flows while ASEAN+3 Financial Ministers’Process; and
regionalization refers to political process by economic policy if cooperation and 6. ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision-
coordination are present among countries. Regionalism also pertains to the making.
process of intergovernmental collaborations between two or more states.
Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. There are challenges brought about by globalization, to face these challenges,
The ASEAN is comprised of three (3) pillars namely: political security Asian countries have responded with regional alternatives as big group,small
community, economic community and socio-cultural community. group and local communities.
-As a big group,Asian countries established their own Asian
 Political Security Community-gives importance to human rights, drugs, Development Bank(ADB) that is more focused on Asia and the Pacific as a
foreign relations, defense, law, and transnational crimes. reaction to global economic integration. Japan is the major contributor to ADB.
 Socio-Cultural Community is an avenue for cooperation among Asian nations work in the form of loans,grants, and information sharing on
ministers responsible for culture and arts, sports, disaster topics such as terrorism and regional security.
management, education, environment ,health ,information, labor, rural -As a small group,Asian regionalism lacks institutions and
development and poverty eradication, women, youth and civil service bureaucratic bodies to serve the region unlike the EU model of single market in
matters. goods and services.As a result,individual countries do bilateral or multilateral
 Economic Community agreements.
As local communities, they initiate concrete dialogue in formulating
- ASEAN also partnered with three (3) East Asian countries, namely; visions,shared goal and roadmaps for regional cooperation in Asia.
China, Japan and South Korea or also known as ASEAN+3 . Its goal -Reaction to globalization also gave rise to terror groups like the Islamic
is to address the 1997 Asian Financial crisis and help each other cope State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
with the crisis. World of Ideas
- Aspects that led to greater Asian Integration: Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs,
1. Integration has been market-driven and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate

10
knowledge to the next generation. Its development has been mainly influenced Religion plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are
by media. anchored on it. Religion affected the attitudes, characters and perspectives
Five(5) Stages of development of media: of every persons’ lives.
1.Oral communication Effects of globalization to religion:
2. Script 1.Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism;
3.Printing Press 2. Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life;
4. Electronic Media 3. Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism: and
5. Digital Media 4. Globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity.
Media:
-media is carrier of culture. Global migration also influences religion.
-the real media is the people. Deterriorialization is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between
-Cultural diffrentialism, cultural convergence and cultural hybridity are culture and place and transcends territorial boundaries
the outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture.
Cultural Differentialism Four (4) Distinct Glocalization:
-views cultural difference as immutable. -the interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local religion.
Cultural Convergence It is a global religion with a local mix.
-suggests that globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures. 1. Vernacularization
Cultural Hybridity -refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages. This
-suggests that globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of vernacularization of religion also results in the creation of new branches of
cultures. religion such as the Orthodox Christianity which stems from Christianity.
These outcomes set the dynamics between local and global cultural 2. Indigenization
production. Glocalization, from the coined term globalization and localization, - transform a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic
is a new concept brought by the increased frequency of contact among cultures. group.
Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world 3. Nationalization
due to globalization. -it constructs a link between the nation and church. Religious
The Globalization of Religion institutions relate to national identities and the realities of that nation.

4. Transnationalization

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 -complemented religious nationalization by focusing groups on References:
identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national homelands. The Contemporary World (Outcome Based Module)
Example is the Iglesia ni Cristo. By: Tumoroh C. Brazalote
Globalization brought two opposing results-religion has been a source Ryan M. Leonardo
of global conflict and peace. The Contemporary World
By: Frances Antoinette C. Cruz, et. al
Religions were primarily established to put God’s will in fruition. The Contemporary World
Person’s responsible for the conflicts used their religious doctrines dogmas, and By: Prince Kennex Aldama
even sacred verses to morally justify their evil actions. One scholar says that The Contemporary World
conflicts are about the identity and economics privilege and power. By: Nepthaly Joel B. Botor, et. Al.
Extremist believe that radical measures are necessary in achieving the
will of God. If they act moderately, this means they abandon the supreme Prepared by:
being’s will.
Fundamentalists believe that men ought to return to the very passages Ma. Kristina C. Llaguno, LPT.,J.D.
of the sacred books to legitimize their actions. College Instructor
Nationalists tie their traditions with their nation or homeland. Any threat
is a threat to their identity, power, privilege and rights.

Five (5)Stages of Global religious Rebellion against the secular state:

1. Revolt against secularism;
2. Internationalization of religious rebellion;
3. Invention of global enemies;
4. Global War; and
5. Religious Dimensions

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