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Scale PDF

The document discusses the concept of scale in drawings, explaining full size, reduction, and enlargement scales, along with their representations. It details various types of scales, including plain, diagonal, and comparative scales, and introduces the representative fraction (RF) as a key measurement ratio. Additionally, it outlines the requirements for constructing different types of scales and provides examples for plain and diagonal scales.

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Achintya Bansal
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26 views18 pages

Scale PDF

The document discusses the concept of scale in drawings, explaining full size, reduction, and enlargement scales, along with their representations. It details various types of scales, including plain, diagonal, and comparative scales, and introduces the representative fraction (RF) as a key measurement ratio. Additionally, it outlines the requirements for constructing different types of scales and provides examples for plain and diagonal scales.

Uploaded by

Achintya Bansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEADLINE

• The word ‘ scale’ usually employs for an instrument used for drawing or measuring the length of a straight line. It is also used to

represent the proportion in which a drawing is made with respect to the size of the object.

• It is always convenient to make the drawing of an object to its actual size provided its size permits, e.g., a 50 mm diameter plain

disc should be represented by a circle of 50 mm diameter on the drawing.


• When a drawing is prepared to the actual size of the object, the scale is said to be full size scale and the drawing is
said to be full size drawing.

• However, it is not possible to make the drawings of machines, buildings, town plans, etc., to their actual size. When the object is

of large size, the actual dimensions of the object have to be reduced on some regular proportion to make its drawing, e.g., a

rectangular plot of size 25 m ¥ 10 m can be represented bya rectangle of 250 mm ¥ 100 mm.
HEADLINE
• When a drawing is prepared smaller than the actual size of the object, the scale is said to be reduction scale and the drawing is

said to be reduce size drawing.

• Similarly very small object such as the gear mechanism of a wrist watch, component of an electronic instrument, etc., is

enlarged on some regular proportion to make its drawing.

• When the drawing is prepared larger than the actual size, the scale is said to be an enlargement scale and the drawing is said to

be enlarge sized drawing.


HEADLINE
REPRESENTATION OF SCALE:
• A scale can be expressed in one of the following ways:
1. Engineering scale: Engineering scale is represented by indicating the relation between the dimension
• on the drawing and the corresponding actual dimension of the object. It is expressed as
• 1 mm = 1 mm for full size drawing
• 1 mm = 5 m, 1 mm = 8 km, etc., for reduce size drawing
• 1 mm = 0.2 mm, 1 mm = 5 mm, etc., for enlarge size drawing
• They are usually written on the drawings in numerical forms.

2. Graphical scale: Graphical scale is expressed by its representative fraction and is captioned on the drawing itself. As the

drawing becomes old, the drawing sheet may shrink and the engineering scale would provide inaccurate results. However, the

scale made on the drawing sheet along with drawing of object will shrink in the same proportion. This will always provide an

accurate result. It is the basic advantage gained by graphical representation of a scale.


HEADLINE
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:
HEADLINE
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:

The following linear and area conversions is also useful in construction of scales.

Linear conversion 1 mile = 1.609 km

1 inches = 25.4 mm

Area conversion 1 are (a) = 100 m2

1 hectare (ha) = 100 ares = 10000 m2

1 square mile = 640 acres

1 acre (ac) = 10 square chain = 4840 square yards


TYPES OF SCALES

Scales are classified as the following:


1. Plain scale
2. Diagonal scale
3. Comparative scale (plain and diagonal type)
4. ver nier scale
5. Scale of chords
• REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF)

Representative fraction is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of an element of the object in the drawing to its actual linear

dimension of the same element of the object itself.


TYPES OF SCALES

• In the above formula, both the numerator and the denominator are converted into same units. The value of RF is always kept in

fraction, i.e., expressed in the form of x:y in which both x and y are lengths brought into the same units.

• Thus, RF has no decimal and no unit. It may be noted that if (i) x is smaller than y it represents a reduction scale, (ii) x is greater

than y it represents an enlargement scale, (iii) both x and y are equal it is a full size scale. It is further emphasized that RF is the

ratio of lengths and not the ratio of areas or volumes.

• In case, the quantities for the numerator or the denominator are given in units of areas such as km2, m2, mm2, etc., then take the

square root to convert them in lengths units

• Similarly, if the quantities in the numerator and the denominator are given in unit of volume such as km3, m3, mm3, etc., then

take the cube root to convert them in length units.


TYPES OF SCALES
TYPES OF SCALES
REQUIREMENTS OF A SCALE

The data required for the construction of a plain, a diagonal or a ver nier scale are as follows:

• 1. RF of the scale.

• 2. The maximum length which the scale can measure.

• 3. Least count of the scale, i.e., minimum length which the scale can measure.

• The following steps are required in construction of all types of scales except the scale of chords.

• 1. Determine the value of R.F.

• 2. Calculate the length of scale as Ls = R.F. ¥ Maximum length. It is usually expressed in cm.

• 3. Actual drawing of the scale.


REQUIREMENTS OF A SCALE

PLAIN SCALE

• A plain scale is used to measure up to two consecutive units, i.e., a unit and its immediate sub division. For example, (a) metre

and decimetre, (b) kilometre and hectometre, (c) feet and inches, etc.

Construction of Plain Scale

The following problems illustrate the method of construction of plain scales.

• Problem 4.7. Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres and decimetres and long enough to measure up to 6 metres. Mark a

distance of 4.7 m on it.


REQUIREMENTS OF A SCALE
REQUIREMENTS OF A SCALE
Construction of Diagonal Scale

• The following problems illustrate the construction of the diagonal scale. Let us first consider Problem 4.7, to read three units,

i.e., metres, decimetres and centimetres.

Problem: Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres, decimetres and centimetres and long enough to measure up to 6 m. Mark a

distance of 4.76 m on it.


Construction of Diagonal Scale
Construction of Diagonal Scale

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