CHAPTER 15

Optical networks

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Optical network concepts

protocols
15.3 Optical network transmission modes, layers and
15.4 Wavelength routing networks
15.5 Optical switching networks
15.6 Optical network deployment
15.7 Optical Ethernet
15.8 Network protection andsurvivability
Problems

References

15.1 Introduction
telecommunica
nber network commonly eferred to as an optical network is a
peal designed in
netWork with optical Aber as the
primary transmission medium which is
makes full nse of the unique attributes of optical fibers. Over the last
ay that it prov1sion of the major
decades, optical fber has become the preferred medium foroffers far greater band
because it
tCture for voice. viden and data transmission, telecom
width and is less bulky than copper cables. In the latter part of this period the
change due tothe rapid
munications industry has undergone unprecedented technological
the ongoing implementation
of
growth of the
Internet and communication
more bandwidth-intensive the World Wide Web. With
applications the requirement for increasingly
technology
P y networking capability continues apace. Optical networking
968 Optical networks Chapter 15
First Second Third
10-9 generation generation generation Optical packet
switch

Optical burst Optical circuit

10-6
switch switch/optical
Switching packet switch
(Dynamic/fast)
time(s)
l0-3 Optical circuit
Switch
(Optical hybrid
switch)
Wavelength
10-1 routing
SDH/SONET
point-to-point
Late 1980s and 1990s Present day 5-10 years 10+ years
Envisaged deployment time scale
Figure l5.1 Optical fiber network evolution [Ref. 31

and techniques have therefore evolved in order to meet these

growing demands for
efficient, cost-effective, reliable,high service level, worldwide
Optical network evolution identifying the generations of thecommunications.
network development is
illustrated in Figure 15.1. It may be noted that the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) or
synchronous optical network (SONET) based point-to-point approaches of the 1990s are
in the process of being upgraded with
wavelength routed
main contributing factors leading to this evolution have networking technologies. The
been the network structure or
configuration, the switching speed and the optical device enabling technologies.
improvements in these aspects, optical fiber networks can be currently dividedBased into
on
the
three deployment stages or generations which are identified in
Present-day optical fiber networks that have developed fromFigure the
15.1.
largely point-to-point
optical fiber infrastructure deployed over the last two
decades can be viewed as second
generation which heavily utilize wavelength
however, are currently static in the sense thatrouting techniques. These optical networks,
the allocated resources carrying the
cannot be reassigned automatically once the traffic
transmission
Hence the existing network structures are largely not has failed to reach a destination.
work infrastructures with individual reconfigurable. Nevertheless, net
to 40 Gbit s are being deployed utilizing wavelength links operating at transmission rates up
nology [Refs 1,2].
dense wavelength division multiplexing tech
The next or third generation of optical fiber
fast and reconfigurable network features by networks is, however, expected to exhiot
tectures. This can be achieved using enhanced overcoming the existing static network are
modes of optical switching which can be used tooptical switching techniques. The tnee
duce reconfigurable networksare circuit increase the operational speed and P
In optical circuit switching (0CS) a path is switching, packet switching and burst switching
set up
before the transMission can take place and then after between the source and destina
message the path is removed. Alternatively, with optical successful
packettransmission of theinstead
switching (OPS), c
of achieving complete transmission in asingle step the message is broken into small units
 Optical network concepts 969

or packets and each packet is sent on an established path. The packet therefore also con
tains control and addressing information regarding the destination.
Optical buist switching (OBS) is a technique which lies between optical circuit switch
ing and optical packet switching. In this casea message is transmitted in data bursts on an
established path while separate bursts of information are sent containing the control data.
The switching setup time for the OBS mode is significantlyhigher than that of OCS and
it can be assigned in microseconds. Moreover, a very fast switching speed of the order
of nanoseconds can be obtained with OPS. In addition, OPS offers higher utilization of
resources as compared with the moderate and poor utilization of resources obtained with
OBS and OCS, respectively. Higher transmission rates up to 160 Gbit s are also achiev
able using OPS but network architectures are more complex and the optical component
enabling technology for such packet switching networks has not yet reached commercial
deployment viability [Refs 4-6].
This chapter therefore considers both the basics and the current position together with
potential future developments associated with optical fiber networks. In particular, substantial
discussion is centered on wavelength routed and switched optical networks which have
become the focus of advanced optical fiber networks. In order to cover all the main aspects
the chapter is organized as follows. Concepts including routing, switching, connection
setup and terminology used in the optical fiber networking are dealt with in Section 15.2.
The fundamentals associated with optical transmission modes, layers and protocols are
described in Section 15.3. Details of different network techniques for both synchronous
and asynchronous transmission are described, followed by discussion of the generic Open
Systems Interconnection model, the optical transport layer and the Internet Protocol.
networks are then
The major topics .of optical routing networks and optical switching
dealt within Sections 15.4 and 15.5, respectively. Wavelength routing assignment and
including
strategies are described in Section 154 while circuit and packet switching,
Section 15.5. This
multiprotocol label switching and optical burst switching, are addressed in
of optical networks
is followed in Section 15.6 by coverage of the continuing development or on-premises
deployed both in the public telecommunications network and for on-site
networks together with
applications. It includes long-haul, metropolitan area and access
Ethernet which has evolved from the
local area networks. Section 15.7 focuses on optical
networking capability
conventional copper cable Ethernet local area network to provide a
networks.
which can be utilized in both metropolitan and access protection and
Finally,Section 15.8 addresses the important issues of optical network
in the case of fiber link
Survivabilitywith, for example, the provision of alternative routes
optical network in order
breakdown or network failures. Such features are essential for an
sustainable infrastruc
to maintain the appropriate quality of service and also to support a
ture when deploying new fiber within the network.

15.2 Optical network concepts

Anetwork utilizing optical fiber as a transmission medium provides a connection between
many users to enable them to communicate with each other by transporting information
Irom a source to a destination. It may also require an intermediate stage to process the data
 Chapter
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