Exp.

No: 1
1. Types of OS installation
2. Boot methods
3 . File System and formatting
4. Post installation tasks

1. Types of OS installation:

● Attended installation: Here, someone is required to interact with the computer while executing
the installation process
● Silent installation: This means once the installation starts, the user is not offered any options to
change or edit the installation process.
● Unattended installation: The installation of a program without requiring the user to select options
or click next at the end of each step. It often uses a file of predefined answers so that after starting
the installation, it runs to completion without further user intervention.
● Headless installation: A headless server is simply an operating system installed on a computer
without a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and other peripherals.
● Scheduled or automated installation: An installation process that runs on a preset time or when a
predefined condition transpires, as opposed to an installation process that starts explicitly on a
user's command.
● Clean installation: A clean install is a software installation in which any previous version is
eradicated.
● Network installation: Installing the NOS directly from the CD-ROM distribution discs on the
server's CD-ROM drive and shared harddisk from server.

2. Boot methods: Cold Booting or Soft Booting & Warm Booting or Hard Booting.
Booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated via hardware such as a button or by a
software command. After it is switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) has no
software in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory before it can be
executed.
Cold booting: When the computer is started after having been switched off.A cold boot refers to the
general process of starting the hardware components of a computer, laptop or server to the point that its
operating system and all startup applications and services are launched. Cold boot is also known as hard
boot, cold start or dead start

Warm booting: When the operating system alone is restarted after a system crash or freeze.Warm Booting
refers to restarting the system using restart button or using CTRL + ALT + DELETE keys command
combination. Warm booting is generally done when a system stops responding or system updates require
the system to be restarted for the updates to take effect.

3. File System and formatting: A file system is a major component of the operating system (OS). An
application commands the OS to input and output data, and the file system reads and writes the sectors on
the storage drive. The file system manages the folder/directory structure and provides an index to the files.
APP-> OS-> File System-> Storage (HDD/SSD)

File system is the part of the operating system which is responsible for file management. It provides a
mechanism to store the data and access to the file contents including data and programs. Some Operating
systems treats everything as a file for example Ubuntu.

Formatting: Disk formatting is the process of preparing a data storage device such as a hard disk drive,
solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. In some cases, the formatting operation may
also create one or more new file systems.

4. Post installation tasks: 1. Network Configuration, 2. Antivirus Installation, 3. Windows update, 4.

Installing Application Software’s.

Exp.No:2

1. Install and configure virtual machine- Virtual box/VMware, VMware player station.
2. Download and install a terminal emulator and connect Linux VM via TE(optional).
Significance of man command.

1. Install and configure virtual machine- Virtual box/VMware, VMware player station.

VMware Workstation Player, formerly VMware Player, is a virtualization software package for x64
computers running Microsoft Windows or Linux, supplied free of charge by VMware, Inc., a company which
was formerly a division of, and whose majority shareholder remains, Dell EMC.

Install Virtual Machine eg: VMWare.

To install VMware Player on a Windows host:

I. Log in to the Windows host. Download the VMWare Player by clicking the link →
https://www.vmware.com/in/products/workstation-player/workstation-player-evaluation.html
II. Open the folder where the VMware Player installer was downloaded. The default location is
the Downloads folder for the user account on the Windows host.
Note: The installer file name is similar to VMware-Player-xxxx-xxxx.exe, where xxxx-xxxx is the
version and build numbers.
III. Right-click the installer and click Run as Administrator.
IV. Follow the on-screen instructions to finish the installation.
V. Restart the host machine.
2. Download and install a terminal emulator and connect Linux VM via TE (optional). Significance of man
command.

Download and install a terminal emulator:

● A terminal emulator is a program that emulates the functionalities of the traditional computer
terminals. In simple words, unlike the classic terminal that performed functions using hardware, the
terminal emulator executes the same tasks in software.
● A terminal emulator enables a host computer to access a remote computer using a command-line or
graphical interface.
● Also allows the host computer to run applications on the remote machine.
● Also enables file transfer between the host and the remote pc. Such communications between the
two computers are made attainable using the cryptographic network protocol – Secure Shell (SSH).

PuTTY – Most popular terminal emulator

PuTTY is a free serial console, terminal emulator and the most popular SSH client. Written in C language and
developed by Simon Tatham, PuTTY supports several network protocols such as Telnet, Secure copy protocol
(SCP) rlogin, and SSH. It is one of the oldest terminal emulators that are still actively developed and updated.

Pros:
➔ Availability of Source Code – Programmers can tweak things as the entire source code is available.
➔ Trustworthy and reliable application- PuTTY has earned a name for its trust among developers
➔ Easy to setup and use.
➔ It supports a wide variety of protocols.
➔ Cross-platform compatibility.
Cons:
➔ No tabbed interface.
➔ It does not save passwords.
➔ It is very tiresome to set up logging and tracing.
➔ Option for the global setting is missing; therefore, all settings for all connections have to be done
individually.
PuTTY supports the following protocols:

● SCP (Secure Copy)

● SSH (Secure Shell)
● Telnet
● Rlogin
● Raw socket connection.
Putty Installation Guide:
Follow the simple steps to install putty on windows:
● Double click on the downloaded .msi file to initiate the setup process.
● On the resultant window, click on ‘next’ and then select the path for the installation.
● Next, choose the product feature that you want and click 'install.'
● Click on ‘Finish’ to exit the setup.
● Voila! PuTTYgen will now be ready for use.

Significance of man command:

man command in Linux is used to display the user manual of any command that we can run on
the terminal. It provides a detailed view of the command which includes NAME, SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION,
OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUES, ERRORS, FILES, VERSIONS, EXAMPLES, AUTHORS.

Syntax :
$man [OPTION]... [COMMAND NAME]...

Options and Examples:

1. No Option: It displays the whole manual of the command.

Syntax :
$ man [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man printf

Output:
In this example, manual pages of the command ‘printf‘ are simply returned.
2. Section-num: Since a manual is divided into multiple sections so this option is used to display only a
specific section of a manual.
Syntax :
$ man [SECTION-NUM] [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man 2 intro
Output:
In this example, the manual pages of command ‘intro‘ are returned which lies in the section 2.
3. -f option: One may not be able to remember the sections in which a command is present. So this option
gives the section in which the given command is present.
Syntax:
$ man -f [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man -f ls
Output:

In this example, the command ‘ls‘ is returned with its section number.
4. -a option: This option helps us to display all the available intro manual pages in succession.
Syntax:
$ man -a [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man -a intro
Output:

In this example you can move through the manual pages(sections) i.e either reading(by pressing Enter) or
skipping(by pressing ctrl+D) or exiting(by pressing ctrl+C).
5. -k option: This option searches the given command as a regular expression in all the manuals and it
returns the manual pages with the section number in which it is found.
Syntax:
$ man -k [COMMAND NAME]
Example:
$ man -k cd
Output:

The command ‘cd‘ is searched in all the manual pages by considering it as a regular expression.
6. -w option: This option returns the location in which the manual page of a given command is present.
Syntax:
$ man -w [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man -w ls
Output:

The location of command ‘ls‘ is returned.

7. -I option: It considers the command as case sensitive.
Syntax:
$ man -I [COMMAND NAME]

Example:
$ man -I printf
Output:
The command ‘printf‘ is taken as case-sensitive i.e ‘printf‘ returns the manual pages but ‘Printf‘ gives error.