STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 11

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ____________________

Grade: ______________________________________ Section: ___________________

Quarter: 4 Week: 1 MELCs: Illustrates (a) null hypothesis (b) alternative hypothesis (c)
level of significance (d) rejection region and (e) types of errors
in hypothesis testing. (M11/12SP-IVa-1)
Identifies the parameter to be tested given a real- life problem.
(M11/12SP-IVa-3)
⮚ Title of Textbook/LM to Study: Statistics and Probability
⮚ Chapter: _4_ Pages: 172-180 Topic: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
 Objectives: 1. To formulate null and alternative hypothesis in words and symbols.
2. To determine the level of significance, rejection region and types
of errors in hypothesis testing; and
3. To identify the parameter to be tested, given a real-life problem.

Let Us Discover

A hypothesis is a statement about the value of a population parameter developed

there is no difference between two parameters. It can be written as H o: 𝜇1=𝜇2, Ho: 𝜇1 𝜇2 or

for the purpose of testing. Null hypothesis, denoted by Ho, is a statement indicating that

Ho: 𝜇1 𝜇2. Alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is a statement indicating that there is a
difference between two parameters. It can be written as Ha: 𝜇1 𝜇2, Ha: 𝜇1 < 𝜇2, or Ha: 𝜇1
> 𝜇2.
Example 1: The average TV viewing time of all six-year-old children is less than 4 hours
daily. What is the null and alternative hypothesis in symbols and words?
Answer:
In words, In symbols,
Ho: The average TV viewing time of all six-year-old children is H o :μ1≥μ2
greater than or equal to 4 hours daily.
Ha: The average TV viewing time of all six-year old children is H a : 𝜇1 ¿ 𝜇2
less than 4 hours daily.

The level of significance or margin of error denoted by α is defined as the

probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. For example, a
significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding that a difference exists when
there is no actual difference.

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 A confidence level refers to the percentage of all possible samples that can be
expected to include the true population parameter. A 95% confidence level implies that 95%
of the confidence intervals would include the true population parameter.
A rejection region or critical region is a part of the parameter space such that
observing a result that falls under it will lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Critical
values are essentially cut-off values that define regions where the test statistic is unlikely to
lie.
The null hypothesis is rejected if the test statistic lies within this region which is often
referred to as the rejection region(s). A test with one rejection region is called a one-tailed
test or directional and a test with two rejection regions is called a two-tailed test or non-
directional. In general, a test is one-tailed when the alternate hypothesis states a direction
like greater than or less than. The two-tailed test is usually stated as not being equal to some
value.

Type of Test for Statistical Hypothesis

Directional/ Non-directional/
One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test
Confidenc Reject Reject Reject
Significanc e Level
e Level (α )

1 %∨0.01 99 %∨0.99 Z= -2.326 Z = 2.326 Z = ± 2.576

5 %∨0.05 95 %∨0.95 Z = -1.645 Z = 1.645 Z = ±1.960
10 %∨0.10 90 %∨0.90 Z = -1.282 Z= 1.282 Z = ± 1.645
A Type I error is the error of rejecting the null hypothesis, H o, when it is in fact true.
The probability of committing a Type I error is the risk level or alpha risk that the researcher
specifies. A Type II error is the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually
false. The chance of making a Type II error is called beta risk.
A parameter is any summary number, like an average or percentage, that describes
the entire population.
Example 2: A survey conducted by the college students in their study stated that cell phone
owners received an average of 65 texts every day, in fact it is 75 texts. What
parameter should these students consider proving this claim and the error
committed?
Answer: The parameter of interest is the average number of text messages received
every day and the error committed is Type I error.

Let Us Try

Activity 1: “Find My Missing Piece”

Directions: Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in (a) words and in (b) symbols in
the given example. Determine the (c) margin of error, (d) confidence level, (e)
rejection region, (f) type of test and (g) critical values.

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 1. A medical trial is conducted to test whether a new medicine reduces cholesterol by
25%. Test at 99% confidence level.
Answers: a.) Ho: __________________________________________________. (1)
Ha: __________________________________________________. (2)
Reject

b.) Ho: __________ (3) e.)

Ha :__________ (4)

c.) Margin of error: _________ (5)

f.) Type of test:______________ (7)
d.) Confidence level: _________ (6) g.) Z = ______________ (8)

Activity 2: “Identify Me”

Directions: Identify the parameter of interest and the type of error committed in the given
example.

2. A medical researcher wants to compare the effectiveness of two medications for

diabetes. The researcher concludes that the medications are the same when, in fact,
they are different.

Answer: The parameter of interest is _____________________________________ (9) and

the error committed is ___________(10).

Let Us Do

Activity 3: “Find Me: V2”

Directions: Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in (a) words and in (b) symbols in
the given problem. Determine the (c) margin of error, (d) confidence level, (e)
rejection region, (f) type of test and (g) critical values.

Problem: According to a factory employer, the mean working time of workers in the factory is
more than 6 hours. A researcher interviewed 50% of the employees and found out
that their mean working time is 8 hours. The α level is 0.05.

Let Us Apply

Activity 4: “Generate Me”

Directions: Given the situation below, create a problem and determine the null and
alternative hypothesis in (a) words and in (b) symbols, (c) margin of error, (d)
confidence level, (e) rejection region, (f) type of test and (g) critical values.

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

Situation: According to the Philippines Statistic Authority the labor force participation rate
(LFPR) in July 2019 was estimated at 62.1 percent given the population 15 years
old and over of 73.1 million

Rubrics

Outstanding (5 pts) Satisfactory (4 pts) Developing (3 pts)

Content Student has Student can usually Student is still
mastered the identify the showing difficulty in
concept of the appropriate identifying the
identifying the parameters used in parameters used in
appropriate the example. the example.
parameters used in
the example.
Format Hypothesis clearly Hypothesis answers Hypothesis is
answers question, question, and the slightly confusing.
and the reasons for reasons for the
the prediction are prediction are
obvious. obvious.

References

Ocampo, J.M. and Marquez, W. G. (2016). Statistics and Probability (pp 172-180).
Quezon City, Manila: Brilliant Creations, Publishing, Inc.

SSLM Development Team

Writer: Floramae A. Dullano
Evaluator: Joecel S. Rubinos, Sherwin P. Uy, Ed.D.
Illustrator: Floramae A. Dullano
Creative Arts Designer: Reggie D. Galindez
Education Program Supervisor - Mathematics: Zaida N. Abiera
Education Program Supervisor - Learning Resources: Sally A. Palomo
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief: Juliet F. Lastimosa
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Carlos G. Susarno, Ph. D.
Schools Division Superintendent: Romelito G. Flores, CESO V

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021

 Answer Key Quarter: 4 Week: 1

Let Us Try:

Activity 1: “Find Me”

1. Ho: The new medicine reduces cholesterol by 25%.
2. Ha: The new medicine does not reduce cholesterol by 25%.
3. Ho: µ = 25%
4. Ha : µ 25%
5. 1% or 0.01
6. level: 99% or 0.99
7. Non-directional/two-tailed test
8. Z = ± 2.567

Activity 2: “Identify Me”

9.The effectiveness of two medications for diabetes
10.Type II.

Let Us Do:
Activity 3
1. a.) Ho: The mean working time of workers in the factory is less than or equal
to 6 hours.
Ha: The mean working time of workers in the factory is more than 6 hours.

b.) Ho: µ 6 hours

Ha: µ > 6 hours
c.) 5 % or 0.05
d.) 95% or 0.95
e.)
Reject

f.) Directional/ One-tailed Test

g.) Z = 1.645

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 02.00, Effective April 21, 2021