Syllabus

Cambridge International AS & A Level

Mathematics 9709
For examination in June and November 2023, 2024 and 2025.
Also available for examination in March 2023, 2024 and 2025 for India only.

Version 1
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Content overview
Content section Assessment Topics included
component

1 Pure Mathematics 1 Paper 1 1.1 Quadratics

1.2 Functions
1.3 Coordinate geometry
1.4 Circular measure
1.5 Trigonometry
1.6 Series
1.7 Differentiation
1.8 Integration

2 Pure Mathematics 2 Paper 2 2.1 Algebra

2.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions
2.3 Trigonometry
2.4 Differentiation
2.5 Integration
2.6 Numerical solution of equations

3 Pure Mathematics 3 Paper 3 3.1 Algebra

3.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions
3.3 Trigonometry
3.4 Differentiation
3.5 Integration
3.6 Numerical solution of equations
3.7 Vectors
3.8 Differential equations
3.9 Complex numbers

4 Mechanics Paper 4 4.1 Forces and equilibrium

4.2 Kinematics of motion in a straight line
4.3 Momentum
4.4 Newton’s laws of motion
4.5 Energy, work and power

5 Probability & Statistics 1 Paper 5 5.1 Representation of data

5.2 Permutations and combinations
5.3 Probability
5.4 Discrete random variables
5.5 The normal distribution

6 Probability & Statistics 2 Paper 6 6.1 The Poisson distribution

6.2 Linear combinations of random variables
6.3 Continuous random variables
6.4 Sampling and estimation
6.5 Hypothesis tests

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Structure
There are six Mathematics components available:

Pure Mathematics components:

Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1
Paper 2: Pure Mathematics 2
Paper 3: Pure Mathematics 3

Mechanics components:
Paper 4: Mechanics

Probability & Statistics components:

Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1
Paper 6: Probability & Statistics 2

Candidates take two components for AS Level Mathematics.

Candidates take four components for A Level Mathematics.

‘The depth of knowledge displayed by the best A Level students makes them prime targets for
America’s Ivy League universities’
Yale University, USA

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Three routes for Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics

Candidates following an AS Level route will be eligible for grades a–e. Candidates following an A Level route are
eligible for grades A*–E.

Structure of AS Level and A Level Mathematics

AS Level Mathematics A Level Mathematics

Paper 1 and Paper 2

(No progression to A Level)
Pure Mathematics only

Paper 1 and Paper 4

Paper 1, 3, 4 and 5
Pure Mathematics and
Pure Mathematics,
Mechanics
Mechanics and
Probability & Statistics
Paper 1 and Paper 5
Pure Mathematics and Paper 1, 3, 5 and 6
Probability & Statistics Pure Mathematics and
Probability & Statistics

This syllabus gives you the flexibility to design a course that will interest, challenge and engage your learners.

You are responsible for selecting a suitable combination of components to support your learners’ further study.

Teachers should be aware that there are recommended combinations of components to study in Cambridge
International AS & A Level Mathematics (9709) to support progression to Cambridge International AS & A Level
Further Mathematics (9231).

When planning a course which supports progression to Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics
teachers should refer to the Cambridge International AS & A Level Further Mathematics syllabus and refer to
the support document Guide to prior learning for Paper 4 Further Probability and Statistics on the Cambridge
International website for more information.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

AS Mathematics (AS Level only)

Candidates take two components in the same series.

Paper 1 and Paper 2

Pure Mathematics 1 Pure Mathematics 2
(Please note, this route cannot count towards A Level)
OR
Paper 1 and Paper 4
Pure Mathematics 1 Mechanics
OR
Paper 1 and Paper 5
Pure Mathematics 1 Probability & Statistics 1

Please note, the Pure Mathematics only route (Paper 1 and Paper 2) is available at AS Level only. Candidates who
take the Pure Mathematics only route cannot then use their AS result and carry forward to complete the A Level.

A Level Mathematics
Candidates take four components for Cambridge International A Level Mathematics.

All candidates take:

Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1
and
Paper 3: Pure Mathematics 3.

Then, candidates take either:

Paper 4: Mechanics
and
Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1

OR

Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1

and
Paper 6: Probability & Statistics 2.

Please note, it is not possible to combine Paper 4 and Paper 6. This is because Paper 6 depends on prior knowledge
of the subject content for Paper 5.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

A Level Mathematics (Staged route)

Candidates take AS Level components in the first year and carry forward their AS Level result. They then take two
more components in another series to complete the A Level.

Year 1 Paper 1 and Paper 4

(AS Level) Pure Mathematics 1 Mechanics
then
Year 2 Paper 3 and Paper 5
(A Level) Pure Mathematics 3 Probability & Statistics 1

OR

Year 1 Paper 1 and Paper 5

(AS Level) Pure Mathematics 1 Probability & Statistics 1
then
Year 2 Paper 3 and Paper 4
(A Level) Pure Mathematics 3 Mechanics

OR

Year 1 Paper 1 and Paper 5

(AS Level) Pure Mathematics 1 Probability & Statistics 1
then
Year 2 Paper 3 and Paper 6
(A Level) Pure Mathematics 3 Probability & Statistics 2

A Level Mathematics (Linear route)

Candidates take the A Level components in the same series.

Paper 1 Paper 4
Pure Mathematics 1 Mechanics
Paper 3 Paper 5
Pure Mathematics 3 Probability & Statistics 1

OR

Paper 1 Paper 5
Pure Mathematics 1 Probability & Statistics 1
Paper 3 Paper 6
Pure Mathematics 3 Probability & Statistics 2

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Assessment overview
Pure Mathematics components
Paper 1 Paper 2

Pure Mathematics 1 1 hour 50 minutes Pure Mathematics 2 1 hour 15 minutes

75 marks 50 marks
10 to 12 structured questions based on the 6 to 8 structured questions based on the
Pure Mathematics 1 subject content Pure Mathematics 2 subject content
Written examination Written examination
Externally assessed Externally assessed
60% of the AS Level 40% of the AS Level
30% of the A Level Offered only as part of AS Level
Compulsory for AS Level and A Level

Paper 3

Pure Mathematics 3 1 hour 50 minutes

75 marks
9 to 11 structured questions based on the
Pure Mathematics 3 subject content
Written examination
Externally assessed
30% of the A Level only
Compulsory for A Level

Mechanics components
Paper 4

Mechanics 1 hour 15 minutes

50 marks
6 to 8 structured questions based on the
Mechanics subject content
Written examination
Externally assessed
40% of the AS Level
20% of the A Level
Offered as part of AS Level and A Level

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Probability & Statistics components

Paper 5 Paper 6

Probability & Statistics 1 1 hour 15 minutes Probability & Statistics 2 1 hour 15 minutes
50 marks 50 marks
6 to 8 structured questions based on the 6 to 8 structured questions based on the
Probability & Statistics 1 subject content Probability & Statistics 2 subject content
Written examination Written examination
Externally assessed Externally assessed
40% of the AS Level 20% of the A Level only
20% of the A Level Offered only as part of A Level
Compulsory for A Level

‘Cambridge International AS & A Levels prepare students well for university because they’ve
learnt to go into a subject in considerable depth. There’s that ability to really understand the
depth and richness and the detail of a subject. It’s a wonderful preparation for what they are
going to face at university.’
US Higher Education Advisory Council

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Syllabus overview

Assessment objectives
The assessment objectives (AOs) are:

AO1 Knowledge and understanding

• Show understanding of relevant mathematical concepts, terminology and notation
• Recall accurately and use appropriate mathematical manipulative techniques

AO2 Application and communication

• Recognise the appropriate mathematical procedure for a given situation
• Apply appropriate combinations of mathematical skills and techniques in solving problems
• Present relevant mathematical work, and communicate corresponding conclusions, in a clear and logical way

Weighting for assessment objectives

The approximate weightings (± 5%) allocated to each of the assessment objectives (AOs) are summarised below.

Assessment objectives as an approximate percentage of each component

Assessment objective Weighting in components %
Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 Paper 6
AO1 Knowledge and understanding 55 55 45 55 55 55
AO2 Application and communication 45 45 55 45 45 45

Assessment objectives as an approximate percentage of each qualification

Assessment objective Weighting in AS Level % Weighting in A Level %

AO1 Knowledge and understanding 55 52
AO2 Application and communication 45 48

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

3 Subject content

The mathematical content for each component is detailed below. You can teach the topics in any order you find
appropriate.

Information about calculator use and information about the relationships between syllabus components can be
found in 4 Details of the assessment.

Notes and examples are included to clarify the subject content. Please note that these are examples only and
examination questions may differ from the examples given.

Prior knowledge
Knowledge of the content of the Cambridge IGCSE® Mathematics 0580 (Extended curriculum), or Cambridge
International O Level (4024/4029), is assumed. Candidates should be familiar with scientific notation for
compound units, e.g. 5 m s–1 for 5 metres per second.

In addition, candidates should:

6
• be able to carry out simple manipulation of surds (e.g. expressing 12 as 2 3 and as 3 2 ),
2
• know the shapes of graphs of the form y = kx n , where k is a constant and n is an integer (positive or negative)
1
or ! .
2

1 Pure Mathematics 1 (for Paper 1)

1.1 Quadratics
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• carry out the process of completing the square e.g. to locate the vertex of the graph of
for a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and use y = ax2 + bx + c or to sketch the graph
a completed square form
• find the discriminant of a quadratic polynomial e.g. to determine the number of real roots of the
ax2 + bx + c and use the discriminant equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Knowledge of the term
‘repeated root’ is included.
• solve quadratic equations, and quadratic By factorising, completing the square and using the
inequalities, in one unknown formula.
• solve by substitution a pair of simultaneous e.g. x + y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 = 25,
equations of which one is linear and one is 2x + 3y = 7 and 3x2 = 4 + 4xy.
quadratic
• recognise and solve equations in x which are e.g. x4 – 5x2 + 4 = 0, 6x + x − 1 = 0,
quadratic in some function of x. 2
tan x = 1 + tan x.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

1 Pure Mathematics 1
1.2 Functions
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the terms function, domain,
range, one-one function, inverse function and
composition of functions
1
• identify the range of a given function in simple e.g. range of f : x 7 x for x H 1 and
cases, and find the composition of two given
range of g : x 7 x 2 + 1 for x ! R . Including the
functions
condition that a composite function gf can only be
formed when the range of f is within the domain of g.

• determine whether or not a given function is e.g. finding the inverse of

h : x 7 ^2x + 3h − 4 for x 1 − 2 .
one-one, and find the inverse of a one-one 2 3
function in simple cases
• illustrate in graphical terms the relation between Sketches should include an indication of the mirror
a one-one function and its inverse line y = x.
• understand and use the transformations of the Including use of the terms ‘translation’, ‘reflection’
graph of y = f(x) given by and ‘stretch’ in describing transformations. Questions
y = f(x) + a, y = f(x + a), may involve algebraic or trigonometric functions, or
other graphs with given features.
y = af(x), y = f(ax) and simple combinations of
these.

1.3 Coordinate geometry

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• find the equation of a straight line given e.g. given two points, or one point and the gradient.
sufficient information
• interpret and use any of the forms y = mx + c, Including calculations of distances, gradients,
y – y1 = m(x – x1), ax + by + c = 0 in solving midpoints, points of intersection and use of the
problems relationship between the gradients of parallel and
perpendicular lines.
• understand that the equation Including use of the expanded form
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r 2 represents the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
with centre (a, b) and radius r
• use algebraic methods to solve problems Including use of elementary geometrical properties of
involving lines and circles circles, e.g. tangent perpendicular to radius, angle in a
semicircle, symmetry.
Implicit differentiation is not included.
• understand the relationship between a graph and e.g. to determine the set of values of k for which the
its associated algebraic equation, and use the line y = x + k intersects, touches or does not meet a
relationship between points of intersection of quadratic curve.
graphs and solutions of equations.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

1 Pure Mathematics 1
1.4 Circular measure
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the definition of a radian, and use the
relationship between radians and degrees
1
• use the formulae s = r i and A = r 2 i Including calculation of lengths and angles in
2
in solving problems concerning the arc length triangles and areas of triangles.
and sector area of a circle.

1.5 Trigonometry
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• sketch and use graphs of the sine, cosine and Including e.g. y = 3 sin x, y = 1 – cos 2x,
tangent functions (for angles of any size, and
y = tan cx + rm .
1
using either degrees or radians) 4

1 3 1
• use the exact values of the sine, cosine and e.g. cos 150c = − = .
2 3 , sin 4 r 2
tangent of 30°, 45°, 60°, and related angles

• use the notations sin–1x, cos­–1x, tan–1x to denote No specialised knowledge of these functions is
the principal values of the inverse trigonometric required, but understanding of them as examples of
relations inverse functions is expected.
sin i
• use the identities
cos i / tan i and e.g. in proving identities, simplifying expressions and
solving equations.
sin 2 i + cos 2 i / 1

• find all the solutions of simple trigonometrical e.g. solve 3 sin 2x + 1 = 0 for − r 1 x 1 r ,
equations lying in a specified interval (general 3 sin 2 i − 5 cos i − 1 = 0 for 0c G i G 360c.
forms of solution are not included).

1.6 Series
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
Including the notations f p and n!
n n
• use the expansion of (a + b) , where n is a
r
positive integer
Knowledge of the greatest term and properties of the
coefficients are not required.
• recognise arithmetic and geometric progressions
• use the formulae for the nth term and for the Including knowledge that numbers a, b, c are ‘in
sum of the first n terms to solve problems arithmetic progression’ if 2b = a + c (or equivalent)
involving arithmetic or geometric progressions and are ‘in geometric progression’ if b2 = ac (or
equivalent).
Questions may involve more than one progression.
• use the condition for the convergence of a
geometric progression, and the formula for
the sum to infinity of a convergent geometric
progression.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

1 Pure Mathematics 1
1.7 Differentiation
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the gradient of a curve at a point as Only an informal understanding of the idea of a limit
the limit of the gradients of a suitable sequence is expected.
of chords, and use the notations e.g. includes consideration of the gradient of the
dy d2y chord joining the points with x coordinates 2 and
f ′(x), f ″(x), , and 2 for first and second
dx dx (2 + h) on the curve y = x3. Formal use of the general
derivatives method of differentiation from first principles is not
required.
dy
• use the derivative of xn (for any rational n), e.g. find , given y = 2x3 + 5 .
dx
together with constant multiples, sums and
differences of functions, and of composite
functions using the chain rule
• apply differentiation to gradients, tangents and Including connected rates of change, e.g. given the
normals, increasing and decreasing functions and rate of increase of the radius of a circle, find the rate
rates of change of increase of the area for a specific value of one of
the variables.
• locate stationary points and determine their Including use of the second derivative for identifying
nature, and use information about stationary maxima and minima; alternatives may be used in
points in sketching graphs. questions where no method is specified.
Knowledge of points of inflexion is not included.

1.8 Integration
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
e.g. ; ^2x3 − 5x + 1h dx , >
1
• understand integration as the reverse process of dx .
differentiation, and integrate (ax + b)n (for any ^2x + 3h2
rational n except –1), together with constant
multiples, sums and differences
• solve problems involving the evaluation of a e.g. to find the equation of the curve through (1, –2)
constant of integration dy
for which = 2x + 1 .
dx

• evaluate definite integrals Including simple cases of ‘improper’ integrals, such as

; x 2 dx and ; x 2 dx .
1 1 3
- -
0 1

• use definite integration to find A volume of revolution may involve a region not
– the area of a region bounded by a curve and bounded by the axis of rotation, e.g. the region
lines parallel to the axes, or between a curve between y = 9 – x2 and y = 5 rotated about the
and a line or between two curves x-axis.
– a volume of revolution about one of the axes.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

2 Pure Mathematics 2 (for Paper 2)

Knowledge of the content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required to
demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions.
2.1 Algebra
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the meaning of |x|, sketch the Graphs of y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) for non-linear
graph of y = |ax + b| and use relations such as functions f are not included.
|a| = |b| ⇔ a2 = b2 and
|x – a| < b ⇔ a – b < x < a + b when solving
e.g. |3x – 2| = |2x + 7|, 2x + 5 < |x + 1|
equations and inequalities
• divide a polynomial, of degree not exceeding 4,
by a linear or quadratic polynomial, and identify
the quotient and remainder (which may be zero)
• use the factor theorem and the remainder e.g. to find factors and remainders, solve polynomial
theorem. equations or evaluate unknown coefficients.
Including factors of the form (ax + b) in which the
coefficient of x is not unity, and including calculation
of remainders.

2.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the relationship between logarithms
and indices, and use the laws of logarithms
(excluding change of base)
• understand the definition and properties of ex Including knowledge of the graph of y = ekx for both
and ln x, including their relationship as inverse positive and negative values of k.
functions and their graphs
−1 −1
• use logarithms to solve equations and e.g. 2 x 1 5 , 3 # 23x 1 5, 3 x + 1 = 4 2x .
inequalities in which the unknown appears in
indices
• use logarithms to transform a given relationship e.g.
to linear form, and hence determine unknown y = kxn gives ln y = ln k + n ln x which is linear in
constants by considering the gradient and/or ln x and ln y
intercept.
y = k (ax) gives ln y = ln k + x ln a which is linear in
x and ln y.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

2 Pure Mathematics 2
2.3 Trigonometry
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the relationship of the secant,
cosecant and cotangent functions to cosine, sine
and tangent, and use properties and graphs of
all six trigonometric functions for angles of any
magnitude

• use trigonometrical identities for the e.g. simplifying cos ^x − 30ch − 3 sin ^x − 60ch .
simplification and exact evaluation of expressions, e.g. solving tan i + cot i = 4 , 2 sec 2 i - tan i = 5 ,
and in the course of solving equations, and 3 cos i + 2 sin i = 1.
select an identity or identities appropriate to the
context, showing familiarity in particular with the
use of
– sec 2 i /1 + tan 2 i and cosec 2 i /1 + cot 2 i
– the expansions of sin(A ± B), cos(A ± B) and
tan(A ± B)
– the formulae for sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A
– the expression of a sin i + b cos i in the
forms R sin ^i ! ah and R cos ^i ! ah .

2.4 Differentiation
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• use the derivatives of ex, ln x, sin x, cos x,
tan x, together with constant multiples, sums,
differences and composites
2x − 4 2
, x ln x, xel – x .
2

• differentiate products and quotients e.g.

3x + 2
• find and use the first derivative of a function e.g. x = t – e2t, y = t + e2t.
which is defined parametrically or implicitly. e.g. x2 + y2 = xy + 7.
Including use in problems involving tangents and
normals.

2.5 Integration
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ to Knowledge of the general method of integration by
1 substitution is not required.
include the integration of eax + b, ,
ax + b
sin(ax + b), cos(ax + b) and sec2(ax + b)
• use trigonometrical relationships in carrying out e.g. use of double-angle formulae to integrate sin2 x
integration or cos2(2x).
• understand and use the trapezium rule to Including use of sketch graphs in simple cases to
estimate the value of a definite integral. determine whether the trapezium rule gives an over-
estimate or an under-estimate.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

2 Pure Mathematics 2
2.6 Numerical solution of equations
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• locate approximately a root of an equation, e.g. finding a pair of consecutive integers between
by means of graphical considerations and/or which a root lies.
searching for a sign change
• understand the idea of, and use the notation for,
a sequence of approximations which converges
to a root of an equation
• understand how a given simple iterative formula Knowledge of the condition for convergence is not
of the form xn + 1 = F(xn) relates to the equation included, but an understanding that an iteration may
being solved, and use a given iteration, or an fail to converge is expected.
iteration based on a given rearrangement of an
equation, to determine a root to a prescribed
degree of accuracy.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3 (for Paper 3)

Knowledge of the content of Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required to
demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions.
3.1 Algebra
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the meaning of |x|, sketch the Graphs of y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) for non-linear
graph of y = |ax + b| and use relations such as functions f are not included.
|a| = |b| ⇔ a2 = b2 and
|x – a| < b ⇔ a – b < x < a + b when solving
e.g. |3x – 2| = |2x + 7|, 2x + 5 < |x + 1|.
equations and inequalities
• divide a polynomial, of degree not exceeding 4,
by a linear or quadratic polynomial, and identify
the quotient and remainder (which may be zero)
• use the factor theorem and the remainder e.g. to find factors and remainders, solve polynomial
theorem equations or evaluate unknown coefficients.
Including factors of the form (ax + b) in which the
coefficient of x is not unity, and including calculation
of remainders.
• recall an appropriate form for expressing rational Excluding cases where the degree of the numerator
functions in partial fractions, and carry out the exceeds that of the denominator
decomposition, in cases where the denominator
is no more complicated than
– (ax + b)(cx + d)(ex + f )
– (ax + b)(cx + d)2
– (ax + b)(cx2 + d)
• use the expansion of (1 + x)n, where n is a Finding the general term in an expansion is not
rational number and x 1 1. included.
Adapting the standard series to expand
e.g. `2 − 2 xj is included, and determining the set
1 −1

of values of x for which the expansion is valid in such

cases is also included.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3
3.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the relationship between logarithms
and indices, and use the laws of logarithms
(excluding change of base)
• understand the definition and properties of ex Including knowledge of the graph of y = ekx for both
and ln x, including their relationship as inverse positive and negative values of k.
functions and their graphs
−1 −1
• use logarithms to solve equations and e.g. 2 x 1 5 , 3 # 23x < 5 , 3 x + 1 = 4 2x .
inequalities in which the unknown appears in
indices
• use logarithms to transform a given relationship e.g.
to linear form, and hence determine unknown y = kxn gives ln y = ln k + n ln x which is linear in ln x
constants by considering the gradient and/or and ln y.
intercept.
y = k (ax) gives ln y = ln k + x ln a which is linear in
x and ln y.

3.3 Trigonometry
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the relationship of the secant,
cosecant and cotangent functions to cosine, sine
and tangent, and use properties and graphs of
all six trigonometric functions for angles of any
magnitude
• use trigonometrical identities for the e.g. simplifying cos(x – 30˚) – 3 sin(x – 60˚).
simplification and exact evaluation of expressions,
and in the course of solving equations, and
e.g. solving tan i + cot i = 4 , 2 sec 2 i − tan i = 5 ,
select an identity or identities appropriate to the
3 cos i + 2 sin i = 1.
context, showing familiarity in particular with the
use of
– sec 2 i /1 + tan 2 i and cosec 2 i /1 + cot 2 i
– the expansions of sin(A ± B), cos(A ± B) and
tan(A ± B)
– the formulae for sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A
– the expression of a sin i + b cos i in the
forms R sin ^i ! ah and R cos ^i ! ah .

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3
3.4 Differentiation
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• x
use the derivatives of e , ln x, sin x, cos x, tan x, Derivatives of sin–1 x and cos–1 x are not required.
tan–1 x, together with constant multiples, sums,
differences and composites
2x − 4 2 2
• differentiate products and quotients e.g. , x ln x, xe1 – x .
3x + 2
• find and use the first derivative of a function e.g. x = t – e2t, y = t + e2t.
which is defined parametrically or implicitly. e.g. x2 + y2 = xy + 7.
Including use in problems involving tangents and
normals.

3.5 Integration
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
1
• extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ to Including examples such as .
1 2 + 3x 2
include the integration of eax + b, ,
ax + b
sin(ax + b), cos(ax + b), sec2(ax + b)
1
and 2
x a2
+

• use trigonometrical relationships in carrying out e.g. use of double-angle formulae to integrate sin2 x
integration or cos2(2x).
• integrate rational functions by means of Restricted to types of partial fractions as specified in
decomposition into partial fractions topic 3.1 above.

kf l^xh e.g. integration of

x
, tan x.
• recognise an integrand of the form
f ^xh
, and x +1
2

integrate such functions

• recognise when an integrand can usefully be e.g. integration of x sin 2x, x2e–x, ln x, x tan–1 x.
regarded as a product, and use integration by
parts
• use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate e.g. to integrate sin2 2x cos x using the substitution
either a definite or an indefinite integral. u = sin x.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3
3.6 Numerical solution of equations
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• locate approximately a root of an equation, e.g. finding a pair of consecutive integers between
by means of graphical considerations and/or which a root lies.
searching for a sign change
• understand the idea of, and use the notation for,
a sequence of approximations which converges
to a root of an equation
• understand how a given simple iterative formula Knowledge of the condition for convergence is not
of the form xn + 1 = F(xn) relates to the equation included, but an understanding that an iteration may
being solved, and use a given iteration, or an fail to converge is expected.
iteration based on a given rearrangement of an
equation, to determine a root to a prescribed
degree of accuracy.

3.7 Vectors
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• use standard notations for vectors, i.e.

fp
x
f p , xi + yj, y , xi + yj + zk, AB , a
x
y
z

• carry out addition and subtraction of vectors e.g. ‘OABC is a parallelogram’ is equivalent to
and multiplication of a vector by a scalar, and OB = OA + OC .
interpret these operations in geometrical terms
The general form of the ratio theorem is not
included, but understanding that the midpoint of
AB has position vector 2 _OA + OB i is expected.
1

• calculate the magnitude of a vector, and use In 2 or 3 dimensions.

unit vectors, displacement vectors and position
vectors
• understand the significance of all the symbols e.g. finding the equation of a line given the position
used when the equation of a straight line is vector of a point on the line and a direction vector, or
expressed in the form r = a + tb, and find the the position vectors of two points on the line.
equation of a line, given sufficient information
• determine whether two lines are parallel, Calculation of the shortest distance between two
intersect or are skew, and find the point of skew lines is not required. Finding the equation of
intersection of two lines when it exists the common perpendicular to two skew lines is also
not required.
• use formulae to calculate the scalar product of e.g. finding the angle between two lines, and finding
two vectors, and use scalar products in problems the foot of the perpendicular from a point to a line;
involving lines and points. questions may involve 3D objects such as cuboids,
tetrahedra (pyramids), etc.
Knowledge of the vector product is not required.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3
3.8 Differential equations
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• formulate a simple statement involving a rate of The introduction and evaluation of a constant of
change as a differential equation proportionality, where necessary, is included.
• find by integration a general form of solution for Including any of the integration techniques from
a first order differential equation in which the topic 3.5 above.
variables are separable
• use an initial condition to find a particular
solution
• interpret the solution of a differential equation in Where a differential equation is used to model a
the context of a problem being modelled by the ‘real-life’ situation, no specialised knowledge of the
equation. context will be required.

3.9 Complex numbers

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the idea of a complex number, recall Notations Re z, Im z, |z|, arg z, z* should be known.
the meaning of the terms real part, imaginary The argument of a complex number will usually
part, modulus, argument, conjugate, and use the refer to an angle i such that − r 1 i G r , but in
fact that two complex numbers are equal if and some cases the interval 0 G i 1 2r may be more
only if both real and imaginary parts are equal convenient. Answers may use either interval unless
the question specifies otherwise.
• carry out operations of addition, subtraction, For calculations involving multiplication or division,
multiplication and division of two complex full details of the working should be shown.
numbers expressed in Cartesian form x + iy
• use the result that, for a polynomial equation e.g. in solving a cubic or quartic equation where one
with real coefficients, any non-real roots occur in complex root is given.
conjugate pairs
• represent complex numbers geometrically by
means of an Argand diagram
• carry out operations of multiplication and Including the results |z1z2| = |z1||z2| and
arg _z1 z2i = arg _z1i + arg _z2i , and corresponding
division of two complex numbers expressed in
polar form r ^cos i + i sin ih / re ii
results for division.
• find the two square roots of a complex number e.g. the square roots of 5 + 12i in exact Cartesian
form. Full details of the working should be shown.
• understand in simple terms the geometrical
effects of conjugating a complex number and of
adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing two
complex numbers
• illustrate simple equations and inequalities e.g. |z – a| < k, |z – a| = |z – b|, arg(z – a) = α.
involving complex numbers by means of loci in
an Argand diagram

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4 Mechanics (for Paper 4)

Questions set will be mainly numerical, and will aim to test mechanical principles without involving difficult
algebra or trigonometry. However, candidates should be familiar in particular with the following trigonometrical
results:

sin ^90c - ih / cos i , cos ^90c - ih / sin i , tan i / cos i , sin 2 i + cos 2 i / 1.
sin i

Knowledge of algebraic methods from the content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is assumed.

This content list refers to the equilibrium or motion of a ‘particle’. Examination questions may involve extended
bodies in a ‘realistic’ context, but these extended bodies should be treated as particles, so any force acting on
them is modelled as acting at a single point.

Vector notation will not be used in the question papers.

4.1 Forces and equilibrium
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• identify the forces acting in a given situation e.g. by drawing a force diagram.
• understand the vector nature of force, and find Calculations are always required, not approximate
and use components and resultants solutions by scale drawing.
• use the principle that, when a particle is in Solutions by resolving are usually expected, but
equilibrium, the vector sum of the forces acting equivalent methods (e.g. triangle of forces, Lami’s
is zero, or equivalently, that the sum of the Theorem, where suitable) are also acceptable; these
components in any direction is zero other methods are not required knowledge, and will
not be referred to in questions.
• understand that a contact force between two
surfaces can be represented by two components,
the normal component and the frictional
component
• use the model of a ‘smooth’ contact, and
understand the limitations of this model
• understand the concepts of limiting friction Terminology such as ‘about to slip’ may be used to
and limiting equilibrium, recall the definition of mean ‘in limiting equilibrium’ in questions.
coefficient of friction, and use the relationship
F = nR or F G nR , as appropriate
• use Newton’s third law. e.g. the force exerted by a particle on the ground
is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the
ground on the particle.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4 Mechanics
4.2 Kinematics of motion in a straight line
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the concepts of distance and speed Restricted to motion in one dimension only.
as scalar quantities, and of displacement, velocity The term ‘deceleration’ may sometimes be used in
and acceleration as vector quantities the context of decreasing speed.
• sketch and interpret displacement–time graphs
and velocity–time graphs, and in particular
appreciate that
– the area under a velocity–time graph
represents displacement,
– the gradient of a displacement–time graph
represents velocity,
– the gradient of a velocity–time graph
represents acceleration
• use differentiation and integration with respect Calculus required is restricted to techniques from the
to time to solve simple problems concerning content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1.
displacement, velocity and acceleration
• use appropriate formulae for motion with Questions may involve setting up more than one
constant acceleration in a straight line. equation, using information about the motion of
different particles.

4.3 Momentum
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• use the definition of linear momentum and show For motion in one dimension only.
understanding of its vector nature
• use conservation of linear momentum to solve Including direct impact of two bodies where the
problems that may be modelled as the direct bodies coalesce on impact.
impact of two bodies. Knowledge of impulse and the coefficient of
restitution is not required.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4 Mechanics
4.4 Newton’s laws of motion
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• apply Newton’s laws of motion to the linear If any other forces resisting motion are to be
motion of a particle of constant mass moving considered (e.g. air resistance) this will be indicated in
under the action of constant forces, which may the question.
include friction, tension in an inextensible string
and thrust in a connecting rod
• use the relationship between mass and weight W = mg. In this component, questions are mainly
numerical, and use of the approximate numerical
value 10 (m s–2) for g is expected.
• solve simple problems which may be modelled as Including, for example, motion of a particle on a
the motion of a particle moving vertically or on rough plane where the acceleration while moving
an inclined plane with constant acceleration up the plane is different from the acceleration while
moving down the plane.
• solve simple problems which may be modelled as e.g. particles connected by a light inextensible string
the motion of connected particles. passing over a smooth pulley, or a car towing a trailer
by means of either a light rope or a light rigid tow-
bar.

4.5 Energy, work and power

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the concept of the work done by a W = Fd cos i ;
force, and calculate the work done by a constant Use of the scalar product is not required.
force when its point of application undergoes a
displacement not necessarily parallel to the force
• understand the concepts of gravitational
potential energy and kinetic energy, and use
appropriate formulae
• understand and use the relationship between the Including cases where the motion may not be linear
change in energy of a system and the work done (e.g. a child on a smooth curved ‘slide’), where only
by the external forces, and use in appropriate overall energy changes need to be considered.
cases the principle of conservation of energy
• use the definition of power as the rate at which Including calculation of (average) power as
a force does work, and use the relationship Work done
.
between power, force and velocity for a force Time taken
acting in the direction of motion P = Fv.
• solve problems involving, for example, the
instantaneous acceleration of a car moving on a
hill against a resistance.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1 (for Paper 5)

Questions set will be mainly numerical, and will test principles in probability and statistics without involving
knowledge of algebraic methods beyond the content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1.

Knowledge of the following probability notation is also assumed: P(A), P ^A , Bh , P ^A + Bh , P(A|B) and the use
of A′ to denote the complement of A.
5.1 Representation of data
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• select a suitable way of presenting raw
statistical data, and discuss advantages and/or
disadvantages that particular representations
may have
• draw and interpret stem-and-leaf diagrams, box- Including back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagrams.
and-whisker plots, histograms and cumulative
frequency graphs
• understand and use different measures of central e.g. in comparing and contrasting sets of data.
tendency (mean, median, mode) and variation
(range, interquartile range, standard deviation)
• use a cumulative frequency graph e.g. to estimate medians, quartiles, percentiles, the
proportion of a distribution above (or below) a given
value, or between two values.
• calculate and use the mean and standard
deviation of a set of data (including grouped
data) either from the data itself or from given
totals / x and / x 2 , or coded totals /^x − ah
and /^x − ah , and use such totals in solving
2

problems which may involve up to two data sets.

5.2 Permutations and combinations

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the terms permutation and
combination, and solve simple problems
involving selections
• solve problems about arrangements of objects in Questions may include cases such as people sitting in
a line, including those involving two (or more) rows.
– repetition (e.g. the number of ways of Questions about objects arranged in a circle will not
arranging the letters of the word ‘NEEDLESS’) be included.
– restriction (e.g. the number of ways several
people can stand in a line if two particular
people must, or must not, stand next to each
other).

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1

5.3 Probability
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• evaluate probabilities in simple cases by means e.g. the total score when two fair dice are thrown.
of enumeration of equiprobable elementary e.g. drawing balls at random from a bag containing
events, or by calculation using permutations or balls of different colours.
combinations
• use addition and multiplication of probabilities, Explicit use of the general formula
as appropriate, in simple cases P ^A , Bh = P ^Ah + P ^Bh − P ^A + Bh is not required.
• understand the meaning of exclusive and
independent events, including determination
of whether events A and B are independent
by comparing the values of P ^A + Bh and
P ^Ah # P ^Bh
• calculate and use conditional probabilities in e.g. situations that can be represented by a sample
simple cases. space of equiprobable elementary events, or a tree
P ^A + Bh
diagram. The use of P ^A Bh = may be
P ^Bh
required in simple cases.

5.4 Discrete random variables

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• draw up a probability distribution table relating
to a given situation involving a discrete random
variable X, and calculate E(X) and Var(X)
• use formulae for probabilities for the binomial Including the notations B(n, p) and Geo(p). Geo(p)
and geometric distributions, and recognise denotes the distribution in which pr = p(1 – p)r – 1 for
practical situations where these distributions are r = 1, 2, 3, … .
suitable models
• use formulae for the expectation and variance of Proofs of formulae are not required.
the binomial distribution and for the expectation
of the geometric distribution.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1

5.5 The normal distribution
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the use of a normal distribution to Sketches of normal curves to illustrate distributions
model a continuous random variable, and use or probabilities may be required.
normal distribution tables
• solve problems concerning a variable X, where For calculations involving standardisation, full details
X + N _n, v 2i , including of the working should be shown.
– finding the value of P _X > x1i , or a related _X - ni
probability, given the values of x1, n , v . e.g. Z = v
– finding a relationship between x1, n and v
given the value of P _X > x1i or a related
probability
• recall conditions under which the normal n sufficiently large to ensure that both np > 5 and
distribution can be used as an approximation nq > 5.
to the binomial distribution, and use this
approximation, with a continuity correction, in
solving problems.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2 (for Paper 6)

Knowledge of the content of Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required to
demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions. Knowledge of calculus within the content for Paper 3: Pure
Mathematics 3 will also be assumed.
6.1 The Poisson distribution
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• use formulae to calculate probabilities for the
distribution Po ^mh

• use the fact that if X + Po ^mh then the mean Proofs are not required.
and variance of X are each equal to m
• understand the relevance of the Poisson
distribution to the distribution of random events,
and use the Poisson distribution as a model
• use the Poisson distribution as an approximation The conditions that n is large and p is small should be
to the binomial distribution where appropriate known; n > 50 and np < 5, approximately.
• use the normal distribution, with continuity The condition that m is large should be known;
correction, as an approximation to the Poisson m 2 15 , approximately.
distribution where appropriate.

6.2 Linear combinations of random variables

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• use, when solving problems, the results that Proofs of these results are not required.
– E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b and
Var(aX + b) = a2 Var(X)
– E(aX + bY) = aE(X) + bE(Y)
– Var(aX + bY) = a2 Var(X) + b2 Var(Y) for
independent X and Y
– if X has a normal distribution then so does
aX + b
– if X and Y have independent normal
distributions then aX + bY has a normal
distribution
– if X and Y have independent Poisson
distributions then X + Y has a Poisson
distribution.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2

6.3 Continuous random variables
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the concept of a continuous random For density functions defined over a single interval
variable, and recall and use properties of a only; the domain may be infinite,
probability density function 3
e.g. 4 for x H 1.
x
• use a probability density function to solve Including location of the median or other percentiles
problems involving probabilities, and to calculate of a distribution by direct consideration of an area
the mean and variance of a distribution. using the density function.
Explicit knowledge of the cumulative distribution
function is not included.

6.4 Sampling and estimation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the distinction between a sample and
a population, and appreciate the necessity for
randomness in choosing samples
• explain in simple terms why a given sampling Including an elementary understanding of the use of
method may be unsatisfactory random numbers in producing random samples.
Knowledge of particular sampling methods, such as
quota or stratified sampling, is not required.
• recognise that a sample mean can be regarded as
a random variable, and use the facts that

E _X i = n and that Var _X i = n

v2

• use the fact that _X i has a normal distribution if

X has a normal distribution
• use the Central Limit Theorem where appropriate Only an informal understanding of the Central Limit
Theorem (CLT) is required; for large sample sizes,
the distribution of a sample mean is approximately
normal.
• calculate unbiased estimates of the population Only a simple understanding of the term ‘unbiased’ is
mean and variance from a sample, using either required, e.g. that although individual estimates will
raw or summarised data vary the process gives an accurate result ‘on average’.
• determine and interpret a confidence interval for
a population mean in cases where the population
is normally distributed with known variance or
where a large sample is used
• determine, from a large sample, an approximate
confidence interval for a population proportion.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2

6.5 Hypothesis tests
Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples
• understand the nature of a hypothesis test, the Outcomes of hypothesis tests are expected to
difference between one-tailed and two-tailed be interpreted in terms of the contexts in which
tests, and the terms null hypothesis, alternative questions are set.
hypothesis, significance level, rejection region
(or critical region), acceptance region and test
statistic
• formulate hypotheses and carry out a hypothesis
test in the context of a single observation from
a population which has a binomial or Poisson
distribution, using
– direct evaluation of probabilities
– a normal approximation to the binomial or
the Poisson distribution, where appropriate
• formulate hypotheses and carry out a hypothesis
test concerning the population mean in cases
where the population is normally distributed with
known variance or where a large sample is used
• understand the terms Type I error and Type II
error in relation to hypothesis tests
• calculate the probabilities of making Type I and
Type II errors in specific situations involving
tests based on a normal distribution or direct
evaluation of binomial or Poisson probabilities.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

4 Details of the assessment

Relationship between components

Candidates build their knowledge of the mathematics content as they progress through the course.

Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is the foundation for all other components.

Paper 2: Pure Mathematics 2 and Paper 3: Pure Mathematics 3 build on the subject content for Paper 1: Pure
Mathematics 1.

Paper 4: Mechanics and Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1 components assume prior knowledge of the Paper 1: Pure
Mathematics 1 content.

Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1 is the foundation for studying Paper 6: Probability & Statistics 2.

Candidates may not take both Paper 2 and Paper 3 in the same examination series. Paper 2 and Paper 3 are taken in
alternative routes through the qualification – Paper 2 is for AS Level only, and Paper 3 is for A Level. Paper 2 subject
content is largely a subset of the Paper 3 subject content.

Examination information
All components are assessed by written examinations which are externally marked. Sample assessment materials
are available on our website at www.cambridgeinternational.org showing the question style and level of the
examination papers.

Application of mathematical techniques

As well as demonstrating the appropriate techniques, candidates need to apply their knowledge in solving
problems. Individual examination questions may involve ideas and methods from more than one section of the
subject content for that component.

The main focus of examination questions will be the AS & A Level Mathematics subject content. However, in
examination questions, candidates may need to make use of prior knowledge and mathematical techniques from
previous study, as listed in section 3 of this syllabus.

Structure of the question paper

All questions in the examination papers are compulsory. An approximate number of questions for each paper is
given in the Assessment overview in section 2 of this syllabus. Questions are of varied lengths and often contain
several parts, labelled (a), (b), (c), which may have sub-parts (i), (ii), (iii), as needed. Some questions might require
candidates to sketch graphs or diagrams, or draw accurate graphs.

Answer space
Candidates answer on the question paper. All working should be shown neatly and clearly in the spaces provided for
each question. New questions often start on a fresh page, so more answer space may be provided than is needed.
If additional space is required, candidates should use the lined page at the end of the question paper, where the
question number or numbers must be clearly shown.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

Degrees of accuracy
Candidates should give non-exact numerical answers correct to three significant figures (or one decimal place
for angles in degrees) unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question. To earn accuracy marks,
candidates should avoid rounding figures until they have their final answer.

Additional materials for examinations

Candidates are expected to have the following equipment in examinations:
• a ruler
• a scientific calculator (see the following section).

Note: a protractor and a pair of compasses are not required.

A list of formulae and statistical tables (MF19) is supplied in examinations for the use of candidates. A copy of
the list of formulae and tables is given for reference in section 5 of this syllabus. Note that MF19 is a combined
formulae list for AS & A Level Mathematics (9709) and AS & A Level Further Mathematics (9231). Some formulae
in the list are not needed for this syllabus, and are only for Further Mathematics (9231); these are listed in separate
sections labelled Further Pure Mathematics, Further Mechanics, and Further Probability & Statistics.

Calculators
It is expected that candidates will have a calculator with standard ‘scientific’ functions available for use in all the
examinations. Computers, graphical calculators and calculators capable of symbolic algebraic manipulation or
symbolic differentiation or integration are not permitted. The General Regulations concerning the use of calculators
are contained in the Cambridge Handbook at www.cambridgeinternational.org/examsofficers

Candidates are expected to show all necessary working; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a
calculator.

Mathematical notation
The list of mathematical notation that may be used in examinations for this syllabus is available on our website at
www.cambridgeinternational.org/9709

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

Command words
The table below includes command words used in the assessment for this syllabus. The use of the command word
will relate to the subject context.

Command word What it means

Calculate work out from given facts, figures or information
Describe state the points of a topic / give characteristics and main features
Determine establish with certainty
Evaluate judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
Explain set out purposes or reasons / make the relationships between things evident / provide
why and/or how and support with relevant evidence
Identify name/select/recognise
Justify support a case with evidence/argument
Show (that) provide structured evidence that leads to a given result
Sketch make a simple freehand drawing showing the key features
State express in clear terms
Verify confirm a given statement/result is true

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025.

5 List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PURE MATHEMATICS

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

Volume of cone or pyramid = 13 × base area × height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr × slant height

Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)

Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c =0:

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un= a + (n − 1)d , S=
n
1
2
n( a + l=
) 1
2
n{2a + (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn =
1− r
(r ≠ 1) , S∞ =
1− r
( r <1 )

Binomial series:
n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 + K + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x) n =+
1 nx + x + x + K , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Trigonometry
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec 2 θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B ) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos 2 A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π < tan −1 x < 12 π

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )

xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1
tan −1 x
1 + x2
du dv
uv v +u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
2
v v
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

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3
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
x n +1
xn (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x
sec 2 x tan x
1 1 x
tan −1  
x + a2
2
a a
1 1 x−a
ln ( x > a)
x − a2
2
2a x + a

1 1 a+x
a − x2
2
ln
2a a − x
( x < a)

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv −∫ v dx dx
f ′( x)
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x)

Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then

a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos θ

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n

∑=r
r =1
1
2
n(n + 1) , ∑
r =1
r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
3
= 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + f ′′(0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x =exp( x) =1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) =
x− + − K + (−1) r +1 + K (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tan −1 x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x =x + + +K + +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x =1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tanh −1 x =x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1

Trigonometry
If t = tan 12 x then:

2t 1− t2
sin x = and cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡ 1 , sinh 2 x ≡ 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x ≡ cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

−1
cosh = x ln( x + x 2 − 1) (x ⩾ 1)

1+ x 
tanh −1 x = 12 ln   (| x | < 1)
1− x 

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh −1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh −1 x
x2 − 1
1
tanh −1 x
1 − x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
sec x + tan x | ln| tan( 12 x + 14 π) |
ln| sec x= ( x < 12 π )

cosec x ln| tan( 12 x) |

− ln| cosec x + cot x | = (0 < x < π)
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
sin −1   ( x < a)
2
a −x 2 a

1  x
cosh −1   ( x > a)
2
x −a 2 a

1  x
sinh −1  
2
a +x 2 a

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v= u + at , =s 1
2
(u + v)t , s ut + 12 at 2 ,
= 2
v= u 2 + 2as

FURTHER MECHANICS
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

λx λ x2
T= , E=
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
ω 2r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex

Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre

Hemispherical shell of radius r: 1

2
r from centre

r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
α
2r sin α
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
3α
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 3
4
h from vertex

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 Σx 2
x= , standard=
deviation = − x2
n n n
For grouped data:

Σxf Σ( x − x ) 2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard
= deviation = − x2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp , Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr =   p r (1 − p) n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr = p(1 − p) r −1 , µ=
p
For the Poisson distribution Po(λ )

λr
pr = e − λ , µ =λ , σ2 =λ
r!

Continuous random variables

∫
E( X ) = x f( x) dx , ∫
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
x= , =s2 =  Σx − 
n n −1 n −1 n 

Central Limit Theorem:

 σ2 
X ~ N  µ, 
 n 

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

 p (1 − p) 
N  p, 
 n 

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Sampling and testing

Two-sample estimate of a common variance:
Σ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + Σ( x2 − x2 ) 2
s2 =
n1 + n 2 − 2

Probability generating functions

G X (t ) = E(t X ) , E( X ) = G ′X (1) , Var(
= X ) G ′′X (1) + G ′X (1) − {G ′X (1)}2

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of z, the table gives
the value of Φ(z), where

Φ(z) = P(Z ⩽ z).

For negative values of z, use Φ(–z) = 1 – Φ(z).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that

P(Z ⩽ z) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE t-DISTRIBUTION

If T has a t-distribution with ν degrees of freedom, then,

for each pair of values of p and ν, the table gives the value
of t such that:

P(T ⩽ t) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

ν=1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610

5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.894 6.869

6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140

15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073

16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883

20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850

21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725

26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.689
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.660

30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646

40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE χ 2 -DISTRIBUTION

If X has a χ 2 -distribution with ν degrees of

freedom then, for each pair of values of p and ν,
the table gives the value of x such that
P(X ⩽ x) = p.

p 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999

ν=1 0.031571 0.039821 0.023932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83
2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.51
6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.647 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31
21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62
30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.4 104.2 112.3
80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.75 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST

The sample has size n.

P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences.

Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences.

T is the smaller of P and Q.

For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis at
the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of T

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
n=6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

For larger values of n, each of P and Q can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean 1
4
n(n + 1)
and variance 1
24
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) .

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON RANK-SUM TEST

The two samples have sizes m and n, where m ⩽ n.

Rm is the sum of the ranks of the items in the sample of size m.

W is the smaller of Rm and m(n + m + 1) – Rm.

For each pair of values of m and n, the table gives the largest value of W which will lead to rejection of the
null hypothesis at the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of W

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6
3 6 – –
4 6 – – 11 10 –
5 7 6 – 12 11 10 19 17 16
6 8 7 – 13 12 11 20 18 17 28 26 24
7 8 7 6 14 13 11 21 20 18 29 27 25
8 9 8 6 15 14 12 23 21 19 31 29 27
9 10 8 7 16 14 13 24 22 20 33 31 28
10 10 9 7 17 15 13 26 23 21 35 32 29

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=7 m=8 m=9 m = 10
7 39 36 34
8 41 38 35 51 49 45
9 43 40 37 54 51 47 66 62 59
10 45 42 39 56 53 49 69 65 61 82 78 74

For larger values of m and n, the normal distribution with mean 1

2
m(m + n + 1) and variance 1
12
mn(m + n + 1)
should be used as an approximation to the distribution of Rm.

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