Famous Application Built using Python

 YouTube: World’s largest video-sharing platform uses Python for features like video streaming and backend
services.
 Instagram: This popular social media app relies on Python’s simplicity for scaling and handling millions of
users.
 Spotify: Python is used for backend services and machine learning to personalize music recommendations.
 Dropbox: The file hosting service uses Python for both its desktop client and server-side operations.
 Netflix: Python powers key components of Netflix’s recommendation engine and content delivery systems
(CDN).
 Google: Python is one of the key languages used in Google for web crawling, testing, and data analysis.
 Uber: Python helps Uber handle dynamic pricing and route optimization using machine learning.
 Pinterest: Python is used to process and store huge amounts of image data efficiently.

Advantages of Python Programming Language:

 Presence of third-party modules: Python has a rich ecosystem of third-party modules and libraries that
extend its functionality for various tasks.
 Extensive support libraries: Python boasts extensive support libraries like NumPy for numerical calculations
and Pandas for data analytics, making it suitable for scientific and data-related applications.
 Open source and large active community base: Python is open source, and it has a large and active
community that contributes to its development and provides support.
 Versatile, easy to read, learn, and write: Python is known for its simplicity and readability, making it an
excellent choice for both beginners and experienced programmers.
 User-friendly data structures: Python offers intuitive and easy-to-use data structures, simplifying data
manipulation and management.
 High-level language: Python is a high-level language that abstracts low-level details, making it more user-
friendly.
 Dynamically typed language: Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don’t need to declare data types
explicitly, making it flexible but still reliable.
 Object-Oriented and Procedural programming language: Python supports both object-oriented and
procedural programming, providing versatility in coding styles.
 Portable and interactive: Python is portable across operating systems and interactive, allowing real-time
code execution and testing.
 Ideal for prototypes: Python’s concise syntax allows developers to prototype applications quickly with less
code.
 Highly efficient: Python’s clean design provides enhanced process control, and it has excellent text
processing capabilities, making it efficient for various applications.
 Internet of Things (IoT) opportunities: Python is used in IoT applications due to its simplicity and
versatility.
 Interpreted language: Python is interpreted, which allows for easier debugging and code development.

Disadvantages of Python Programming Language:

 Performance: Python is an interpreted language, which means that it can be slower than compiled languages
like C or Java. This can be an issue for performance-intensive tasks.
 Global Interpreter Lock: The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mechanism in Python that prevents
multiple threads from executing Python code at once. This can limit the parallelism and concurrency of some
applications.
 Memory consumption: Python can consume a lot of memory, especially when working with large datasets or
running complex algorithms.
 Dynamically typed: Python is a dynamically typed language, which means that the types of variables can
change at runtime. This can make it more difficult to catch errors and can lead to bugs.
 Packaging and versioning: Python has a large number of packages and libraries, which can sometimes lead
to versioning issues and package conflicts.
 Lack of strictness: Python’s flexibility can sometimes be a double-edged sword. While it can be great for
rapid development and prototyping, it can also lead to code that is difficult to read and maintain.
 Steep learning curve: While Python is generally considered to be a relatively easy language to learn, it can
still have a steep learning curve for beginners, especially if they have no prior experience with programming.

2. Tokens

A token is the smallest individual unit in a python program. All statements and instructions in a program are
built with tokens. The various tokens in python are :
1. Keywords: Keywords are words that have some special meaning or significance in a programming
language. They can’t be used as variable names, function names, or any other random purpose. They are used
for their special features. In Python we have 33 keywords some of them are: try, False, True, class, break,
continue, and, as, assert, while, for, in, raise, except, or, not, if, elif, print, import, etc.
# for loop
for x in range(1, 9):
# Print the value of x
print(x)

# Check if the value of x is less than 6

# Here if the value of x is less than 6
# then the loop will continue
# Here, if, continue, else, break,
# for loop are keywords
 if x < 6:
continue

# If i greater than 6 then break loop

else:
break

Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
2. Identifiers: Identifiers are the names given to any variable, function, class, list, methods, etc. for their
identification. Python is a case-sensitive language and it has some rules and regulations to name an identifier.
Here are some rules to name an identifier:-
 As stated above, Python is case-sensitive. So case matters in naming identifiers. And
hence geeks and Geeks are two different identifiers.
 Identifier starts with a capital letter (A-Z) , a small letter (a-z) or an underscore( _ ). It can’t start with
any other character.
 Except for letters and underscore, digits can also be a part of identifier but can’t be the first character of
it.
 Any other special characters or whitespaces are strictly prohibited in an identifier.
 An identifier can’t be a keyword.
# Here GFG and b are the identifier
GFG = 'Hello'
b = "Geeks"

# Driver code
print(GFG)
print(b)

Output:
Hello
Geeks
3. Literals or Values: Literals are the fixed values or data items used in a source code. Python supports
different types of literals such as:

(i) String Literals: The text written in single, double, or triple quotes represents the string literals in
Python. For example: “Computer Science”, ‘sam’, etc. We can also use triple quotes to write multi-line strings.

# String Literals
a = 'Hello'
b = "Geeks"
 c = '''Geeks for Geeks is a
learning platform'''

# Driver code
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Output
Hello
Geeks
Geeks for Geeks is a
learning platform

(ii) Character Literals: Character literal is also a string literal type in which the character is enclosed in
single or double-quotes.
# Character Literals
a = 'G'
b = "W"

# Driver code
print(a)
print(b)
Output:
G
W

(iii) Numeric Literals: These are the literals written in form of numbers. Python supports the following
numerical literals:
 Integer Literal: It includes both positive and negative numbers along with 0. It doesn’t include
fractional parts. It can also include binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal literal.
 Float Literal: It includes both positive and negative real numbers. It also includes fractional parts.
 Complex Literal: It includes a+bi numeral, here a represents the real part and b represents the
complex part.
# Numeric Literals
a=5
b = 10.3
c = -17

# Driver code
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Output
5
10.3
-17

(iv) Boolean Literals: Boolean literals have only two values in Python. These are True and False.
 # Boolean Literals
a=3
b = (a == 3)
c = True + 10

# Driver code
print(a, b, c)
Output
3 True 11

(v) Special Literals: Python has a special literal ‘None’. It is used to denote nothing, no values, or the
absence of value.
# Special Literals
var = None
print(var)
Output
None

(vi) Literals Collections: Literals collections in python includes list, tuple, dictionary, and sets.
 List: It is a list of elements represented in square brackets with commas in between. These variables
can be of any data type and can be changed as well.
 Tuple: It is also a list of comma-separated elements or values in round brackets. The values can be of
any data type but can’t be changed.
 Dictionary: It is the unordered set of key-value pairs.
 Set: It is the unordered collection of elements in curly braces ‘{}’.
# Literals collections
# List
my_list = [23, "geek", 1.2, 'data']

# Tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'hello')

# Dictionary
my_dict = {1:'one', 2:'two', 3:'three'}

# Set
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}

# Driver code
print(my_list)
print(my_tuple)
print(my_dict)
print(my_set)
Output
[23, 'geek', 1.2, 'data']
(1, 2, 3, 'hello')
{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
{1, 2, 3, 4}
 4. Operators: These are the tokens responsible to perform an operation in an expression. The variables on which
operation is applied are called operands. Operators can be unary or binary. Unary operators are the ones acting on a
single operand like complement operator, etc. While binary operators need two operands to operate.
# Operators
a = 12

# Unary operator
b=~a

# Binary operator
c = a+b

# Driver code
print(b)
print(c)
Output
-13
-1

5. Punctuators: These are the symbols that used in Python to organize the structures, statements, and
expressions. Some of the Punctuators are: [ ] { } ( ) @ -= += *= //= **== = , etc.

3. Variables

In Python, variables are used to store data that can be referenced and manipulated during program execution. A
variable is essentially a name that is assigned to a value. Unlike many other programming languages, Python
variables do not require explicit declaration of type. The type of the variable is inferred based on the value assigned.
Variables act as placeholders for data. They allow us to store and reuse values in our program.
# Variable 'x' stores the integer value 10
x=5

# Variable 'name' stores the string "Samantha"

name = "Samantha"

print(x)
print(name)
Output
5
Samantha
Rules for Naming Variables
To use variables effectively, we must follow Python’s naming rules:
 Variable names can only contain letters, digits and underscores (_).
 A variable name cannot start with a digit.
 Variable names are case-sensitive (myVar and myvar are different).
 Avoid using Python keywords (e.g., if, else, for) as variable names.
Valid Example:
age = 21
_colour = "lilac"
total_score = 90
 Invalid Example:
1name = "Error" # Starts with a digit
class = 10 # 'class' is a reserved keyword
user-name = "Doe" # Contains a hyphen

Assigning Values to Variables

1. Basic Assignment
Variables in Python are assigned values using the =operator.
x=5
y = 3.14
z = "Hi"

2. Dynamic Typing
Python variables are dynamically typed, meaning the same variable can hold different types of values
during execution.
x = 10
x = "Now a string"

Multiple Assignments
Python allows multiple variables to be assigned values in a single line.

1. Assigning the Same Value

Python allows assigning the same value to multiple variables in a single line, which can be useful for
initializing variables with the same value.
a = b = c = 100
print(a, b, c)
Output
100 100 100

2. Assigning Different Values

We can assign different values to multiple variables simultaneously, making the code concise and easier to
read.
x, y, z = 1, 2.5, "Python"
print(x, y, z)
Output
1 2.5 Python

Casting a Variable
Casting refers to the process of converting the value of one data type into another. Python provides several
built-in functions to facilitate casting, including int(), float() and str() among others.

Basic Casting Functions

int() – Converts compatible values to an integer.
float() – Transforms values into floating-point numbers.
str() – Converts any data type into a string.

Examples of Casting:
# Casting variables
s = "10" # Initially a string
n = int(s) # Cast string to integer
 cnt = 5
f = float(cnt) # Cast integer to float
age = 25
s2 = str(age) # Cast integer to string

# Display results
print(n)
print(f)
print(s2)
Output
10
5.0
25

Getting the Type of Variable

In Python, we can determine the type of a variable using the type() function. This built-in function returns
the type of the object passed to it.

Example Usage of type()

# Define variables with different data types
n = 42
f = 3.14
s = "Hello, World!"
li = [1, 2, 3]
d = {'key': 'value'}
bool = True

# Get and print the type of each variable

print(type(n))
print(type(f))
print(type(s))
print(type(li))
print(type(d))
print(type(bool))
Output
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'dict'>
<class 'bool'>

Scope of a Variable
There are two methods how we define scope of a variable in python which are local and global.
1. Local Variables:
Variables defined inside a function are local to that function.
def f():
a = "I am local"
print(a)
 f()
# print(a) # This would raise an error since 'local_var' is not accessible outside the function
Output
I am local

2. Global Variables:
Variables defined outside any function are global and can be accessed inside functions using
the global keyword.

a = "I am global"

def f():
global a
a = "Modified globally"
print(a)

f()
print(a)
Output
Modified globally
Modified globally