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Chemistry Notes

The document covers fundamental concepts in chemistry, including physical and chemical properties, acidity and indicators, the particle model, and the periodic table. It explains the characteristics of acids and alkalis, safety in the chemistry lab, and the behavior of particles in different states of matter. Additionally, it discusses the structure of atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures, and alloys, providing examples and definitions for clarity.

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Kaia Roy
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6 views6 pages

Chemistry Notes

The document covers fundamental concepts in chemistry, including physical and chemical properties, acidity and indicators, the particle model, and the periodic table. It explains the characteristics of acids and alkalis, safety in the chemistry lab, and the behavior of particles in different states of matter. Additionally, it discusses the structure of atoms, elements, compounds, mixtures, and alloys, providing examples and definitions for clarity.

Uploaded by

Kaia Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PE-1 Chemistry

Unit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties


The temperature at which a substance changes state is a property of the substance. Gases have
properties, including mass. Electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are properties of a
substance. Some substances will react with other substances to produce one or more new
substances in a chemical reaction.

1.1 Physical Properties


Physical properties are used to describe a substance. They are properties that can be observed
and measured.
Examples of physical properties:
- Mass
- Hardness
- Boiling point
- Melting point
- Electrical conductivity
- Thermal conductivity
- Solubility
- Ductile
- Malleability
- Density
1.2 Chemical Properties
Chemical property is a property that is seen when a substance takes part in a chemical change.
Reactivity is a chemical property. This is how likely a substance will undergo a chemical reaction.
Another chemical property is flammability. Hydrogen is extremely flammable. Other substances
like iron and nitrogen are very non-flammable.

Unit 2: Acidity and Indicators


2.1 Acids and Alkalis
The acidity or alkalinity of a substance is a chemical property and affects how it reacts. Acids are
a substance which has a pH of less than 7 on the pH scale. Acidic means having properties of an
acid. An alkali is a substance that dissolves in water to make a solution with a pH of more than 7.
A common acid used in the laboratories is hydrochloric acid and a common alkali is sodium
hydroxide.
Properties of an acid:
- Sour Tasting
- Many are highly corrosive
- Always have hydrogen ion in formula (H)

Examples:

Nitric Acid: NHO₂

Sulphuric Acid: H₂SO₄


Properties of an alkali:

- Bitter Tasting
- Slippery in Nature
- Strong alkalis are highly corrosive
- Contains hydroxy group in formula (OH)

Examples:

Lithium: LiOH

Strontium: Sr(OH)₂

2.2 Safety at the Chemistry Lab


If a substance has the potential to cause harm, the safety symbols warn people so that they can
take needed precautions like wearing safety goggles and gloves. Strong acids and alkalis are
highly corrosive in nature. They can cause several and severe chemical burns to the skin.
Corrosive is a property of a substance that causes burns to skin and eyes and damages other
materials.

Scientists use icons instead of writing so they are internationally understandable to everyone. Some
chemicals have hazardous properties and need to have hazard symbols.

2.3 Indicators
Indicators are substances that help us identify if a substance is acid or alkali by changing it’s
colour.

Litmus
Lichens are used to make Litmus. It turns blue in alkali and red in acid.

Red Litmus Paper Blue Litmus Paper


In acid solution red red
In alkali solution blue Blue

Universal Indicator
Universal Indicator can change into a range of colours depending on whether a solution is acidic
or alkali and how strong it is. It tells the pH of a substance. It has a scale of 0-14 which measures
the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
pH
Stands for potential hydrogen and is a measure of how many H+ ions are present in a
solution. The more the H+, more
the pH.

The pH scale measures how acidic or alkali a substance is.

Other types of Indicators


1. Litmus
2. Universal Indicator
3. Methyl Orange
4. Phenolphthalein

Unit 3: Particle Model


3.1 Substances exist as solid, liquid or gas. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It
exists as solid, liquid or gas. All three states of matter are made of tiny particles. Some materials are
made with single atoms, while others are made of a group of atoms joint together.

Atoms are the smallest particles of


matter that cannot be broken down by
any chemical means.

Particles touching Particles touching Particles not


touching
No intermolecular A little bit of
space intermolecular Lots of
space intermolecular space

The particle model is useful- it shows us how particles are arranged differently in the three states of
matter.
3.2 Phase Changes

Liquid -> evaporates->Gas Red=Heat increase; Blue= Heat decrease

Gas-> condenses-> Liquid

Liquid->freezes->Solid

Solid-> melts-> liquid

Solid-> depositions-> Gas

Gas-> Sublimates-> Solid

Particles vibrate or move depending on the amount of energy it has. The energy of the particles can
overcome the forces holding the particles together. Particle theory can be used to explain the
changes between states of matter.

PROCESS OF A PARTICLE CHANGING STATE

3.3 Periodic Table

The earliest version of the periodic table was created by scientist genius-
Mendeleev.

The elements in the periodic table are arranged by their atomic numbers. Elements are arranged
from left to right.

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom in the element. The modern
periodic law states: Properties of elements are periodic functions of atomic numbers.

Periods: Rows of the periodic table. Numbered 1-7, each colour represents a period.

Groups: Columns of the periodic table. Numbered Ⅰ-Ⅷ. Elements in the same group have similar
properties.

Elements on the left are metals, and on the right are non-metals.

Transition Elements: Elements that aren’t found in their original form all the time.

The first 20 elements of the Periodic Table


Name Symbol Name Symbol
Hydrogen H Sodium Na
Helium He Magnesium Mg
Lithium Li Aluminium Al
Beryllium Be Silicon Si
Boron B Phosphorus P
Carbon C Sulphur S
Nitrogen N Chlorine Cl
Oxygen O
Argon Ar
Fluorine F
Potassium K
Neon Ne
Calcium Ca
3.4 Atoms and Elements

Atoms- The smallest particles of matter that cannot be broken further by any chemical means

Elements- Substances made up of only one kind of atoms, like, the element sodium is made up of
only sodium atoms.

COMPOSITION OF ATOMS
An atom is made up of a nucleus and electrons.

3.5 Common Chemical Compounds

3.6 Formula, Compounds, Mixtures and Alloys

Formula- Made up of symbols of the elements that are found in the periodic table.

Example: Ammonia NH₃

It contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms

Compound- A Compound is very different from the element it’s made. Once two different elements
are bonded, they completely lose their properties of the individual elements.

The compound has totally new properties. Example- Sodium metal and chlorine gas make up sodium
chloride.

Mixture- A mixture is made up of at least two different elements or compounds. There is no bonding
between them. Example- Water and Carbon Dioxide (H₂O+ CO₂)

Alloy- Alloy is a mixture that may contain two or more different elements. They have properties of
the element they are made of. The primary component is a metal.

Example:
Bronze 18K Gold Brass Cast Iron
Copper Gold Copper Iron
Tin Copper Zinc Carbon
Silver

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