NPN TRANSISTOR AS A

SWITCH
Minor project report submitted to the department of Electronics
Engineering (MCEA) in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Polytechnic Diploma in Electronics Engineering (MCEA)

By

Sanjana Kardam (E22112333100010)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Manoj Singh

Head of Department

Electronics Engineering (MCEA)

Department of Electronics Engineering (MCEA)

Sri Anar Devi Khandelwal Mahila Polytechnic

Mathura (U.P) – 281003

Affiliated to Board of Technical Education,

Lucknow (U.P)
 Sri Anardevi Khandelwal Mahila
Polytechnic Mathura - 281003

Department of Electronics Engineering (MCEA)

Certificate

Certified that the minor project work entitled ‘‘NPN TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH” is
carried out by Sanjana Kardam (E22112333100010) in partial fulfillment for the
award of Polytechnic Diploma in Electronics Engineering (MCEA) from Sri Anardevi
Khandelwal Mahila Polytechnic of the Board of Technical Education, Uttar Pradesh,
Lucknow during the year 2024-25. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited
in the department. The minor project has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of minor project work prescribed by the B.T.E,
U.P for the said diploma.

ER. V.B Singh Mr. Manoj Singh

Principal Head of Dept. & Project Guide
Sri Anardevi Khandelwal Mahila Electronics Engineering Department
Polytechnic Mathura (U.P) - 281003 Sri Anardevi Khandelwal Mahila
Polytechnic Mathura (U.P) - 281003

Viva
Name of the Examiner Signature with Date
 DECLARATION

Myself, Sanjana Kardam (E22112333100010) hereby declare that the project work
entitled ‘‘NPN TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH” has been independently carried out by me
under the guidance of Mr. Manoj Singh, Project Guide & Head of Department of
Electronics Engineering, Sri Anardevi Khandelwal Mahila Polytechnic Mathura (U.P) in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the polytechnic diploma in Electronics (MCEA)
Engineering, Board of Technical Education, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow.

I further declare that i have not submitted this report either in part or in full to any other
board/university for the award of any diploma.

NAME ENROLLMENT NO SIGNATURE

Sanjana Kardam E22112333100010 ……………………

Place:

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my happiness and gratitude for having completed the project titled ‘‘NPN
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH” without any hindrances. My sincere thanks to the management of
Electronics Engineering Department of our college, who have strived to provide the best to the
students in all aspects.
We express our deep gratitude to Mr. Manoj Singh, Project Guide & Head of the Department of
Electronics Engineering, Sri Anardevi Khandelwal Mahila Polytechnic Mathura, my internal guide
for his inspiration, guidance & encouragement to complete the project & achieve higher & greater
things in life.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the respected faculty of the Department
of Electronics Engineering for their extreme support which helped us in completing the project
successfully.
It is our pleasure to acknowledge my family and friends who helped me in completing the
project successfully.

Sanjana Kardam ( )
 ABSTRACT
A transistor can be used for switching operation for opening or closing
of a circuit. This type solid state switching offers significant reliability
and lower cost when compared to conventional relays.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. 1K & 330 Ohm Resistor

2. LED
3. 2N3904 – NPN TRANSISTOR
4. Switch

5. 9V battery
NPN Transistor as a Switch
Based on the voltage applied at the base terminal of a transistor
switching operation is performed. When a sufficient voltage (VIN > 0.7 V)
is applied between the base and emitter, collector to emitter voltage is
approximately equal to 0. Therefore, the transistor acts as a short
circuit. The collector current VCC / RC flows through the transistor.

Similarly, when no voltage or zero voltage is applied at the input,

transistor operates in cutoff region and acts as an open circuit. In this
type of switching connection, load (here an LED is used as a load) is
connected to the switching output with a reference point. Thus, when
the transistor is switched ON, current will flow from source to ground
through the load.

Example of NPN Transistor as a Switch

Consider the below example, where base resistance RB = 50 KΩ,
collector resistance RC = 0.7 KΩ, VCC is 5V and the beta value is 125.
At the base, an input signal varying between 0V and 5V is given. We are
going to see the output at the collector by varying the VI at two states
that is 0 and 5V as shown in figure.

NPN-Transistor-as-Switch-Example

IC = VCC / RC, when VCE = 0

IC = 5V / 0.7 KΩ

IC = 7.1 mA

Base Current IB = IC / β

IB = 7.1 mA / 125

IB = 56.8 µA

From the above calculations, the maximum or peak value of the

collector current in the circuit is 7.1mA when VCE is equal to zero. And
the corresponding base current for this collector current is 56.8 µA.
So, it is clear that when the base current is increased beyond the 56.8
micro ampere, then the transistor comes into the saturation mode.

Consider the case when zero volt is applied at the input. This causes the
base current to be zero and as the emitter is grounded, emitter base
junction is not forward biased. Therefore, the transistor is in OFF
condition and the collector output voltage is equal to 5V.

When VI = 0V, IB = 0 and IC =0,

VC = VCC – (IC * RC)

= 5V – 0

= 5V

Consider that input voltage applied is 5 volts, then the base current can
be determined by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

When VI = 5V,

IB = (VI – VBE) / RB

For silicon transistor, VBE = 0.7 V

Thus, IB = (5V – 0.7V) / 50 KΩ

= 86 µA, which is greater than 56.8 µA

Therefore, as the base current is greater than 56.8 micro ampere

current, the transistor will be driven to saturation i.e., it is fully ON,
when 5V is applied at the input. Thus, the output at the collector
becomes approximately zero.
Practical Examples of Transistor as a Switch

Transistor to Switch the LED

As discussed earlier, the transistor can be used as a switch. The

schematic below shows how a transistor is used to switch the Light
Emitting Diode (LED).
 When the switch at the base terminal is open, no current flows through
the base so the transistor is in the cutoff state. Therefore, the transistor
acts as an open-circuit and the LED becomes OFF.

When the switch is closed, base current starts flowing through the
transistor and then drives into saturation, which results in LED to turn
ON.

Resistors are placed to limit the currents through the base and LED. It is
also possible to vary the intensity of LED by varying the resistance in
the base current path.

Reference:

1. http://www.buildcircuit.com
2. http://www.wikihow.com
3. http://www.alldatasheets.com
4 http://www.wikipedia.org.