PRELIM MODULE: Communication is a very interesting topic to be discussed, previously

those confusions along with the term had finally answered, and another figure
Name of the Module: Purposive Communication
and body of knowledge were added to the memory bank such terms were
Communication, Principles, Processes and Ethics
Overview: creatively elaborated like the verbal communication, non-verbal
communication, the types of communication such as intrapersonal,
You learned about the types of communication mode, context and interpersonal, extended, organizational, intercultural, and the purpose and style
purpose, and style. In this lesson, you will review the nature of the of communication. In a nutshell, the terms are crucial to restate and to know
communication process and some important communication models. Why is it the function in the field of communication
important that you know the communication models? You will realize their
importance because they will help you understand how a communication A model is often abstract. It is a representation of a real-world
phenomenon applied to different forms. The interplay of variables in the
process works.
model is represented graphically. Try to assess later what comprises the
Intended Learning Outcomes communication models and what variables are common to each of them.

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to: There are many conceptual models for human communication but you
will be exposed to only four. These are Aristotle’s model, Laswell’s model,
a. identify the principles, process, and ethics of communication;
Shannon-Weaver’s model; and David Berlo’s Model of Communication.
b. describe the elements of verbal and non-verbal communication in
various and multicultural context;
c. practice effective communication skills;
d. evaluate communication skills;
e. reflect on learning experience. Aristotle’s Communication Model
Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass
Instructional Materials communication model called “Aristotle’s Model of Communication”. He
proposed a model before 300 B.C who found the importance of the audience
 Cellphone/Laptop role in the communication chain in his communication model. This model is
 Paper more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
 Pen
 Internet Connection Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5 basic elements
 Dictionary
 Radio/Television (i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Occasion, (iv) Audience and (v) Effect.

Discussion: Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different audiences at a different
time (occasion) and for different effects.

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 Knowledge– Communicating also means that the person needs to be
Kindly search this link for additional information: knowledgeable about the subject or topic. For e.g. a teacher needs to know
about the subject in detail that he or she teaches so that they can communicate
properly such that the students understand here.
https://medium.com/@mortegajohnrodolf1/communication-processes-
principles-and-ethics-9ef04d39d978 Note: It refers, not to the general knowledge, but to the knowledge of the
subject that the person is communicating and their familiarity with it.

 Social system — The social system includes the various aspects of

society like values, beliefs, culture, religion, and a general
understanding of society. It is where the communication takes place.
BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL  For example, classrooms differ from country to country just like
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication represents the process of people’s behaviors and how they communicate, etc.
communication in its simplest form. The acronym SMCR stands for Sender,  Note: We can communicate only to the extent that the social system
Message, Channel, and Receiver. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication allows. When we communicate, we take the social system into
describes the different components that form the basic account.
process of communication. Because this communication tool also emphasise
the coding and decoding of the message, it can be used for more efficient  Culture: The culture of a particular society also comes under the
communication. (Janse, 2019) social system.
Berlo’s model follows the SMCR model. This model is not specific to any  According to this model, people can communicate only if the above
particular communication. Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under requirements are met in the proper or adequate proportion.
each of the elements:
 Encoder: The sender of the message, from where the message
Source: The source is situated where the message originates. originates, is referred to as the encoder. So, the source encodes the
message here.
Communication skills — It is the skill of the individual to communicate. For
example, the ability to read, write, speak, listen, etc.  Content — The body of a message, from the beginning to the end,
comprises its content. For example, whatever the class teacher teaches
Attitudes — This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject, and in the class, from beginning to end, is the content of the message.
towards oneself. For example, for the student, the attitude is to learn more and
for teachers, it is to help teach.  Elements — It includes various things like language, gestures, body
language, etc. They constitute all the elements of a particular message.
Any content is accompanied by some elements.

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 Seeing: Visual channels, for example, watching television so the message is
 Treatment — It refers to the packing of the message and the way in conveyed through the scene/film.
which the message is conveyed or the way in which it is passed on or
delivered. Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to communicate. For
 Note: When there is too much treatment, communication will not go example, we touch, buy food, hugging our loved ones, etc.
smoothly.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example,
 Structure– The structure of the message refers to how it is arranged; perfumes, food, fragrances, etc. Charred smell communicates something is
the way people structure the message into various parts. burning. People can deduct which food is being cooked by its smell etc.

 Note: The message is the same, but if the structure is not properly Tasting: The tongue is a muscular organ used in the act of eating and tasting
arranged then the receiver will not understand the message. food. For example, while food is being shared, communication can happen
regarding its taste.
 Code– The code of the message refers to the means through which it is
sent and in what form. It could be, for example, language, body Note: Despite not mentioning a medium, we need to assume that as
language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code. Through this, communication is taking place, channels can be any of the 5 senses or
people give and receive messages and communication takes place. combination.

Note: Only when the code is clear, the message will be clear. The wrong Decoder: The person who receives the message and decodes it is referred to a
usage may lead to misinterpretation. decoder.

Channel– It refers to the five sense organs. The following are the five senses: Receiver: The receiver needs to think about all the contents and elements of
 Hearing the source, so as to communicate/responds to the sender effectively.;
 Seeing Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the
 Touching source and the receiver need to be on the same level. Only then communication
 Smelling will happen or take place properly. Hence, the source and the receiver should
 Tasting be similar.

Communication occurs through one or more of these channels. Note: Self-image differs from person to person. For communication, the person
should consider the receiver, speak accordingly, and give them what they need.
Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message. For example, orally
transmitted messages, interpersonal communication, etc.

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Since communication is a two — way process, it is important that you know
the principles to be observed to make it effective. For both oral and written Be guided by the following to achieve ethical communication:
communication, you should be able to apply the following principles:
 Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the
1. Know your purpose in communicating. development of your integrity as a person. One’s behavior and
2. Know your audience. decision- making style affect the intern in the operations of an
3. Know your topic. organization.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.  Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or
5. Work on the feedback given to you. not the data should always be contextualized correctly.
 Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION conceal or hide information that is necessary for purposes of
transparency.
1. Be clear about your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in
communicating. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are
supported by facts and essential information. Globalization, roughly defined as the global integration economies and
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or were they with your societies, affects many aspects young peoples’ lives. Youth have an ambiguous relationship
statements. Brevity in speech is a must. with the globalizing world, both economically and culturally. On the one hand, they are
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with appropriate most flexible and perhaps best able to adapt to and make use new opportunities offered.
gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence if you do not They are the best educated generation on new information technologies; they benefit rom
feel confident enough. economic growth; many travels around the world or work, studies, exchange projects and
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when vacation; and telephone and the Internet enable them to stay in touch with friends and
provided on time. relatives abroad. On the other hand, many youths, especially in developing countries, have
been left out the digitalization and modernization process and lack the economic power to
7 C’S PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION benefit the opportunities globalization offers.
1. Be clear
2. Be concise Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the
3. Be concrete people, companies, and governments of different nations. A process
4. Be correct driven by international trade and investment and aided by
5. Be coherent information technology Global describes the way countries and people of
6. Be complete the world interact and integrate. Many things have become globalized as
7. Be courteous people come into contact. Economic globalization is how countries are

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coming together as one big global economy, making international trade easier.
As its root, global communication can be defined just as any communication
can: a message is sent from one person or group to another anywhere in the Varieties and registers of spoken and written.
world, which can be described as a four-step process: Language varieties
What is a variety?
1.A person or organization in one country sends a message A variety refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently
2.The message is encoded delimited from one another. ✘ Social ✘ Historical ✘ Spatial ✘ Or a
3.The message travels through a channel or medium combination of these.
4.The receiver in another country decodes the message
Varieties of language
Impacts of Globalization on Communication 1. Pidgin - is a new language which develops in situations where
speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share
1. Virtual Interaction a common language. - A lexifier is a particular language where the
2. Cultural Awareness on Speech vocabulary of a pidgin comes from.
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language Examples: Nigerian pidgin
4. Time Differences Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu)
2. Creole - is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and
Impacts of Globalization on Global Communication the mother tongue of a community.
Examples:
1. Availability of information Gullah
2. Business conduct ` Patwa (Jamaican creole)
3. Social Awareness Pidgin (Hawai’I Creole English)
4. The Problem 3. Regional Dialect - is not a distinct language but a variety of a
language spoken in a particular area of a country.
Examples:
- Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA)
Kindly watch this short video to add your learnings about -Geordie (from the Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK) 8
communication and globalization.
4. Minority Dialect - is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzfw2ynrTKE alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority
ethnic group.
Examples:
-African American Vernacular English in the USA

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 -London Jamaican in Britain
-Aboriginal English in Australia https://philnews.ph/2019/08/21/what-are-the-five-types-of-
5. Indigenized Varieties - are spoken mainly as second languages in ex- speech-style-or-communicative-style/
colonies with multilingual populations. Language registers are classified as:
Examples: ✘ Singlish (spoken in Singapore) 1. Formal Language Register - is more appropriate for professional
writing and letters to a boss or a stranger - is impersonal, meaning, it is
Language registers not written for a specific person and without emotion
What is a register? Examples:
According to Nordquist (2018), a register is: - defined as the a. business letters
way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances - b. letters of complaints
determined by factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and c. some essays
audience - determine the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in d. reports
one’s writing and even in one’s oral discourse. e. official speeches
f. announcements
Distinct registers (nordquist, 2018) g. professional e-mails ss
1. Frozen - it refers to historic language or communication that is
intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer. 2. Informal Language Register - is conversational and appropriate
2. Formal - is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where when writing to friends and people you know very well.
communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and Examples:
restrained. Slang is never used and contractions are rare. a. personal e-mails
3. Consultative - is used in conversation when they are speaking b. friendly letters
with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering c. phone texts
advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles), but may be d. most blogs
more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly. e. short notes
Examples: the local TV news broadcast, an annual physical f. diaries and journals
examination, a service provider like a plumber
4. Casual - is used when they are with friends, close acquaintances There are no major rules to informal writing but you can include things
and co-workers, and family. such as: a. slangs and cliches
5. Intimate - is reserved for special occasions, usually between only  jokes
two people and often in private  figurative language
 personal opinions
Kindly search this link for additional information:  symbols and abbreviations
 extra punctuation

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  acronyms

3. Neutral Language Register - is not necessarily formal or informal. - Globalization and Communication
is used to deliver facts.
Examples: What is globalization?
 reviews “It is a process of interaction and integration among people,
 some letters companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by
 articles international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on
1. Why is it important to use appropriate varieties and registers human physical well-being in societies around the world.
of language in certain communication context?

According to an article written by Gleaner, we have six language Impacts of globalization on communication
registers: formal, casual, intimate, private, frozen and consultative. These 1. Virtual Interaction
registers can be use depending on the situation and people we encounter. It is 2. Cultural Awareness in Speech
essential to use appropriate varieties and registers of language in certain 3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language
communication context because in different situations and people call for 4. Time Differences
different registers. It shows the level of formality and informality of the
language used. When we use appropriate varieties and register of language Impacts of Globalization on global communication
we’re showing respect, interest, comfortableness and professionalism. 1. Availability of Information
2. Business Conduct
3. Social Awareness
However, we have different approach in language register when it 4. The Problem
comes to face-to-face conversation and in written mode. We characterized
face-to-face conversation as multi-modality because we can use different Local and global communication in multicultural setting
registers and we considered the status, position or the way of living of the 1. A World of Diversity
person we’re communicating with in order to know when and where to use or 2. The Global Community
drop the formality. While in writing a paper we commonly use the formal 3. Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity
register since the construction of sentences, correction of grammar and 4. Gender Sensitivity
appropriate using of words really matter. 5. Political Correctness

A World of diversity

7
 Parapak (1995) describes our world as a world of diversity. 8. Accept that in cross-cultural situations, there can be uncertainty, and
that uncertainty can make you anxious. It can also mean that you do not
Global community - refers to the people or nations of the world, considered respond quickly and take the time needed to get more information;
as being closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being 9. Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where you can learn
economically, socially, and politically interdependent about differences and create relationships; and
Examples: ✘ Major offices and some homes linked with optical fiber 10. Understand that you will likely be perceived as a person with
systems ✘ Global multimedia services ✘ Satellite transmissions power and racial privilege (or the opposite), and that you may not be seen as
unbiased or as an ally.
Cultural awareness and sensitivity
What is cultural awareness? Gender sensitivity
-is knowing that there are multiple different cultures – based on religion, What is gender sensitivity? - refers to the aim of understanding and taking
ethnicity, nationality, and other factors- that have different attitudes and account of the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion
outlooks. and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life.

What is cultural sensitivity?

- involves accepting those differences without insisting your own MIDTERM MODULE:
culture is better, or that everyone should do it your way (Sherman, 2018) Title of the Module: Evaluating messages and/or images of different types of
texts reflecting different cultures.
Cultural awareness & sensitivity guidelines
1. View human difference as positive and a cause for celebration;
2. Have a clear sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity; Overview:
3. Be aware that in order to learn about others, you need to understand Even if we only speak one language, we speak many languages. For no
and be prepared to share your own culture; language shows many different dimensions. Language is a living system.
4. Be aware of your own discomfort when you encounter differences Speakers always orient themselves towards their conversation partners.
in race, color, religion, sexual orientation, language, and ethnicity; Therefore, people vary the language they speak. These varieties appear in
5. Be aware of the assumptions that you hold about people of cultures various forms. For example, every language has a history. It has change and
different from your own; will continue to change. This can be recognized in the fact that old people
6. Be aware of your stereotypes as they arise and develop personal speak differently than young people. There are also various dialects in most
strategies for reducing the harm that they cause; languages. However, many dialect speakers can adapt to their environment. In
7. Be aware of how your cultural perspective influences your certain situations, they speak the standard language. Different social groups
judgments about what appropriate, normal, or superior behaviors, values, and have different languages. Youth language or hunter’s jargon is an example of
communication styles are;
this. most people speak differently at work than they do at home. Many also
use a professional jargon at work. Differences also appear in spoken and

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written language. Spoken language is typically much simpler than written. 2. INFORMAL
The difference can be quite large. This is the case when written languages
Generally, journalism and occasionally academic writing use this
don’t change for a long time. Speakers then must learn to use the language in
register. When using an informal register, there is usually a close
written form first. The language of women and men is often different as well.
relationship between the writer, audience and topic with a degree of
(Verlag, 2015)
casualness. However, care must be taken in order not to mistake informal
or familiar registers. The features of this register are different from the
familiar registers as more care is taken with grammar etc. however, the
Intended Learning Outcomes
tone is conversational using colloquial language, compared to the formal
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to: registers.

a. recognize the different types of texts reflecting different cultures

b. identify cultural text;
3. FORMAL
c. evaluate messages/images of different types of texts reflecting
different cultures. A formal register is neither colloquial nor personal and is the
register that is mostly used in the academic writing. It is a register where
Discussion:
strong opinions can be expressed objectively; it does not break any of the
Registers can be separated into four categories: FAMILIAR,
rules of written grammar and often has a set rule of what not to do when
INFORMAL, FORMAL and CEREMONIAL. The following will explain
using this register. The following extract is from Crystal’s book: A
each category and provide a corresponding example.
dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (Crystal, 1997)
1. FAMILIAR
This register is normally used between people who know each 4. CEREMONIAL
other well. Features of this register show a lack of grammar, spelling,
Modern academic writing rarely uses this register.
punctuation and usually contains slang and jargon.
Sometimes, it may be encountered when reading transcripts or
For example: speeches or historical documents. Often, misunderstanding in
recognizing the difference between ceremonial and formal registers
 Hey
occurs when writers are experimenting with new vocabulary. A
 Will arrive evening. Did not catch bus.
dictionary will help you make the right choices and reading academic
 Later
texts will help you become more familiar with appropriate choices.
 John

9
 You weren’t born knowing how to speak. You learned to speak by Narrative texts have to do with real world events and time.
listening to others and, eventually, by using word yourself. The more you They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional (newspaper,
spoke, the better you became at it. This is same with written communication, report). They are characterized by a sequencing of events expressed by
the more you write, the better you became at it. Think for a moment about a dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as “and then”, “first”, “second”
usual school day. To whom do you talk? What do you say? Chances are, you and “third”
probably talk with your friends about life, friends, crush most probably
anything under the sun. 2. Descriptive

Descriptive texts are concerned with the location of person and

things in space. They will tell us what lies to the right or left in the
To communicate is to give message, with that it helps you to respond
background or foreground, or they will provide background
to the world. Giving your opinions and building rapport to other people. To
information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration. It is irrelevant
respond to someone’s message you need to make sure that you understand the
whether a description is more technical objective or more
message very well this is the same with written communication; to evaluate a
impressionistic subjective.
text it has a quality such as strong ideas, organization as you present your
ideas in a consistent manner, voice, word choice, sentence fluency and 3. Directive
conventions. Directive tests are concerned with tangible future activity.
What is message? Central to these texts are imperatives (hand me the paper) of
forms with the substitute for them, such as polite questions
Refer to any form of communication (information, feelings, and ideas) (Would you hand me the pen?) or suggestive remarks (I
passes or transmitted using a channel. Turrow (2007) goes further by saying wonder what the paper says about the topic.
that it is a collection of the symbols that appear purposely organized
(meaningful) to those sending or receiving them. The purpose of message is to 4. Expository
inform, to persuade, or goodwill. It is important to think about what you want
to say and how you want to say it. Expository texts identify and characterize phenomena. They
include text forms such as definitions, clarifications, summaries and
TYPES OF TEXT
many types of essays. It may be subjective (essay) or objective
Text are generally semantic-functional concepts and are not confused (summary, explications and definitions) may be analytical or synthetic.
with text forms (advertisement, editorials, sermons, shopping lists, poems,
5. Argumentative
telephones, books, novels, etc.

1. Narrative

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 Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the
receivers believed must be changed. They often start a negation of a To read critically is to exercise your judgement about what you are reading
statement which attributes a quality or characteristics activity to – that is, not taking anything, you read at face value.
something or someone (especially scholarly text) They also include
When reading academic material, you will be faced with the author’s
advertising text, which try to persuade their readers that a product is
interpretation and opinion. Different authors will, naturally, have different
somehow better at least simplicity than others.
slants. You should always examine what you are reading critically and look
for limitations, omissions, inconsistencies, oversights and arguments against
what you are reading.
Kindly watch this short video to add your learnings about
communication and globalization. As a critical reader you should reflect on:
1. What the text says: after critically reading a piece you should be able to
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-NECk2aYxU
take notes, paraphrasing - in your own words - the key points.

2. What the text describes: you should be confident that you have
CRITICAL READING understood the text sufficiently to be able to use your own examples and
compare and contrast with other writing on the subject in hand.
What is Critical Reading?
Reading critically does not, necessarily, mean being critical of what
you read. 3. Interpretation of the text: this means that you should be able to fully
analyses the text and state a meaning for the text as a whole.
Both reading and thinking critically don’t mean being ‘critical’ about some
idea, argument, or piece of writing - claiming that it is somehow faulty or Critical reading means being able to reflect on what a text says, what it
flawed. describes and what it means by scrutinizing the style and structure of the
writing, the language used as well as the content.
Critical reading means engaging in what you read by asking yourself
questions such as, ‘what is the author trying to say?’ or ‘what is the main
argument being presented?’ Critical Thinking is an Extension of Critical Reading
Critical reading involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and Thinking critically, in the academic sense, involves being open-minded
analyses what you have read. Being critical, therefore - in an academic sense - using judgement and discipline to process what you are learning about
- means advancing your understanding, not dismissing and therefore closing without letting your personal bias or opinion detract from the arguments.
off learning.

11
 Critical thinking involves being rational and aware of your own Moreover, it can also be observed while you are skimming through the phone
feelings on the subject – being able to reorganise your thoughts, prior dictionary for a particular name or number.
knowledge and understanding to accommodate new ideas or viewpoints.
Critical reading and critical thinking are therefore the very foundations of 2. Quickly Scanning Text
true learning and personal development.
In the process of scanning, you just involve your eyes to quickly scan
Four Common Reading Processes through the sentences and try to get a simple piece of information. Some of
the results have also concluded that while reading from a computer screen the
In English, there are different reading techniques and every student reader inhibits the pathway of scanning.
must be aware of it. Not only students but everyone who is pursuing a career
in English must know about the various techniques. In addition to that,
English learners must also understand which technique would be most suited This process is far more conductive than skimming in comprehensions.
and in which situation. Depending on the different reading tasks, learners must It has been observed that students do not pay as much attention to the
follow the different reading techniques. It is the thing that will make your illustrations or introduction.
reading very effective.
3. Intensive and Deep Reading
In English, there are four main reading techniques:
In the technique of Intensive Reading, you have to be very clear in
your mind. Ensure that this reading strategy is far more time consuming than
 Skimming
scanning and skimming.
 Scanning
 Intensive
 Extensive It can be the best technique if you are trying to list the chronology of
events in a long passage. It will help you in reading intensively and
1. Skimming – Gist Reading deeply. This specific technique would be beneficial for all the
language learners who need help in understanding various
This technique is also referred to as Gist reading. Skimming is the vocabulary. It will help you to deduce the meaning of the word in
process that would help you would get a basic idea of what the text is about. context.
This technique is followed generally while reading a magazine or newspaper. In addition to that, you would be getting help in the retention of the
It will help you mentally to shortlist all the articles or topics that you might information for a long period of time. Therefore, before any exams, kids or
consider reading. students are asked to follow the intensive reading practice. It is one of the
most effective methods.

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4. Extensive Reading Presentation Media
- It is a standalone presentation that includes information, presented with
This is the most pleasurable reading practice. It generally involves the slides, video or digital presentation and includes sound. s
element of enjoyment. This practice is very unlikely to be taken up by the
student while preparing for any sort of exam. It will basically involve the What is a Communication Aid?
fluid of decoding or assimilation of the content. While reading whenever A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more
you feel that the content is becoming difficult to comprehend then you stop effectively with people around them.
and look up the dictionary.
We hope that these four reading techniques will help you read faster and There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided
deduce the meaning of comprehension without wasting much of your time. Communication and Aided Communication.

 Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body

language, gesture, vocalization, signing are typically used.
 Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech
to high-tech methods, with pictures and symbols often used instead of,
Title of the Module: Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of or together with words and with alternative hardware options available
Technology to provide access.
Overview: What Are Communication Strategies?
Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and
Technology has taken over the world in these past decades. Its rapid a receiver. It used to be that you only had to worry about the way you
development has made a huge impact on each aspect of life — and, yes, communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has changed this
communication. But how huge is its impact...in communication? completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of how
they are relaying information. This is where communication strategies come
Learning Objectives: into play. Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this
information will be exchanged.
a. Determine the various presentation media that are commonly used.
b. Evaluate the effective strategies is preparing and using the media when
Types of Communication Strategies
communicating.
c. Identify the most appropriate media/medium in a given speech Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual.
situation. Integrating all the strategies together will allow you to see the most success.
d. Apply the strategies in making digital slides This allows a business to meet employee needs and increase workplace
knowledge.

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  Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two Using Traditional Visual and Audio Media
categories of written and oral communication. Written strategies
consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall 1. Overhead Transparencies - Transparencies are clear acetate pages
into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face displayed by an overhead projector during a speech.
conversation. 2. Flip Chart- a large pad paper that rest on an easel allowing the
 Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, speaker to record.
such as body language, facial expressions, physical distance between 3. White board/chalk board- these materials can also help you achieve
communicators, or the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not the same outcome.
intended. However, it is important to realize the message you are 4. Document Camera- is a projector device.
sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is 5. Video- showing a video clip can elicit an emotional response from the
hearing another. audience.
 Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web 6. Handouts- are sheet of paper containing relevant information that
pages, and illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to
some speakers use in conjunction with other presentation media.
draw attention and provide documentation. Human resources is
7. Sound recordings- sounds, like visual images can stimulate mental
required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply
with safety laws. images triggering the imagination and setting mood.
Using Computer Technology

Using Tools of Technology  Digital Slides - a presentation software commonly using PowerPoint.
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content It allows computer users to display information in multimedia
forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. presentation.
Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays  Real- Time Web Access - use to demonstrate how to do something
such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. special on the web such as researching an idea.

 A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view

graph, is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically
Strategies Using Tools of Technology:
cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. These are then
placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience  Keep it simple
 Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback,  Emphasize your key ideas
broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.  Show what you can't say
 Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical,
 Use close up shots and other images
electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such
 Keep the number of images you present manageable
as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.
 Combine variety with coherence

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  Use large lettering which causes confusion, wastes time, and reduces productivity.
Misunderstanding that cause friction between people can be avoided by
communicating effectively.
PowerPoint Presentation Tips:
 Go for creativity- create your own design, try different combination
FINAL MODULE
and let your creativity flow.
 Colors are nice - flat colors are beautiful and contrast is your friend. Overview:
 Use good fonts - Comic Sans and Georgia will do. Communication in the workplace is very important for companies to
 Text is evil- use the 10-20-30 rule, too many text will catch the work efficiently and be productive. Employees can experience increased
attention of the audience from you. morale, productivity, and commitment if they can communicate up and down
 Images say more than a thousand words- make the images more a company’s communication chain. Employers who spend time and energy to
powerful. create open communication lines will quickly create trust among employees,
 Big is beautiful- think big, think bold. resulting in productivity, performance, and overall morale. At the same time,
 Info graphics are amazing- use simple info graphics. employees who communicate effectively with their colleagues, managers, and
 Get inspired- remember your ultimate goal. customers continue to be valuable assets to a company.
 Tips in using Presentation Media:
 Practice with your Media. Poor communication in the workplace will inevitably lead to non-
 Consider your room and audience. motivated staff that can begin to question their confidence in their skills and
 Speak to your audience not your media. organizations. The importance of strong communication runs deep within the
workplace
Effective Communication in the Workplace
Workplace communication is the process of exchanging information, Learning Objectives:
both verbal and non-verbal, within an organization. There are many means of At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
communication. To be an effective and valuable member of your workplace it
is important that you become skilled in all the different methods of a. create clear, coherent, and effective materials
communication that are appropriate. b. present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone,
facial expressions, and gestures
Effective workplace communication ensures that organizational c. adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas
objectives are achieved. Workplace communication is tremendously important Discussion:
to organizations because it increases productivity and efficiency. Ineffective
workplace communication leads to communication gaps between employees,

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Workplace communication - is a discipline of its own that is unlike
academic or scholastic writing. - serves specific purposes for particular WHAT IS PUBLIC SPEAKING?
individuals, groups, organizations, or departments. Public speaking is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them
with other people and of influencing other people.
Broad categories of workplace communication
a) Upward Communication - from your position to an audience above Three major differences between conversation and public speaking (lucas,
you in the job hierarchy 2015):
Example: a response to a letter from your manager  Public speaking is more highly structured.
b) Lateral Communication - between you and an audience within your  Public speaking requires more formal language.
level of hierarchy  Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.
Example: a phone call to/from a co-worker you are collaborating with
c) Downward Communication - from your position to an audience Several ways of delivering a speech
below you in the job hierarchy A. A read speech or reading from a manuscript is the word-for-word iteration
Example: an oral reminder to a trainee of a written message.
d) Outward Communication - between you and a company that you do B. The memorized speech is the recitation of a written message that the
business with or an audience outside your workplace speaker has memorized.
Example: a letter of inquiry addressed to a supplier regarding a C. An impromptu speech is not rehearsed. This type of speaking is a
delivery to your office presentation of a short message without prior preparation
D. An extemporaneous speech is the presentation of a planned and rehearsed
Tone - it will set how your target audience will accept what you are trying to speech using minimal notes.
say. - you do not have to sound tough, demanding, or condescending in your
discourse especially in sensitive subjects or issues Guidelines on writing a speech (Lucas, 2015)
1. Focus on your topic.
Workplace communication will fail the ethics test if it is corrupted by 2. Develop your topic.
any of the following tactics (Searles, 2014): 3. Organize your speech.
1. Suppression of information. a) Introduction
2. Falsification or fabrication. b) Body
3. Overstatement of understatement. c) Conclusion
4. Selective misquoting.
5. Subjective wording. WHAT IS AN INTERVIEW?
6. Conflict of interest. - An interview is a two-party interaction in which at least one party has a
7. Withholding information. specific, serious purpose and that usually involves the asking and answering
8. Plagiarism. questions.

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 depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject,
Characteristics of an interview: your preparation of the
A. Interviews always involve two parties. speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the
B. Interviewing is always purposeful. occasion.
C. There is focus on asking and asnwering questions. 2. MESSAGE - The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone
else. Your goal in
Planning an interview (adler, 2012) public speaking is to have your intended message be the message
1. Define the goal. that is actually
2. Identify and analyze the other party/respondent. communicated.
3. Prepare a list of topics. o You must narrow your topic down.
4. Choose the best interview structure. o You must do research and choose supporting details to
5. Consider possible questions. make your ideas clear and
6. Arrange the setting. convincing. The message you send with words, with your tone of voice,
appearance,
Conducting an interview (adler, et al., 2012) gestures, facial expression, and eye contact.
A. Open with a greeting and an orientation. 3. CHANNEL - Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick
B. Perform several tasks during the question-and-answer phase of the up the phone to call
discussion. a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of
C. Close with a satisfactory conclusion. several channels,
Guidelines for both the interviewer and interviewee in the conduct of an will affect the message received by the audience
interview: 1. SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your
A. Formally inform that you will be conducting or attending an interview. success as a speaker
B. Being punctual is key in making a good impression. depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject,
C. Dress to impress. your preparation of the
D. Always starts with a strong handshake. speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the
E. Color your words with kindness. occasion.
F. Avoid unnecessary stories. 2. MESSAGE - The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone
G. Do not lose eye contact during the interview. else. Your goal in
H. The magic word is thank you. public speaking is to have your intended message be the message
that is actually
The speech communication process communicated.
o You must narrow your topic down.
1. SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your
success as a speaker

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o You must do research and choose supporting details to 1. SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your
make your ideas clear and success as a speaker
convincing. The message you send with words, with your tone of voice, depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject,
appearance, your preparation of the
gestures, facial expression, and eye contact. speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the
3. CHANNEL - Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick occasion.
up the phone to call 2. MESSAGE - The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone
a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of else. Your goal in
several channels, public speaking is to have your intended message be the message
will affect the message received by the audience that is actually
1. SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your communicated.
success as a speaker o You must narrow your topic down.
depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject, o You must do research and choose supporting details to
your preparation of the make your ideas clear and
speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the convincing. The message you send with words, with your tone of voice,
occasion. appearance,
2. MESSAGE - The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone gestures, facial expression, and eye contact.
else. Your goal in 3. CHANNEL - Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick
public speaking is to have your intended message be the message up the phone to call
that is actually a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of
communicated. several channels,
o You must narrow your topic down. will affect the message received by the audience
o You must do research and choose supporting details to SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your
make your ideas clear and success as a speaker
convincing. The message you send with words, with your tone of voice, depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject,
appearance, your preparation of the
gestures, facial expression, and eye contact. speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the
3. CHANNEL - Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick occasion
up the phone to call SPEAKER - Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your
a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of success as a speaker
several channels, depends on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject,
will affect the message received by the audience your preparation of the

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speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the for what they are sharing. We have been in the presence of a boring expert. A
occasion person who had knowledge but lack the energy to deliver the content in a way
ansmission - is the process by which the sender, having assigned codes to that was engaging.
come up with
thought symbols (message) that are also comprehensible by the Channel & Listener
participant/s of the
communication, transmits or sends message to its recipient. The channel is the medium through which the message comes.
3. Receiving - Having been submitted through sound waves and light waves, Examples of channels include radio, phone, internet, tv, and verbal. As such,
then comes from the public speaking is more than just in person but through other channels as well.
sender then reaches the receiver. It is assumed that the receiver's attention is
focused on the The listener is the person who is receiving the message through a
communication at hand to facilitate better understanding of the message channel. To communicate effectively, a speaker must be able to empathize, or
transported by the sender. see the world from the viewpoint of the audience. Everyone has a different
4. Decoding - is the pr perspective and the channel of being able to relate to the audience is a major
burden for a speaker.
Communicating is at times an intimidating experience for people. This is
especially true if they are asked to speak in public. Public Speaking or Feedback & Interference
communicating, in general, is comprised of several elements. These elements
include Feedback is the messages the listener sends to the speaker. This most
often happens in face-to-face settings and involves body language. Members
 Speaker in the audience might lean forward showing interesting or fold their arms to
 Message show they disagree. The speaker needs to monitor this and make necessary
 Channel adjustments in their presentation in order to fully engage or convince the
 Listener audience depending on their goal.
 Feedback
 Interference Interference is anything that slows down the effectiveness of communication
 Situation when speaking. For example, there might be construction happening outside
that makes it hard to hear. Or, someone is feeling sick while you are
Speaker & Message presenting. The first example is external interference which means comes
from outside the audience while the second is an example of internal
The speaker is the one who is attempting to share a message. A interference as it is coming from within the audience.
successful speaker needs to be convincing as well as possess authoritative
knowledge of their topic. In addition, a speaker should have some enthusiasm Situation

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 The situation is the context in which the communication takes place. Mass Communication- the study of how people exchange information
How we speak at a party is different from a funeral and vice versa. A speaker through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time. In
must keep in mind the situation when preparing. The appropriateness of jokes other words, mass communication refers to the imparting and exchanging of
and criticism depends on the situation that one is required to share. information on a large scale to a wide range of people.

Conclusion Organizational Communication- Is the sending and receiving of messages

among interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to
Communication is much more complicated than many people thought. achieve individual and common goals. Individuals in organizations transmit
The seven components mentioned here are among the most common and messages through face-to face, written, and mediated channels.
agreed upon by scholars. When speaking people need to aware of the impact
of the message as well as the way it is communicated in various context. Intercultural Communication- Intercultural communication is a discipline
that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how
Types of Interpersonal Communication
culture affects communication
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - process by which people Public Speaking in a Multicultural World
exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal
messages: it is face-to-face communication. If you are an experienced public speaker, you may have noticed that your
audience is changing, just as the world is changing. Most likely, you are
Dyadic Communication- Dyadic simply means "between two," so dyadic seeing more people from other lands and cultures sitting in your audience.
communication is communication between two people or creatures. Here are Public speaking in a multicultural world demands that you learn to adjust to
some examples: A conversation between two friends. An exchange of letters other cultures, as well as adapt to how people from other lands will respond to
or emails. you, the public speaker.

Small Group Communication- interactions among three or more people who Here are some tips for speaking in a multicultural world:
are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared
identity. Small groups are important communication units in academic,  Know your audience
professional, civic, and personal contexts.

Public Communication- happens when individuals and groups engage in  Find common goals
dialogue in the public sphere in order to deliver a message to a specific
audience. Public speaking events, newspaper editorials and billboard  Show respect for other culture.
advertisements are a few forms of public communication
 Learn to pronounce their names

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  Adapt to their listening preferences and reactions. What are the Your emotional state affects the way you communicate. Often, when
levels of communications? we are angry or disturbed, we say things we don’t mean. Communication is
affected by both the speaker’s and the listener’s emotional state. You may
Let’s understand the levels of communication to make our interactions more have noticed that we like to surround ourselves with positive and life-
fruitful. affirming individuals. Therefore, be conscious of your emotional state when
you communicate. Try to release negative emotions such as anger and pride
A. Verbal Level of Communication: before communicating with someone.

Among the five different levels of communication, this is perhaps the Energetic Level of Communication:
most obvious—we spend a lifetime trying to master the verbal level of Practicing mindfulness and being aware of the other person’s thoughts
communication skills. and feelings will make your communication more effective.
Of the five, this is the highest level of communication, and quite challenging
B. Physical Level of Communication: to master. It comes more naturally to those who are compassionate and
empathetic towards others. To try and develop this level of communication,
The physical level of communication involves eye contact, gestures, actively think about the well-being of the person you are communicating with
posture, and facial expressions. These visual cues are a tool to persuade your and consciously avoid any one-upping.
listeners and make them interested in what you have to say.
But how can we practice the physical level of communication in day-to-day Bringing five levels of communication together
life? Well, you can mindfully practice ‘matching and mirroring’ people’s
gestures and posture. This will ensure you are mindful of your stance and Your style of verbal communication represents your thoughts and the
movement. message you want to convey. Reflect on the physical, auditory, emotional and
energetic levels to analyze how you put forth your thoughts.
C. Auditory Level of Communication: Various levels of communication influence each other. For instance,
Auditory communication is focused on the tone, volume, and speed of your emotional state impacts your body language.
speech and sound. For instance, in addition to the content, the tone and pace of
your conversation can have a conscious or subconscious impact on your Be aware of your gestures and posture, the words you choose, the tone
listeners. and the cadence of your conversation. Understand what the levels of
If you tend to talk fast, you need to be mindful of slowing down when communication are.
speaking to introverts or thoughtful individuals. If you don’t, you may risk Barriers to Effective Listening
being unheard even though it may look like the other person is listening to
what you are saying. It is common, when listening to someone else speak, to be formulating a reply
whilst the other person is still talking. However, this means that we are not
Emotional Level of Communication: really listening to all that is being said.

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 Even good listeners are often guilty of critically evaluating what is
being said before fully understanding the message that the speaker is trying to
Approved by:
communicate. The result is that assumptions are made and conclusions
reached about the speaker's meaning, that might be inaccurate. This and other
types of ineffective listening lead to misunderstandings and a breakdown in
communication. SR. EMILY LALANTACON, OP

Kindly search for this link and watch the video for College Dean
additional information.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNVZxTkiX1Y

speaker.
ANGELITA S. BARCEBAL
Instructor

Noted by:

MRS. JOCELYN C. FEDERIS

Academic Coordinator/Program Head

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