Solutions

pressure increases solubility of gases in liquid. Henry’s law says that the solubility
of a gas is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the solution.

Review Exercise
Part I: Multiple Choice Questions
1. Soda water is an example of:
a. liquid-liquid solution c. solid-liquid solution
b. liquid-gas solution d. gas-gas solution
2. Which of the following type of matter can exhibit Tyndall effect?
a. aerosol b. soda water c. brass
3. A solution that is formed when NaCl dissolves in water has the properties of-----
a. Sodium Chloride c. both NaCl and water
b. Water d. neither NaCl nor water
4. A simple way of determining whether a mixture is colliodial or not is through the use of
______
a. particle size b. Tyndall effect c. non-uniform appearance d. a & b
5. A suspension is ……
a. a homogenous mixture of a solute and a solvent
b. a heterogeneous mixture of one phase dispersed in another phase
c. a heterogeneous mixture that exhibits Tyndall effect
d. a mixture that contain smaller particle size than a solution
6. Which properties of colloids is applied in the cloud seeding mechanism to produce
artificial rain?
a. Association c. Coagulation
b. Dispersion d. Scattering
7. The cleansing action of soaps and detergents are related to which property of a
colloid?
a. Association c. Coagulation
b. Dispersion d. Scattering
8. The continuous and dispersed phase in fog is _____ and _____ , respectively.
a. gas, solid c. gas, liquid
b. liquid, gas d. liquid, liquid
9. How many grams of NaOH is required to prepare 100 mL of 1 M NaOH solution?
a. 4 b. 40 c. 0.4 d. 400
10. A solution that contain 4.9 g H2SO4 in 1 liter of solution has the same _____ and
_____. Assume the solution has the same density as water.
a. molarity and molality c. normality and molality
b. molarity and normality d. none of the above
11. When the molarity of a sulfuric acid solution is doubled, its normality is _____
a. halved b. doubled c. quadrupled d. remain the same
12. Mole fraction and percentage differ by a factor of _____
a. 1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 0.1

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13. Which of the following substances are not readily miscible within each other?
a. C6H6 and CCl4 c. C2H5OH and H2O
b. H2O and CCl4 d. CH3OH and H2O
14. Rate of dissolution is largely dependent upon:
a. the inter-particle forces
b. the surface area of solid solute
c. the temperature of the system
d. the pressure of the system
15. Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids
b. the solubility of most solids increases with increasing temperature
c. the solubility of gases in water increases with increasing temperature.
d. none of the above
16. The quantitative relationship between gas solubility and pressure is given by:
a. Raoult’s law c. Henry’s law
b. Hess’s law d. Dalton’s law
17. A solution that has a capacity to dissolve more solute is called ____________
solution
a. dilute c. supersaturated
b. unsaturated d. concentrated
18. A concentrated solution is ____________
a. same as supersaturated solution
b. contain less solute than solvent
c. contains relatively large amount of solute
d. a saturated solution
19. Which of the following solutions is the most dilute?
a. 0.1 M NaCl c. 0.001 M NaCl
b. 0.01 M NaCl d. 10.0 mM NaCl
20. Which of the following is a saturated NaCl solution at 20oC? Solubility of NaCl is
36 g/100 mL.
a. 0.615 M c. 36.0 M
b. 6.15 M d. 0.0615 M
21. The ratio of the number of moles of solute divided by the total number of moles
gives:
a. the mole fraction of the solute c. the molality of the solution
b. the molarity of the solution d. the normality of the solution
22. Phosphoric acid reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium hydrogen phosphate
(CaHPO4) and water. The equivalent weight of phosphoric acid in this reaction will
be:
a. 98 g/eq c. 32.6 g/eq
b. 49 g/eq d. 14 g/eq

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 Solutions
23. Which of the following is the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between
H2SO4 (a) and NaOH (aq)?
a. HSO4-(aq) → H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
b. H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
c. SO42-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) → NaSO42-(aq)
d. H2SO4(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + SO42-(aq)
24. When a given volume of concentrated solution is diluted 100 fold, which one of
the following is true?
a. the dilute solution has more number of moles of solute per unit volume than that
of concentrated solution
b. the number of moles of solute per unit volume of the dilute solution is equal to
that of the concentrated solution
c. the number of moles of solute in a given volume of a solution is the same before
and after dilution
d. all of the above

Part II: Short Answer Questions

25. Give one example of each: a gaseous solution, a liquid solution, a solid solution.
26. What are the two factors needed to explain the differences in solubilities of ionic
solids in water?
27. Explain in terms of intermolecular attractions why octane is immiscible in water.
28. Give the type of colloid (aerosol, foam, emulsion, sol, or gel) that each of the
following represents.
a. rain cloud b. milk of magnesia
c. soapsuds d. silt in water
29. Concrete is a mixture of _____ , _____ , _____ , and _____ .
30. Explain on the basis that “like dissolves like” why glycerol, CH2OHCHOHCH2OH, is
miscible in water but benzene, C6H6, has very limited solubility in water.
31. Explain why ionic substances show a wide range of solubilities in water.
32. Indicate the type of solute-solvent interaction that is most important in each of the
following solutions:
a. KBr in water c. ammonia in water
b. hexane, C6 H14, in gasoline
33. Describe the characteritics of endothermic and exothermic dissolution processes.
34. Consider the following solutions. In each case, predict whether the solubility of the
solute should be high or low. Justify your answer.
a. KCl in H2O d. H2O in CH3OH
b. HF in H2O e. CCl4 in H2O
c. KCl in CCl4
35. What is the usual solubility behavior of an ionic compound in water when the
temperature is raised? Give an example of an exception to this behavior.
36. Give one example of each: a salt whose heat of solution is exothermic and a salt
whose heat of solution is endothermic.

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Chemistry Grade 10
37. What do you expect to happen to a concentration of dissolved gas in a solution
as the solution is heated?
38. Explain why a carbonated beverage must be stored in a closed container.
39. Pressure has an effect on the solubility of oxygen in water but a negligible effect
on the solubility of sugar in water. Why?
40. Which of the following ions would be expected to have the greater energy of
hydration, Mg2+ or Al3+?
41. Which of the following ions would be expected to have the greater energy of
hydration, F− or Cl−?

Part III: Work Out Problems

42. The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is 0.161 g CO2 in 100 mL of water at
20oC and 1.00 atm. A soft drink is carbonated with carbon dioxide gas at 5.50
atm pressure. What is the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at this pressure?
43. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions:
a. 10.5 g NaCl in 350.0 mL of solution
b. 40.7 g LiClO4•3H2O in 125 mL of solution
44. What mass of solution containing 5.00% potassium iodide, KI, by mass contains
258 mg KI?
45. Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, is a stimulant found in tea and coffee. A sample of the
substance was dissolved in 45.0 g of chloroform, CHCl3, to give a 0.0946 m
solution. How many grams of caffeine were in the sample? Molar mass caffeine
= 194.19 g/mol
46. A 100.0-g sample of a brand of rubbing alcohol contains 65.0 g of isopropyl
alcohol, C3H7OH, and 35.0 g of water. What is the mole fraction of isopropyl
alcohol in the solution? What is the mole fraction of water?
47. A bleaching solution contains sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, dissolved in water. The
solution is 0.650 m NaClO. What is the mole fraction of sodium hypochlorite?
48. The concentrated sulfuric acid we use in the laboratory is 98.0% H2SO4, by mass.
Calculate the molality and molarity of the acid solution. The density of the solution
is 1.83 g/mL.
49. Calculate the approximate volume of water that must be added to 250 mL of
1.25 N solution to make it 0.500 N.
50. An antiseptic solution contains hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in water. The solution is
0.610 m H2O2. What is the mole fraction of hydrogen peroxide?
51. Citric acid, H3C6H5O7, occurs in plants. Lemons contain 5% to 8% citric acid by
mass. The acid is added to beverages and candy. An aqueous solution is 0.688 m
citric acid. The density is 1.049 g/mL. What is the molar concentration?
52. A solution of vinegar is 0.763 M acetic acid, HC2H3O2. The density of the vinegar
is 1.004 g/mL. What is the molal concentration of acetic acid?

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