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The document discusses the principle of conductance titration, where a strong acid is neutralized by a strong base, resulting in changes in conductivity that indicate the equivalence point. It details the experimental procedure for measuring conductance using a conductivity meter and highlights the advantages of conductance titration over volumetric titration. The document also explains the behavior of ions in solution and the significance of H+ ions in conductivity measurements.

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Abu Nafis
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7 views4 pages

Phy

The document discusses the principle of conductance titration, where a strong acid is neutralized by a strong base, resulting in changes in conductivity that indicate the equivalence point. It details the experimental procedure for measuring conductance using a conductivity meter and highlights the advantages of conductance titration over volumetric titration. The document also explains the behavior of ions in solution and the significance of H+ ions in conductivity measurements.

Uploaded by

Abu Nafis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle : The principle is to take a strong acid-

Hydrochloric acid, HCI for example, and, added to


it, a solution of strong base, sodium hydroxide,
NaOH. The reaction takes place. For each amount
of NaOH added, an equivalent amount of hydrogen
ions is removed. Effectively, the fast-moving H*
cation is replaced by the slower moving Na* ion,
and the conductivity of the titrated solution as well
as measured conductance of the cell fall. This
continues until the equivalence point is reached,
beyond which the solution is of Sodium chloride,
NaCl. Again, if more bases are successively
added, an increase in conductivity or conductance
will now show up because of the added extra ions
(Na* and OH*) into the solution. Just for the record,
conductance will reach its minimum at the
equivalence point. The appeal of that minimum
point called the equivalence point-an alternative to
indicators-for reading the endpoint of this titration
reaction.
Conductance of a dilute acetic acid solution is
therefore due to the small amounts of H+ ions
resulting from the dissociation of the weak acid.
For example, a little alkali was added, and the H+
ions were neutralized, but an equal number of H+
ions had not been generated by the further
dissociation of the weak acid. Indeed, the
CH3COO ions suppress the dissociation due to
common ion effect. Hence the conductance
decreases.
On the further addition of alkali, conductance
begins to increase, due to an increase in the Nat
ions and of CH3COO ions. After the end point, the
conductance increases at a sharper rate due to the
increases of the OH ions, as well as the Nat ions.
Apparatus
Conductivity meter, Beaker (250mL), Burette, Pipette.
i) The conductance cell was washed with hot
distilled water.
ii) 10 mL of the supplied acid solution was taken in
a beaker. The conductance cell was placed in it,
and sufficient water was added to keep the
electrodes of the cell immersed.
iii) A graph paper was prepared for plotting
conductance data.
iv) The conductance was measured before the
addition of NaOH.
v) The burette was charged with the supplied 0.2 M
NaOH solution. Aliquot portions of 1 mL of the
alkali solution were added from the burette, the
solution was stirred, and the conductance was
measured after each addition.
vi) All the data were recorded in tabular form.

vii) Observed conductance was plotted against the


volume of alkali added.
viii) In the case of a weak acid, the first few points
(2–3) were measured by adding 0.1 mL aliquots to
demonstrate the decrease in conductance. The
selector switch of the conductometer was kept at
1–199 µS.
ix) After that, conductance was observed to
increase with further additions. It was ensured that
at least 4–6 points were measured before and after
the endpoint, with each point plotted before
measuring the next one.
x) The point after the endpoint was observed to
give a steeper straight line.
xi) The endpoint and the volume of NaOH at the
endpoint were determined from the graph. The
concentration of strong acid and weak acid was
calculated.
Discussion: Conductivity/conductance is a key trait
of an ion. We measure it by how the ion moves in a
solution. This trait also helps us figure out when a
titration ends. We call this method conductance
titration. To find the endpoint, we look at
conductance curves. These curves show a quick
shift in conductivity at the endpoint.
Conductance titration has an edge over volumetric
titration. In volumetric titration, you need an
indicator to pinpoint the end of titration through a
color shift. But this method falls short when you're
dealing with a uniform suspension or colored
solution, as indicators won't work. Conductance
titration however, works for all kinds of solutions.
With conductance, H+ ions conduct better than
OH- ions. H+ ions also show high conductance in
water or aqueous solutions. This happens because
in water, H+ ions turn into hydroxonium ions
(H3O+). These H3O+ ions link up with other water
molecules through hydrogen bonds. The proton
moves from the first oxygen atom to the last one in
a chain, following the Grotthuss mechanism, as
shown below:

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