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The document provides an overview of digital image processing, covering its fundamentals, applications, and key processes such as image acquisition, sampling, and quantization. It highlights the differences between analog and digital images, the importance of image resolution, and various applications in fields like medicine and remote sensing. Additionally, it discusses key stages in digital image processing, including image enhancement, segmentation, and recognition.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

9 views469 pages

Notes Dip Full

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GLA UNIVERSITY

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

By:
Dr. Ankush Agarwal
Outline

• Introduction and Fundamentals:

– Motivation and Perspective, Applications, Components of Image
Processing System,
– Element of Visual Perception, A Simple Image Model,
– Sampling and Quantization, Some Basic Relationships between Pixels
• Intensity Transformations and Spatial Filtering:
– Introduction, Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions,
– Histogram Processing, Histogram Equalization, Histogram Specification,
– Local Enhancement, Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic Operations
– Basics of Spatial Filtering, Smoothing, Sharpening
• Filtering in the Frequency Domain:
– Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain,
– Basis of Filtering in Frequency Domain
© ankush agarwal 2
INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS

• An image is a visual representation of scene

• It plays an important role in various applications areas such as
research and technology
• An image is an item that depicts visual perception such as a
photograph
• An image is a 2-D representation of a 3-D scene
• In the context of signal processing, an image is a collection of
distributed amplitude of color(s)

• A digital image is a binary representation of visual information

• A digital image is a representation in a two dimensional space as
a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

• Analog Image
– It represents the continuous range of values
– Eg: Image produced by CRT monitor

• Digital Image
– It represents the discrete values
– It is composed of picture elements called pixels

• Images captured by sensors have an involvement of various

components
A D
– Source of electromagnetic energy
– Interaction with the Atmosphere
– Interaction with the Target
– Energy Recording by Sensor
B

C
© ankush agarwal 7
Process involved in Digital Image

• Output of most sensors is a continuous voltage waveform whose

amplitude & spatial behavior are related to the physical
phenomenon (e.g. brightness) being sensed
• For an image to be processed by a computer, it must be
represented by an appropriate discrete data structure (e.g. Matrix)
• Two important processes to convert continuous analog image into
digital image
– Sampling
– Quantization

• To convert an image to digital form, we have to sample the image

in both coordinates (spatial domain) and in amplitude

• Discretization
– Process in which signals or data samples are considered at regular
intervals
• Sampling
– It is the discretization of image data in spatial coordinates or defining
finite discrete coordinate to every part of an image
• Quantization
– It is the discretization of image intensity (gray level) values or defining
finite value to every discrete interval

before after
© ankush agarwal 12
Sensor Arrangement

• Single imaging sensor

• Line sensor

• Single imaging sensor

• Line sensor
• Array sensor

• Monochrome image can be represented as a two dimensional light

intensity function f(x, y)
– where
• x & y are spatial coordinates
• the value of f at point (x, y) is the gray level or the brightness of the image

• For computer storage, an array with the number of gray levels

should be in the power of 2
• A typical gray level image contains 256 shades of gray (8 bit)
• Values are stored between 0 - 255

• The intensity of a monochrome image at any coordinate (xi, yi) is

called the gray level (ii) of the image, which is given by
ii = f(xi, yi)
– 0 ≤ i ≤ Lmax - 1
– i = 0 is considered black
– i = Lmax - 1 is considered white

• Generally, image is of size m x n

– where,
• m: number of rows and
• n: number of columns
• The no. of gray level values (L), is taken as power of 2
• L = 2k
– where,
• k: number of bits used for representation

• For an image of size m x n, if k are the number of bits for representation, then
Image size = m x n x k

• Eg:
– For an image of 512 by 512 pixels, with 8 bits per pixel

Solution
Size = 512 * 512 * 8 bits
= 29 * 29 * 23 bits
= 221/23 bytes
= 218/210 K bytes
= 256 KB

• Eg:
– For an image of 64 by 64 pixels with 3 bands, with 4 bits per pixel

Solution
Discuss in class

• Eg:
– For an image of 32 by 32 pixels with 4 bands, in which the smallest unit
of an image consists of 11 shades

Solution
Discuss in class

• Eg:
– For an image of 10x10x6, the pixels can represent 8 shades

Solution
Discuss in class

• Eg:
– For an image of 25 by 30 pixels with 5 spectral, the pixels have 17 levels

Solution
Discuss in class

• The human brain is unequalled in 2D image analysis and image

understanding

• Limitations of the human visual system

– Quantification
– Reconstruction of 3D scenes
– High dimensional image spaces

• Practical applications
– Quantitative measurements
– Automatic analysis of images

• Digital image processing deals with manipulation of digital images

through a digital computer
• It is a subfield of signals and systems but focus particularly on
images
• DIP focuses on developing a computer system that is able to
perform processing on an image
• The input of that system is a digital image and the system
process that image using efficient algorithms, and gives an image
as an output

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing
– Object tracking

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing
– Object tracking
– Classification

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing
– Object tracking
– Classification
– Change detection

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing
– Object tracking
– Classification
– Change detection
– Disaster monitoring

• Some of the major fields in which digital image processing is

widely used are
– Medical field
– GIS
– Remote sensing
– Object tracking
– Classification
– Change detection
– Disaster monitoring
– etc

• Sensing operates in various region of Electro Magnetic Spectrum

• There are four types of resolution

– Spatial resolution
– Spectral resolution
– Temporal resolution
– Radiometric resolution

• The smallest possible feature that can be detected in an image

OR
• The size of single pixel or area covered by a single pixel (GSD)

 16 x 16
 32 x 32
 64 x 64
 128 x 128

 256 x 256

 512 x 512

MODIS (250 m) LANDSAT 8 (30 m) SENTINEL 2 (10 m) DRONE (0.05 m)

• It describes the capability of a sensor to capture information in

various bands which have fine wavelength intervals
• Information recorded by the sensor in various bands are referred
as multi-spectral sensors

• The concept of revisit period is important for monitoring that help

us to identify the changes over a period of time
• Time taken by a sensor to locate exact same area second time at
same interval time is considered as temporal resolution

Central Coordinates: 29.929831°N, 77.964490°E © ankush agarwal 34

Temporal Resolution
Sentinel-2
Classified

Bare Land Dense Vegetation Sparse Vegetation

Central Coordinates: 29.929831°N, 77.964490°E © ankush agarwal 34

Temporal Resolution

• Image captured by sensor have certain characteristics which can

be improved later
• This is a part of radiometric resolution which helps to enhance
the pixel characteristics, which ultimately help to identify very
slight difference in an image
• It depends on the ability of sensor
• Sensor having greater radiometric property is more sensitive to
detect changes
• It is the smallest visible change in the gray level of an image

• There are two type of effects

– Checkerboard effect
• When the no. of pixels in an image is reduced by keeping the no. of gray levels in
the image constant, fine checkerboard patterns are found at the edges of the
image

– False contouring effect

• When the no. of gray-levels in the image is low, the foreground details of the
image merge with the background details of the image, causing ridge like
structures. This degradation phenomenon is known as false contouring

Image Morphological
Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Object
Enhancement Recognition