Experiment No.
2: CDMA
PART A
(PART A: TO BE REFFERED BY STUDENTS)
A.1 Aim: To implement a basic function of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to
test the orthogonality and autocorrelation of a code to be used for CDMA operation.
Write an application based on the above concept.
A.2 Prerequisite: Knowledge of multiplexing schemes
A.3 Objectives: To understand the importance of security in wirelesss communication
by means of spread spectrum technologies.
A.4 Outcomes: Student will be able to articulate the knowledge of GSM, CDMA &
Bluetooth technologies and demonstrate it.(LO-2)
A.5Tools Used/programming language: Java
A.6Theory:
▪ Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various
radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple accesses, where several
transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This
allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue
interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special codling’s
scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).
CDMA issued as the access method in many mobile phone standards. IS-95,also called" cdma One",
and its 3G evolution CDMA2000, are often simply referred to as "CDMA", but UMTS, the 3G standard
used by GSM carriers, also uses "wideband CDMA", or W-CDMA, as well as TDCDMA and TD-SCDMA,
as its radio technologies.
▪ CDMA Orthogonality:
Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation (DS-CDMA),
frequency hopping or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a signal is generated which
extends over a wide bandwidth. A code called spreading code is used to perform this action.
Using a group of codes, which are orthogonal to each other, it is possible to select a signal with a
given code in the presence of many other signals with different orthogonal codes.
▪ CDMA Autocorrelation:
Autocorrelation of the sequence, it determines the ability to synchronize and lock the spreading code
for the received signal.
A.7Procedure:
✔ The station encodes its data bit as follows.
o If bit = 1 then +1 o
If bit = 0 then -1
o no
signal(interpreted
as 0) if station is
idle
✔ Each station is allocated a different orthogonal sequence (code) which is N bit long for N stations
✔ Each station does a scalar multiplication of its encoded data bit and code sequence.
✔ The resulting sequence is then stored on the channel.
✔ Since the channel is common, amplitudes add up and hence resultant channel sequence is the sum
of sequences from all channels.
✔ If station 1 wants to listen to station 2, it multiplies (inner product) the channel sequence with
code of station S2
✔ The inner product is then divided by N to get data bit transmitted from station 2.
▪ Working
✔ CDMA uses orthogonal codes to transmit different signal over the same channel
✔ CDMA is use in 3’rd generation wireless communication like CDMA 2000, w-CDMA,HSDPA
(high speed downlink packet access), HSUPA(high speed uplink packet access) ✔
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
✔ It is a digital cellular standard that utilizes spread-Spectrum Technology.
✔ It spreads the signal over a fully available spectrum or over multiple channels through
division.
✔ It is a more secure and private line.
✔ It has good voice and data communication capabilities.
✔ The information is sent simultaneously through several transmitters over a single
communication channel.
✔ Consider there is single channel having four users, user1,user2,user3,user4
✔ Assume there are four orthogonal codes
✔ If two diff orthogonal codes are multiplied it will always give 0; this is the property of orthogonal
code.
✔ User send data 1,0 (stream of data)or use may be silent that is no data to transmit.
✔ Users are having following data
✔ Data in channel is;
✔ If data 2 want to receive then
R2= C(x)*C2
And hence we are getting –a after dividing by 4 and data send by user 2 is -a
Sample Output:
PART B
(PART B: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)
(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two hours of the
practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the ERP or emailed to the concerned lab in
charge faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no ERP access available)
Roll No. : C07 Name: Sarika Ashok Katkar
Class : TE/C comps Batch : C1
Date of Experiment: 28-01-25 Date of Submission : 31-01-25
Grade :
B.1Question of Curiosity:
Q.1: Source Code (students need to implement CDMA using any programming language like Java, Python ,
etc)
import numpy as np
print("*\nCDMA \n***\nEnter the data bits")
z1 = int(input("Enter the D1 bit: "))
z2 = int(input("Enter the D2 bit: "))
z3 = int(input("Enter the D3 bit: "))
z4 = int(input("Enter the D4 bit: "))
c1 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
c2 = [1, -1, 1, -1]
c3 = [1, 1, -1, -1]
c4 = [1, -1, -1, 1]
rc = []
r1 = np.multiply(c1, z1)
r2 = np.multiply(c2, z2)
r3 = np.multiply(c3, z3)
r4 = np.multiply(c4, z4)
resultant_channel = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4
print("Resultant Channel:", resultant_channel)
Channel = int(input("(Enter Digits as C1=1, C2=2, C3=3, C4=4)\nEnter the station to listen: "))
if Channel == 1:
rc = c1
elif Channel == 2:
rc = c2
elif Channel == 3:
rc = c3
elif Channel == 4:
rc = c4 # This line was missing indentation
inner_product = np.multiply(resultant_channel, rc)
print("Inner Product:", inner_product)
res1 = sum(inner_product)
data = res1 / len(inner_product)
print("Data bit that was sent:", data)
Q.2: Output of CDMA
Q.3: Explain CDMA with one suitable example.
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in second-generation (2G) and third-
generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows
numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology
is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular phone systems in the 800 megahertz (MHz) and 1.9 gigahertz
(GHz) bands.
CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is
first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined
pattern code. This enables the signal to be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed
with the same code, following along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency
sequencing codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult.
Q.4: What is spread spectrum? List types of spread spectrum technologies.
Spread spectrum is a technique used for wireless communications in telecommunication and radio
communication. In this technique, the frequency of the transmitted signal, i.e., an electrical signal,
electromagnetic signal, or acoustic signal, is deliberately varied and generates a much greater bandwidth
than the signal would have if its frequency were not varied.
In other words, "Spread Spectrum is a technique in which the transmitted signals of specific frequencies are
varied slightly to obtain greater bandwidth as compared to initial bandwidth."
Now, spread spectrum technology is widely used in radio signals transmission because it can easily reduce
noise and other signal issues.
Spread Spectrum can be categorized into two types:
o Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
The Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum or FHSS allows us to utilize bandwidth properly and
maximum. In this technique, the whole available bandwidth is divided into many channels and spread
between channels, arranged continuously.
The frequency slots are selected randomly, and frequency signals are transmitted according to their
occupancy.
The transmitters and receivers keep on hopping on channels available for a particular amount of time
in milliseconds.
So, you can see that it implements the frequency division multiplexing and time-division
multiplexing simultaneously in FHSS.
o Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a spread-spectrum modulation technique primarily
used to reduce overall signal interference in telecommunication. The Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum modulation makes the transmitted signal wider in bandwidth than the information
bandwidth. In DSSS, the message bits are modulated by a bit sequencing process known as a
spreading sequence. This spreading-sequence bit is known as a chip. It has a much shorter duration
(larger bandwidth) than the original message bits. Following are the features of Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum or DSSS.
Q.5: Differentiate between FDM and FHSS.
FHSS DSSS
FHSS changes the frequency, and DSSS changes the phase, and the carrier frequency
the hopping of frequency follows a remains in a fixed frequency band
pattern known to the sender and
receiver
Lower signal transmission rate (up Higher signal transmission rate (up to 11 Mbps)
to 3Mbps)
FHSS is a robust spread spectrum DSSS is a sensitive spread spectrum technique that
technique that is suitable to employ is influenced by harsh environmental conditions
in harsh environments
FHSS is suitable for single point as DSSS is suitable for point to point communication
well as multipoint communications
The decoding process is simple To decode in DSSS, a particular algorithm is required
in FHSS to make the connection between the transmitter
and receiver
FHSS is less reliable DSSS is more reliable
The analog to digital conversion The time taken to convert an analog signal to digital
in FHSS takes less time is higher
At a lower transmission rate, FHSS The implementation of DSSS at radio frequencies with
is cheaper a high transmission rate is cheaper
FHSS is not dependent on Distance is an influencing factor in DSSS
the distance of signal
transmission
At a given transmitting power, FHSS At a given transmitting power, the wider operating
offers higher power spectral density spectrum of DSSS provides lower power spectral
density
As the carrier frequency is varied In DSSS, the message bits are both frequency and
in FHSS, it causes time spread DSSS. This kind of spreading reduces
frequency-selective fading, where the influence of interference and fading. The
the error is bursty in nature. percentage error in DSSS is less than FHSS
B.2Conclusion:
(Students must write the conclusion as per the attainment of individual outcome listed above
and learning/observation)
We implemented a basic function of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and tested the
orthogonality and autocorrelation of a code to be used for CDMA operation. And wrote an
application based on the above concept.
