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PHYSICS
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Class VIII
Revision Guide : UNIT 3 WAVES
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Engr. Mohammad Mehedi Hassan Rafi

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Meanings to know
1. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed
(equilibrium) position.
2. Critical angle: The angle of incidence beyond which all the wave is totally
internally reflected when it meets a boundary.
3. Doppler Effect: The change in a wave’s observed wavelength and frequency
when there relative motion between its source and an observer.
4. Diffuse Reflection: The reflection of a wave from a rough surface that results
in the wave being scattered.
5. Frequency: The number of waves passing a given point in a second. It is the
inverse of the wave’s time period.
6. Hertz (Hz): The unit of frequency
7. Longitudinal Waves: Waves with oscillations that are parallel to the direction
of travel/energy transfer.

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8. Loudness: A measure of the amplitude of the oscillations of a sound wave.
The larger the amplitude, the louder the sound will be
9. Microphone: A device that converts the particle 0scilations of the sound wave
into an electrical signal that can be analyzed using an oscilloscope.
10. Oscilloscope: A device used to display the waveform of a signal. It shows
how the voltage of the electrical signal varies with time.
11. Pitch: A measure of the frequency of the oscillations of a sound wave. The
higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.
12. Real Image: An image produced by light-rays physically converging. Real
images are ones that can be protected onto a screen
13. Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave at a boundary.
14. Refraction: The changing of speed, and consequently the direction, of a
wave as it changes medium. The wavelength of the wave will also change but
the frequency remains constant.
15. Seismic Waves: Waves that are produced by earthquakes.
16. Sound Waves: The longitudinal waves responsible for sound. They require
a medium to travel through and are transmitted by the vibration of the
medium’s particles.
17. Specular Reflection: The reflection of a wave from a smooth surface.
18. Time Period: The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a given
point. It is the inverse of frequency.
19. Transverse Waves: Waves with oscillations that are perpendicular to the
direction of travel/energy transfer.
20. Wave Velocity: The velocity at which energy is transferred through the
medium. It is equal to the product of the wave’s wavelength and frequency.
21. Wave: A process of energy transfer through oscillations, without matter
being transferred with it.
22. Wavefront: An imaginary surface representing points of a wave that are at
the same point in their cycle.
23. Wavelength: The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on
the adjacent wave (ie. Peak to peak or trough to trough)

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Answer the following questions.

1. a. Explain the difference between the transverse wave and longitude
wave.
Ans: The vibrations of a transverse wave are across the direction in which the
wave is moving. The vibrations of a longitudinal wave are along the direction in
which the wave is moving.

b. Give one example of each.

Ans: Transverse waves: light (or any other electromagnetic wave) or surface
water waves.
Longitudinal waves: sound waves.

c. Draw a diagram of a transverse wave. On your diagram, mark the

wavelength and amplitude of the wave.
Ans:

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2. The diagram below shows the displacement of water as a wave travels

through it.

a. the period of wave.

Ans: 0.4 second

b. the frequency of the wave.

Ans: 2.5 Hertz

3. The speed of sound in water is approximately 1500 m/s.

a. What is the frequency of the sound wave with a wavelength of 1.5m?
Ans:

b. What is the period of this wave?

Ans:

4. a. Explain why the sound produced by the horn of an approaching car

seems to have a higher frequency than one that is stationary.
Ans: The wave fronts are squashed closer together as the car approaches.

b. If the same car approached at a much higher speed how would this
affect the frequency of the sound heard?
Ans: It would be higher.

c. Describe the frequency of the sound heard by the observer if the car is
moving away at high speed.
Ans: It would be lower than when the car is stationary.
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5. Explain why this hunter should not aim at the fish he can see.

Ans: Rays of light from the fish have been refracted at the surface of the water so
the hunter does not see the correct position of the fish.

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Meanings to know
1. Electromagnetic Spectrum: A group of transverse waves that cover a large
range of frequencies and wavelengths. The highest frequency waves in the
spectrum are gamma-rays and the lowest are radio waves.
2. Electromagnetic Waves: Transverse waves that transfer energy from the
source of the waves, to an absorber. They form a continuous spectrum of
different frequencies and all travel at the same speed in a vacuum.
3. Gamma Rays: High energy radiation rays are used for detecting and treating
cancers, and sterilizing food and medical implements. They can cause cell
damage and mutations.
4. Infrared Radiation: A type of radiation that all objects emit and absorb. The
hotter an object is, the greater the infrared radiation it emits in a given time.
5. Infrared: Used for cooking food, thermal imaging and short range
communications. It can cause skin burns.
6. Microphone: A device that converts the particle 0scilations of the sound wave
into an electrical signal that can be analyzed using an oscilloscope.
7. Microwaves: Used for satellite communications and for cooking food. They
can cause internal heating of body cells.
8. Radio Waves: Used for television and radio signals. They can be produced by
oscillations in electrical circuits, or can induce these oscillations themselves.
9. Specular Reflection: The reflection of a wave from a smooth surface.
10. Speed of EM Waves: All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed
in a vacuum (3 x 108m/s).
11. Ultrasound Waves: Waves that have a frequency higher than the upper
limit of human hearing (20 kHz).
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12. Ultraviolet: Used in energy efficient lamps, disinfecting water, and for sun
tanning. It can cause cell and eye damage that can result in skin cancer and
eye conditions.
13. Visible Light: The only type of electromagnetic radiation that our eyes can
detect. It is used for fibre optic communications and photography.
14. X-Rays: Used for medical imaging and security scanners. They can cause
cell damage and mutations.

Answer the following questions.

1. a. Name four wave properties that are common to all members of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans: They all transfer energy, are transverse waves, travel at the same speed
through a vacuum, can be reflected, refracted and diffracted.
b. Name three types of wave that can be used for communicating.
Ans: Light, microwaves and radio waves.

c. Name two types of wave that can be used for cooking.

Ans: Microwaves and infra-red waves.

d. Name one type of wave that is used to treat cancer.

Ans: Gamma rays

e. Name one type of wave that might be used to 'see' people in the dark.
Ans: Infra-rays

f. Name one type of wave that is used for radar.

Ans: Microwaves

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2.Explain why:
a. microwave ovens cook food much more quickly than normal ovens.
Ans: Water molecules within the food absorb the microwaves and become
hot, so the food cooks throughout, not just from the outside as in the case of
a normal oven.

b. x-rays are used to check for broken bones.

Ans: X-rays pass easily through soft body tissue but cannot travel through
bones. Therefore bones leave ‘shadows’ on X-ray photographs, which show
the shape of the bone and therefore can show if bones have been broken.

c. it is important not to damage the ozone layer around the Earth.

Ans: The Earth’s ozone layer absorbs large quantities of the Sun’s UV
radiation. If this layer is damaged, more UV light will reach the surface of
the Earth. UV light is harmful to human eyes and can cause skin cancer.

d. food stays fresher for longer after it has been exposed to gamma
radiation.
Ans: Exposure to gamma radiation kills the microorganisms in food and so
delays their decay.

3. Explain one way in which you could prevent overexposure (damage) by

the following waves:
i. x-rays
Ans: Wear lead lined clothes, stand behind lead screen.

ii. Ultraviolet waves

Ans: Wear clothing, use sunblock.

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4. Copy and complete the table below for four more different wave groups
within the electromagnetic spectrum.

Type of radiation Possible harm Precautions

X – ray Cancer Lead screening

Microwaves Cancer Metal screening

Infra-red Skin burns Avoid over-exposure

ultraviolet Cancer/skin damage Glasses, sunblock

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Meanings to know
1. Critical angle: The angle of incidence beyond which all the wave is totally
internally reflected when it meets a boundary.
2. Diffuse Reflection: The reflection of a wave from a rough surface that results
in the wave being scattered.
3. Ray Diagram: A visual representation of the path of a wave, usually around
the point where it meets boundary. Rays are usually drawn as straight lines
with an arrow pointing in their direction of travel.
4. Real Image: An image produced by light-rays physically converging. Real
images are ones that can be protected onto a screen.
5. Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave at a boundary.
6. Refraction: The changing of speed, and consequently the direction, of a wave
as it changes medium. The wavelength of the wave will also change but the
frequency remains constant.
7. Refractive Index: The ratio of the speed of the wave in a vacuum to the speed
of the wave in a given medium.
8. Specular Reflection: The reflection of a wave from a smooth surface.
9. Virtual Image: An image produced by the apparent, but no actual, divergence
of light-rays. Virtual images cannot be projected onto a screen.
10. Total Internal Reflection: The process of all a wave being reflected when
it meets a boundary. It occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the
critical angle, and only when going from a higher refractive index to a lower
one.
11. Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence must always equal the angle of
reflection when a wave reflects.
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Answer the following questions.
1. Draw a ray diagram to show how a ray of light can be turned through
100° using two plane mirrors. Mark on your diagram a value for the
angle of incidence at each of the mirrors.
Ans:

2. a. Draw a diagram to show the path of a ray of light travelling from air
into a rectangular glass block at an angle of about 45°.
b. Show the path of the ray as it emerges from the block.
Ans:

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c. Explain why the ray changes direction each time it crosses the
air/glass boundary.
Ans: As the ray of light enters the glass block, it shows down and is
refracted towards the normal. As the ray leaves the glass block, it speed
increases and it is refracted away from the normal.

d. Draw a second diagram showing a ray that travels through the block
without its direction changing.
Ans:

3. In an experiment to measure the refractive index of a type of glass, the

angle of refraction was found to be 31 ° when the angle of incidence was
55°.
a. Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
Ans:
b. What would the angle of refraction be for a ray with an angle of
incidence of 45?
Ans:
r = 26.4
c. Calculate the critical angle for the glass.
Ans:
C = 39

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4. a. Draw a diagram to show how a prism can create a rainbow of colours.
Ans:

b. Explain how these colours are produced by the prism.

Ans: White light is composed of a mixture of colours. Because each colour
travels at a different speed through the prism, they are refracted through
different angles.

5. Draw three ray diagrams to show what happens to a ray of light

travelling in a glass block in the following situations. It hits a face of the
block at an angle:
a. less than the critical angle

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b. Equal to the critical angle.

c. Greater than the critical angle.

6. a. What is meant by 'total internal reflection of light' and under what

conditions does it occur?
Ans: If a ray of light travelling from glass or water to air strikes the boundary
between the two at an angle greater than the critical angle, the ray is reflected by
the boundary and is not refracted. This phenomenon is called total internal
reflection.

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b. Draw a diagram to show how total internal reflection takes place in a
prismatic periscope.
Ans:

c. Give one advantage of using prisms in a periscope rather than plane

mirrors.
Ans: The final image created by a prismatic periscope is likely to be sharper and
brighter than that produced by a periscope, which uses mirrors.
d. Draw a second diagram to show how a prism could be used to turn a
ray of light through 180°. Give one application of a prism used in this way.
Ans: Bicycle reflectors and binoculars use prisms to light through 180 degrees.

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7. a. Explain why a ray of light entering an optical fibre is unable to escape
through the sides of the fibre. Include a ray diagram in your explanation.
Asn:

As the fibres are very narrow, light entering the inner core always strikes the
boundary of the two glasses at an angle that is greater than the critical angle.
b. Explain how doctors use optical fibres to see inside the body.
Ans: Optical fibres are used in the construction of endoscopes. Bundles of
optical fibres carry light into and out of a patient’s body. Images of the inside of
the body can be created from the reflected light.
c. Name one other use of optical fibres.
Ans: Telecommunications

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Meanings to know
1. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed
(equilibrium) position.
2. Hertz (Hz): The unit of frequency.
3. Human Hearing: Humans can hear sounds in the frequency range of 20Hz
to 20kHz.
4. Microphone: A device that converts the particle 0scilations of the sound
wave into an electrical signal that can be analyzed using an oscilloscope.
5. Longitudinal Waves: Waves with oscillations that are parallel to the
direction of travel/energy transfer.
6. Oscilloscope: A device used to display the waveform of a signal. It shows
how the voltage of the electrical signal varies with time.
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7. Pitch: A measure of the frequency of the oscillations of a sound wave. The
higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.
8. Reflection: The bouncing back of a wave at a boundary.
9. Refraction: The changing of speed, and consequently the direction, of a
wave as it changes medium. The wavelength of the wave will also change
but the frequency remains constant.
10. Sound Waves: The longitudinal waves responsible for sound. They
require a medium to travel through and are transmitted by the vibration of
the medium’s particles.

Answer the following questions.

1. a. Name a musical instrument that is used to produce high-pitched notes .
Ans: Piccolo, flute, violin etc.

b. Explain why the musical instrument you have named in part ‘a’
produces high-pitched notes.
Ans: The air column is short/strings are short, and so vibrate quickly, i.e. at a
high frequency.

c. Explain how you would produce loud sounds from this musical
instrument.
Ans: Blow harder/bow the strings more vigorously so that the amplitude of
vibration is larger.

d. Draw the trace you might expect to see on an oscilloscope when this
instrument is producing a loud, high-pitched note.
Ans:

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2. a. What is an echo?
Ans: An echo is a reflected sound wave.

b. Explain how echoes are used by ships to find the depth of the ocean
beneath them.
Ans: Sound waves are emitted from the ship and travel to the seabed.
Equipment on the ship detects some of the sound waves reflected from the
seabed. The depth of the sea can be calculated from the time between sending
the sound wave and detecting the echo.

c. A ship hears the echo from a sound wave 4 s after it has been emitted .
If the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s, calculate the depth of the water
beneath the ship.
Ans: Distance travelled in 4 s = 1500 m/s × 4 s = 6000m, so depth of water =
3000m.

3. a. What is meant by the phrase 'a person's audible range is 20Hz to

20000Hz'?
Ans: This person cannot hear sounds with frequencies less than 20 Hz or
greater than 20 000 Hz.

b. Explain why the vibrating strings of a violin produce sounds with a

higher frequency than those produced by the strings of a cello.
Ans: The strings of a violin are shorter and vibrate more quickly.

c. Calculate the wavelength of sound waves whose frequency is 68 000 Hz

. Assume that the waves are travelling through air at a speed of 340 mis.

Ans:

4. a. An oscilloscope shows a wave which has a time period of 0.01 s. What is

the frequency of this wave?
Ans: f = 100Hz

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b. If the speed of this wave is 340 m/s, calculate its wavelength.
Ans:

5. a. Sound waves are emitted from a source that is vibrating with a large
amplitude and from a source that is vibrating with a small amplitude.
Explain, using diagrams, the difference between the two sets of sound
waves.
Ans: When the source is vibrating with a small amplitude, the disturbance of
each air particle as the wave passes is fairly small and the sound is quiet. If
the source is vibrating with a large amplitude, the particles are displaced
further from their rest position as each wave passes, and we hear a louder
sound.

b. Draw two diagrams to show how these waves would appear on an

oscilloscope.
Ans:

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