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Unit 5

The document discusses the processes of burning and combustion, explaining that burning is a chemical reaction involving the reaction of a fuel with oxygen, resulting in the release of energy and the formation of new substances. It also covers exothermic and endothermic reactions, detailing how energy is emitted or absorbed during these processes, with examples including the reactions of metals with water and acids. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of these reactions in everyday life, such as in cooking and self-heating food packs.

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7 views8 pages

Unit 5

The document discusses the processes of burning and combustion, explaining that burning is a chemical reaction involving the reaction of a fuel with oxygen, resulting in the release of energy and the formation of new substances. It also covers exothermic and endothermic reactions, detailing how energy is emitted or absorbed during these processes, with examples including the reactions of metals with water and acids. Additionally, it highlights practical applications of these reactions in everyday life, such as in cooking and self-heating food packs.

Uploaded by

d.premathilake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

1 Burning / Combustion
* Burning is a chemical reaction.
* When a material or substance react with oxygen, we name the process as burning.
Eg: Burning of wood, burning of paper
* In such reactions, the material that is being burnt can call the “fuel”.
* When materials burn, their stored chemical energy will be converted to other forms of energy.
Eg: Wood contains energy stored in it, as a result of photosynthesis. This energy is carbon based
chemical energy (Since starch is carbon based).
When wood burn, their chemical potential energy converts to heat, light and sound energies.
* Also, when material burns, it makes new substances at the end of the reaction.
Eg: When wood burns, it ends up with Carbon dioxide and ashes.
However, carbon in the wood will be converted to carbon dioxide, and other parts in the wood
will be converted to ash.
Carbon + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide

Q. We see wood in outside environment. We have 20% of oxygen in atmosphere. Why wood is
not burning itself when stays in environment?
A. Wood and most of other substances require an activation energy to start the reaction.

Exothermic reactions
* Exothermic reactions mean, when a reaction gives out heat during the reaction.
Eg: Burning is an exothermic reaction.
* The opposite of exothermic is endothermic reactions. Those reactions absorb energy during the
reaction. (Eg. _____________)
* When burning occurs, bonding of the fuel will be changed and rearranged. When a bond in a
molecule breaks it emits energy in it. When rearranging, it absorbs energy.
* In burning specially, it emits lots of energy during the bond breaking and absorbs less energy
in making new bonds.
Energy emit > energy absorbs, so, the reaction is exothermic. Extra energy it emits can heat the
surroundings.
(Q. Why atmosphere is relatively colder when snow melts, than snow falls. )
Q. In coal power plants, people combust coal to produce electricity. It emits lots of carbon
dioxide as wastes.
i) Identify the fuel used.
ii) People need to boil water under high pressure before start making electricity. From where
they take heat to boil water in the above power plant?
iii) Write down the word reaction for that (coal contains carbon).
iv) Explain how, this reaction makes heat.
v) Are there any other types of energy this reaction can emit? If so, what are they?

Burning of other substances (Reaction with oxygen)


Hydrogen’s reaction with oxygen,
* Hydrogen reacts with oxygen when it was provided the activation energy.
* When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives heat, light and sound energies out.
* Hydrogen makes water when reacts with oxygen.
Hydrogen + Oxygen  Water

Metal reaction with oxygen


* Most of the metals make oxides when react with oxygen.
Eg: Magnesium + Oxygen  Magnesium oxide
Copper
Iron
* Most metals react with oxygen slowly and make oxides.
Eg: Iron, Copper,
* Since most substances make oxides with the reaction with oxygen, burning can be also named
as “oxidation process”.

Q1. Do Iron needs an activation energy to react with oxygen?


Q2. Write down the word equation for oxidation of aluminum.
Questions page 70 & 71

5.2 More exothermic reaction


Reaction of metals with water
* 1st and 2nd group metals react with water and release hydrogen.
* This reaction is also an exothermic reaction. It emits lots of heat as we observed.
(What are the other forms of energies released during these reactions?)
* Word equation for the reaction of Sodium with water is,
Sodium + Water  Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

Reactions of metals with acids


* Metals react with acid and release hydrogen.
* This is also an exothermic reaction.
* Word equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid is,
Magnesium + Hydrochloric  Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Sodium + Sulfuric acid 

Measuring rise in temperature during a reaction - Questions on page 73


Activity 5.2
Experiment: Measuring rise in temperature during a reaction
Tools and apparatus: Several test tubes, Cotton, Thermometers, Mg ribbon, Hydrochloric acid,
Meter ruler, Measuring cylinder
Prediction/ Hypothesis: Size of the Mg ribbon affects the temperature difference.
Method:

*
Observations:
Length of the Mg ribbon (cm) Temperature difference (0C)
5 20
7 23
9 25
11 26
13 26

Analysis: Draw a suitable graph to represent the data,


Conclusions:

Q1. Predict the temperature difference if you use 15cm Mg ribbon for the same experiment.
Q2. How can you increase the temperature difference above the value you predicted in Q1
Q3. How you can improve your experiment.
Endothermic Reaction
* In endothermic reactions, heat will be absorbed from the environment.
* It will decrease the temperature of the surrounding.
* In these reactions, bond breaking energy will be lower than the energy in the new bonding.
* So, the additional energy it requires will be taken from the surroundings.
* Since the surrounding loses heat, it will decrease the temperature.

Ex: Activity 5.3


Sodium carbonate + Citric acid  Sodium Citrate + Carbon Dioxide + Water
* In this reaction,
Chemical energy stored in reactants (Sodium carbonate and Citric acid) are relatively low.
Chemical energy stored in products (Sodium citrate, carbon dioxide and water) are relatively
high.
Energy Reactants < Energy Products
* So, energy available in reactants are not enough to make the products.
* Then the additional energy it requires will be taken from the surroundings.
Q. Imagine that, the above experiment was undertaken by group of students and got the
following results.
Temperature at the end of the experiment = 10 0C
They forgot to measure the initial temperature of the citric acid.
i) What is the best guess for the initial temperature of the citric acid?
ii) Use your guess to find the difference between the temperatures.
iii) Decide, if it is an exothermic or endothermic reaction.

Q. Explain, how hot environment affects endothermic and exothermic reaction’s rate of reaction.
Exothermic: (Making ice)
Endothermic: (melting ice)
Endothermic processes
* Processes are different from reactions.
In a process, a physical state or appearance can be changed.
But in a reaction, the new bonding are formed between the reactants and can make new products.
* In endothermic processes, the heat will be absorbed to change the physical state of the material.
Ex. Melting of ice
Ice melts, when the temperature of the ice exceeds 0 0C.
To exceed this limit it requires heat from surrounding.
So, ice melting will absorb heat from the surrounding making it an endothermic process.
Q. Particle model can help explaining this, how?

Potassium chloride dissolving in water


* Potassium chloride is a salt.
* When potassium chloride dissolves in water, it absorbs energy from the surrounding.
* It requires energy to break away the salt crystal and dissolve in water.
* So, the container may slightly cool down.
* So, this is an endothermic process.
Try: Sugar and table salt dissolve in water and they are endothermic processes.

Questions page 75 HW
5.4 Exothermic or Endothermic
Activity 5.4
Exothermic or endothermic
Use the following table to carry out the experiment and record the results.
Liquid Additive Initial Final Temperature
temperature (0C) temperature (0C) Difference (0C)
Water Epsom Salt 17 12
Water Potassium 18 14
Chloride
Vinegar Baking Soda 16 35
Vinegar Steel wool 16 40
Hydrogen Dry Yeast 15 25
Peroxide
Water Ice 17 5

Questions

Practical applications of Endothermic and Exothermic reactions/Processes


Endothermic: Ammonium Nitrate Ice packs
Photosynthesis
Cooking egg

Exothermic: Self heating food packs


Combustion
Rain

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