MATH 138: Engineering Calculus 2

Prepared by Engr. Karla Jane N. Puracan

Basic Integration Formulas

Constant of Integration
The in the indefinite integral is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration. We have learned in
differential calculus that the derivative of any constant is zero. If we take the derivative of x 2 , x2  4 , x 2  3 , and x 2  6 ,the
answer is 2x . The derivative of x2  4 is also 2x . And the derivative of x 2  6 is still 2x . Whatever constant is attached to x 2 ,
the derivative would still be 2x .

If the operation is reversed (to find the integral), we only find 2x but there could be a constant attached to it. Hence, the
.

Basic Integration Formulas

1.  dx  x  C
This formula shows the definition of the indefinite integral.
2.  (u  v)dx   udx   vdx
This formula shows that if an integrand consists of a sum (or difference) of terms, each term may be integrated
separately.
3.  audx  a  udx
This formula shows that if an integrand contains a constant factor, that constant may be written before the integral sign.
n un1
4.  u dx   C,n  1
n1
This formula is called the power formula. It is used to evaluate the integrals of a power of a function. This is applicable
for any real number exponent except –1.
du
5.   lnu  C
u
Examples:
Evaluate the following integrals using the basic integration formulas.
1.  2dx
Solution: Apply Rule 1 and Rule 3
 2dx  2  dx
 2x  C
2.   x  2  dx
Solution: Apply Rule 2, Rule 3, and Rule 4
  x  2  dx   xdx   2dx
11
x  2x  C
11

 1 x 2  2x  C
2
3
3.  x dx
Solution: Apply Rule 3 and Rule 5
3 dx
 x dx  3  x
 3lnx  C
2
4.  (x  x  1)dx
Solution: Apply Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 4
2 2
 (x  x  1)dx   x dx   xdx   dx
 x2 1  x1  1 xC
2 1 11

 1 x3  1 x2 xC
3 2
2
5.  (x  4) dx
Solution: Step 1: Expand the binomial
Step 2: Apply Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 4
2 2
 (x  4)   (x  8x  16)dx
  x 2 dx   8xdx   16dx

  x 2 dx  8  xdx  16  dx

 x2 1 8 x
11
 16x  C
2 1 1 1

 1 x 3  4x 2  16x  C
3
6.  (x  1)(x  1)dx
Solution: Step 1: Multiply the two binomials
Step 2: Apply Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 4
2
 (x  1)(x  1)dx   (x  1)dx
  x 2 dx   dx
2 1
x xC
2 1

 1 x3  x  C
3
2x  3
7.  x dx
Solution: Step 1: Separate into 2 similar fractions
Step 2: Use Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 5
2x  3 dx  2x dx  3 dx
 x x x
 2  dx  3  dx
x
 2x  3lnx  C
 x3 8
8.  x 2
dx
Solution: Step 1: Factor out the numerator
Step 2: Simplify the fraction
Step 3: Apply Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 4
x3 8 (x  2)(x 2  2x  4)
 dx   dx
x 2 x 2

  (x2  2x  4)dx

  x2 dx   2xdx   4dx

 x2 1  2x
1 1
 4x  C
2 1 11

 1 x3 2
 x  4x  C
3

4 3 2
9.  ( x  2x  x )dx
Solution: Step 1: Factor out the radicand
Step 2: Extract the square root
Step 3: Multiply
Step 4: Use Rule 1, Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 4
4 3 2 2 2
 x  2x  x dx   x (x  2x  1)dx
  x 2 (x  1)2 dx
  x(x  1)dx

  (x2  x)dx

  x 2 dx   xdx
21 11
x x C
2 1 1 1

 1 x3  1 x2  C
3 2

10.  6x
3
 12x 2  3 dx
6x
Solution: Step 1: Separate into similar fractions
Step 2: Use Rule 2, Rule 3, Rule 5
6x 3  12x 2  3 dx  6x 3 dx  12x 2 dx  3 dx
 6x  6x  6x  6x
  x 2 dx  2  xdx  1  dx
2 x
21 11
x 2 x  1 lnx  C
2 1 1 1 2

 1 x 3  x 2  1 lnx  C
3 2