CSE3213 04 AnalogDigitalSignals F2010
CSE3213 04 AnalogDigitalSignals F2010
• Digital Signals
3
Data vs. Signal
Data – information formatted in human/machine readable form
• examples: voice, music, image, file
Coding Decoding
Data Signal Signal Data
time space
The time- and space- representation of a signal often resemble each other,
though the signal envelope in the space-representation is different (signal attenuates over distance).
5
Signal Representation (cont.)
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35
6
• Digital Signals
7
Analog vs. Digital
Analog vs. Digital Data • analog data – representation variable takes
on continuous values in some interval, e.g.
voice, temperature, etc.
• digital data – representation variable takes
on discrete (a finite & countable number of)
values in a given interval, e.g. text, digitized
images, etc.
t t+T t+2T
• Digital Signals
11
12
Analog Signals
Classification of (1) Simple Analog Signal – cannot be decomposed
Analog Signals into simpler signals
sinewave – most fundamental form of periodic analog
signal – mathematically described with 3 parameters
s(t) = A ⋅ sin(2πft + ϕ )
(1.1) peak amplitude (A) – absolute value of signal’s
highest intensity – unit: volts [V]
(1.2) frequency (f) – number of periods in one second
– unit: hertz [Hz] = [1/s] – inverse of period (T)!
(1.3) phase (φ) – absolute position of the waveform
The origin is usually
taken as the last previous
relative to an arbitrary origin – unit: degrees [º]
passage through zero or radians [rad]
from the negative to the
positive direction.
T = 1/f
0[s] 1[s]
• 1º = 2π/360 rad
• 1 rad = (360/2π)º = 57.29578°
• phase shift of 360º = shift of 1 complete period
• phase shift of 180º = shift of 1/2 period
• phase shift of 90º = shift of 1/4 period
5V
1s
http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0001.html
14
Analog Signals
Analog
Analog signals
signals are
are best
best represented
represented in
in the
the frequency
frequency domain.
domain.
17
Simple Analog Signals
Example [ time vs. frequency domain ]
http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0002.html
18
Composite Analog Signals
Fourier Analysis – any composite signal can be represented as a
combination of simple sine waves with different
frequencies, phases and amplitudes
A0 ∞
s(t) = + ∑ [A ncos(2 πnf0 t) + Bn sin(2πnf0 t)]
2 n=1
T
2
With the aid of good table of integrals, A n = ∫ s(t)cos(2πnf0 t)dt, n = 0,1,2, …
it is easy to determine the T0
frequency-domain nature of many signals.
T
2
Bn = ∫ s(t)sin(2πnf0 t)dt, n = 1,2,3, …
T0
2π
ω= = 2π ⋅ f
T
• simple multiple of ordinary frequency
A0 ∞
s(t) = + ∑ [A ncos(nω0 t) + Bn sin(nω0 t)]
2 n=1
T
2
A n = ∫ s(t)cos(nω0 t)dt, n = 0,1,2,...
T0
T
2
Bn = ∫ s(t)sin(nω0 t)dt, n = 1,2,...
T0
20
Composite Analog Signals (cont.)
Example [ periodic square wave ]
No DC component!!!
4A 4A 4A
s(t) = sin(2πft) + sin(2π(3f)t) + sin(2π(5f)t) + ...
π 3π 5π
With
With three
three harmonics
harmonics we
we get
get an
an approximation
approximation of of aa square
square wave.
wave.
To
To get
get the
the actual
actual square,
square, all
all harmonics
harmonics up to ∞∞ should
up to should bebe added.
added.
http://www.nst.ing.tu-bs.de/schaukasten/fourier/en_idx.html
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/sound/sound.html
21
Composite Analog Signals (cont.)
Example [ composite analog signal ]
http://hermes.eee.nott.ac.uk/teaching/cal/h61sig/sig0009.html
22
Composite Analog Signals (cont.)
square wave
3-harmonic representation
23
Composite Analog Signals (cont.)
communication channel
• Digital Signals
27
Digital Signals
Most
Most digital
digital signals
signals are
are aperiodic,
aperiodic,
so
so itit is
is not
not appropriate
appropriate // correct
correct to
to talk
talk about
about their
their period.
period.
28
Digital Signals (cont.)