INTEGRATED SCIENCE NOTES

GRADE 7 NOTES
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 STRAND ONE
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
NOTE: Integrated science is taught through inquiry-based learning approaches
with an emphasis on the 5Es: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration
and evaluation.
Integrated Science: What is integrated science?
Integrated Science is an interdisciplinary approach to science education that seeks to
connect and integrate concepts and ideas from different branches of science, such as
biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science.

Components of Integrated science

The components of Integrated Science may vary depending on the curriculum
and educational approach, but typically include:
• Basic scientific concepts: students learn about fundamental scientific
principles and theories, such as the nature of matter and energy, the
structure of the universe, and the process of evolution.
• Laboratory experiences: hands-on experiments and investigations provide
students with opportunities to apply scientific concepts and
methodologies.
• Problem solving and inquiry: students learn to use scientific reasoning and
inquiry to design experiments, analyze data, and make informed
conclusions.
• Scientific literacy: students learn to critically evaluate scientific
information, understand the impact of science and technology on society,
and appreciate the ethical considerations involved in scientific research.
• Integration of scientific concepts: the curriculum emphasizes connections
between different branches of science and the interplay between science,
technology, and society.
Pathways related to integrated Science

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The provision of pathways at senior school is based on the aspiration that all
learners can be successful in life. These pathways are contained in one-word
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)

Subjects in the STEM pathway include

a. Pure Science
Students in this track shall be expected to join a university or other middle level college to
pursue careers in area such as education, medicine, pharmacy, science (BSc), industrial
science and actuarial science. Some will be able to join the world of work under
experienced persons and later undergo further training and apprenticeships to advance
their skills.

b. Applied Sciences
The Applied science track provides a specialization opportunity for learners who have
demonstrated the interest, abilities and aptitude to pursue a career in applied sciences. The
track builds on the competencies acquired at lower secondary in the areas of mathematics
and integrated science. It equips learners with the knowledge, skills and attitudes
necessary for advanced careers in applied sciences offered in middle level colleges and
universities
Students graduating from this track shall be expected to join middle level colleges or
universities to pursue careers in areas such as agricultural engineering, computer
engineering, foods science and technology, business and hospitality and home economics.
They shall also be able to join the world of work where they shall work under the guidance
of a specialist as they advance their skills on the job, through apprenticeships or further
training.
The pure and applied sciences curriculum shall prepare learners to graduate with a senior
school national certificate that will open the following career opportunities for them:
• Enroll directly into a university for a degree in science related subjects.
• Enroll into middle level colleges for a diploma in science related fields.
• Join the world of work to work under skilled personnel
c. Technical and Engineering
The schools shall prepare learners with foundational skills in applied sciences and modern
technology. Emphasis shall be on the understanding and practical application of basic
principles of science and mathematics in various fields such as engineering, design,
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agriculture, business, computers and data processing, environmental and resource
management and health.

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Career opportunities related to Integrated Science
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 • Environmental manager
• Forensic laboratory technician
• Health education specialist
• Laboratory technician
• Public health advisor/analyst
• Research assistant
• Scientific journalist
• Software Developer
• Dentist
• Doctor
• Forensic scientist
• Geneticist
• Lawyer
• Marine biologist
• Neuroscientist
• Nurse
• Nutritionist
• Optometrist
• Pharmacist
• Physiotherapist
• Psychiatrist
• Urban planner
• Teacher/Professor
• Veterinarian
• Virologist
Importance of Integrated Science
Learning in the 21st century should have context, be linked to community life, be student
centered and be collaborative.
Learning has context mean that the content of learning material must be associated with
the real world. In this way, the material discussed in the school is close to the daily life of
the students.
In learning process, students more involved actively to construct their competences.
Construction of competencies in learning is done collaboratively. Hence, these four
principles of learning are the essence of the 21st century learning.
• Integrated science learning is a good way to apply the essence of learning in the
21st century.

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 • In integrated science learning students are encouraged to connect the learning
materials content to real-world contexts. Students are involved actively in
exploring the real-world contexts which relevant to the learning material,
conducting the collaborative investigation, and communicating the results of the
investigation. Thus, the learning can be implemented holistically, authentically,
meaningfully and actively.
• aims to improve students’ understanding on the environment

Importance of Scientific Knowledge

And that knowledge is useful for all sorts of things:

• designing bridges,
• slowing climate change, and
• prompting frequent hand washing during flu season.
• Scientific knowledge allows us to develop new technologies,
• solve practical problems, and
• make informed decisions — both individually and collectively.
Laboratory safety
A place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysis. a research
laboratory. broadly: a place providing opportunity for experimentation, observation, or
practice in a field of study.
Common hazards and their symbols
Hazard pictograms alert us to the presence of a hazardous chemical. The pictograms help
us to know that the chemicals we are using might cause harm to people or the
environment. Here are a few of them.

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 Biohazard – It provides warning on lab equipment that may contain
biohazardous materials like blood samples.

Causes of accidents in the laboratory

1. CHEMICALS
If you handle chemicals, you need to wear protective gloves. Treat chemicals with the
necessary caution, measure chemicals carefully, contain potentially irritating or hazardous
chemicals and use only approved containers when you’re transferring chemicals.
Chemical burns should be treated by flushing the affected area with a large amount of cool,
running water for at least 15 minutes. If the burn area is large or if the affected person is
dizzy or weak, call 911.
If you work in a chemistry lab, ensure you are taking the proper steps to be safe around the
chemicals in your workplace.
2. HEAT
Exercise caution when handling hot items. Hastily or improperly handling these items
without the correct tools can cause serious burns. Workers should be properly using water

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baths, tongs and cooling equipment. Be careful not to touch hot surfaces with your bare
hand.
If you suffer a heat burn in the lab, run the burned area under cool water for five minutes.
3. CUTS AND SCRAPES
Using sharp tools in the laboratory setting can cause scrapes and cuts. Workers may also
use sharp objects, such as needles and razor blades, or need to clean up broken glass. To
avoid cutting yourself on these items, carefully wrap them so that you can safely carry and
dispose of them.
4. CONTAMINATION
Avoiding contamination is key to ensuring safety in the lab setting. Though the advice to
wash your hands may seem quite basic, it’s an important procedure to avoid
contamination. After you interact with any foreign substance, you should wash your hands
thoroughly.
Protect your skin and clothing with the proper equipment, such as gloves, glasses and a lab
coat. You can contaminate areas outside of the lab if you carry bacteria or other substances
on your clothing or skin, which can cause the spread of illnesses and other dangers.
5. Inhaling Substances
Another common type of lab accident is inhalation. If you inhale chemicals or gases in a
space that isn’t properly ventilated, you may experience nausea, headaches or fainting.
Ensure you follow proper procedures for ventilation, such as using ventilation fans and
measuring the amount of gas emitted in a room.

6. FIRES
When working with hot surfaces and flammable materials, fires become a common danger.
Review and practice the proper procedures to ensure you minimize the risk of fire in the
laboratory. All flammable materials should be properly stored and sealed. Inspect burners
for leaks to avoid sudden flares.
7. SPILLS AND BREAKS
In the lab, glass beakers may be dropped and break. Liquids may be spilled. Generally,
these accidents are caused by rushing, being negligent and not properly following
procedures. While you work, move carefully through every step. Moving slowly but more
steadily will be much better for the safety of yourself and your colleagues.
Though students have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to exercise
proper safety measures and follow protocol, the laboratory environment itself should also

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follow guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to
provide workers with safe working conditions.
• Lack of warning labels and signs
• Inadequate eye and face protection against chemical and environmental hazards
• Lack of protection against hazardous sources of energy, such as electric power
• Inadequate respiratory protection for working with gases, chemicals and smoke
First Aid safety measures for common laboratory accidents
General course of action
• RELOCATE everyone in the immediate work area to a safe location.
• ALERT-
• CONFINE- If it can be done safely, close doors to confine the area where the
emergency occurred. Post an “Emergency Hangtag” on the door(s) to prevent reentry
by other personnel.
• EVACUATE the building through the nearest exit. Do not run. Do not use elevators.
• REPORT to your designated meeting site.
• REENTER once the lab has been cleared by emergency personnel.
First Aid: Eye Exposure to Hazardous Chemical
✓ Forcibly hold both eyes open under an emergency eyewash to ensure an effective
wash behind both eyelids.
✓ If contact lenses are being worn, remove the contacts while flushing.
✓ Continue flushing the eyes underneath the eyewash until emergency personnel
arrive.
✓ Report the injury to your principal investigator and/or laboratory/facility
manager.

First Aid: Skin Exposure

✓ Wash affected area(s) with tepid water from an emergency safety shower. Take care
not to break skin.
✓ Remove or cut off contaminated clothing while rinsing. Do not pull contaminated
clothing over the head.
✓ For chemical and thermal burns, flush affected area(s) with water from the safety
shower, if indicated in safety data sheet.
✓ For blood, biological, or radiological exposures use soap and water.
✓ Keep flushing affected area(s) underneath the safety shower until emergency
personnel arrive.
✓ Report the injury to your principal investigator and/or laboratory/facility manager.

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First Aid: Inhalation of Chemical Vapors, Fumes or Smoke
✓ If exposed individual is unconscious, do NOT enter the lab if a possibility of oxygen
depletion, toxic vapors, or an explosive atmosphere exists.
✓ If exposed individual is conscious, move the person to fresh, uncontaminated air.
✓ Report the injury to your principal investigator and/or laboratory/facility manager.
First Aid: Chemical Ingestion
✓ If safe to do so, move affected individual to an uncontaminated area.
✓ Do not induce vomiting or drink water or other liquids unless instructed to do so by
emergency personnel.
✓ Report the injury to your principal investigator and/or laboratory/facility manager.

Importance of safety in the laboratory

Laboratory safety is an essential part of ensuring the health and safety of workers and
researchers in laboratory settings. Laboratories can be hazardous environments with
various potential risks, including chemical spills, fires, explosions, and exposure to
hazardous substances.
Lab safety is important because it can prevent injury, keep us from making mistakes
and save lives.
• Lab safety equipment can prevent injury.
• Lab safety equipment can help you avoid making mistakes.
• Lab safety equipment can save lives.

Safety is important when working in the lab because it helps you avoid injury, keep yourself from making mistakes and save
lives of others who may be nearby when an accident happens, or if there is a fire or other emergency situation that needs to be
handled quickly and safely by someone who knows what they're doing before the situation gets out of hand.

Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen.

Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. When you follow lab safety rules, you are doing your part to keep
everyone safe. You are protecting yourself, your peers and coworkers, and everyone around you. Lab safety rules help prevent
accidents and injuries, which means they can also save lives.

We should follow the lab safety protocols to stay safe and healthy!
By following the lab safety protocols, you will stay safe and healthy.

• It is absolutely critical that you follow all the rules of your lab protocol when conducting experiments in the lab. This
allows you to avoid accidents and contamination, which can cause injury or illness.
• You should always wear protective clothing (goggles, gloves and a face mask) to keep yourself safe from hazardous
materials such as chemicals or glass shards if an accident occurs in the laboratory.
• You should never eat or drink anything in the laboratory because it could easily contaminate your food with chemicals or
bacteria potentially harmful for consumption by humans!

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Basic Science Skills
Basic skills in science
1. Observing
This is the most basic skill in science. Observations are made by using the 5 senses. Good
observations are essential in learning the other science process skills.
Examples:
The learner will be blind folded and make observations using the sense of touch.
The learner will create observations about a coin using the 5 senses.
The learner will mix primary colors to create more colors.

2. Communicating
It is important to be able to share our experiences. This can be done with graphs, diagrams,
maps, and spoken word.

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Examples:
The learner will create a line graph showing the relationship between speed and the mass
of a marble.
The learner will discuss possible errors with other classmates.
3. Classifying
After making observations it is important to notice similarities, differences, and group
objects according to a purpose. It is important to create order to help comprehend the
number of objects, events, and living things in the world.
Examples:
The learner will use a magnet to classify objects as magnetic or nonmagnetic.
The learner will use a balance and sort objects according to mass.
The learner will combine different liquids with water to determine which is more or less
dense.
4. Inferring
An inference is an explanation based on an observation. It is a link between what is
observed and what is already known.
Examples:
The learner will write a conclusion at the end of each investigation.
The learner will create inferences about observations they made about a mystery object. I
infer it is solid rather than hollow.
5. Measuring
Measuring is important in collecting, comparing, and interpreting data. It helps us classify
and communicate with others. The metric system should be used to help understand the
scientific world.
Examples:
The learner will find the mass of different liquids that have the same volume.
The learner will use technology to find the speed of a toy truck.
The learner will measure the distance a marble travels.

6. Predicting
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What do you think will happen? It is an educated guess based on good observations and
inferences about an observed event or prior knowledge.
Examples:
The learner will predict what is a box based on observations using the sense of touch.
The learner will write a hypothesis about the effect of increasing the salt on the buoyancy
of an egg.
7. Manipulative skill
In science, manipulative skills emphasize the use and handling of scientific apparatus and
chemical substances during scientific investigation in the laboratory.

Importance of reading packing labels on products/quantities

• It helps in knowing the quantity of the product
• It helps in knowing the product specifications like:
- Conditions for storage
- Date of expiry
- How to use the product
- Possible side effects
- What to do in case of emergencies
- How to dispose the product among others

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