1.What is Software Development?

Explain Software Development life

cycle?

A)​Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):

SDLC is the step-by-step process used to create high-quality software. It ensures the software
is developed on time, within budget, and meets user requirements.

Steps in SDLC:

1.​ Planning and Requirement Analysis:

○​ Gather requirements from customers and plan the project.
○​ Check if the project is possible (feasibility study).
2.​ Defining Requirements:
○​ Write all the requirements in an SRS document (Software Requirement
Specification).
3.​ Designing the Product:
○​ Create a blueprint (architecture) for the software.
○​ Use a Design Document Specification (DDS) for detailed designs.
4.​ Building/Developing:
○​ Write the code using programming languages like Java or Python.
5.​ Testing:
○​ Check the software for bugs, fix them, and test again.
6.​ Deployment and Maintenance:
○​ Launch the software in the market.
○​ Fix issues and release updates if needed.

This simple flow helps to remember: Plan → Define → Design → Build → Test → Deploy.

2.) What is Frameworks? Explain the types of framework?

A) What is a Framework?
A framework is a pre-written set of code or structure that helps developers build applications
faster and easier. It provides tools, libraries, and guidelines to reduce repetitive coding.
Frameworks act like a foundation for creating software.

Types of Frameworks:

1.​ Web Frameworks:

○​ Used for creating websites or web apps.
○​ Example: Django, Flask (Python), React, Angular (JavaScript).
2.​ Mobile Frameworks:
○​ Used for developing mobile apps.
○​ Example: Flutter, React Native, Swift (iOS).
3.​ Testing Frameworks:
○​ Used to test software for bugs.
○​ Example: JUnit, Selenium.
4.​ Data Science Frameworks:
○​ Used for analyzing and processing data.
○​ Example: TensorFlow, PyTorch, Scikit-learn.

Key to Remember:

Frameworks = Ready-made tools for developers.​

Types = Web, Mobile, Testing, Data Science.

3.) Explain the waterfall model? Write down the advantage and
disadvantage?

A.) What is the Waterfall Model?

The Waterfall Model is a step-by-step process for software development

where each phase is completed before moving to the next. It's called
"waterfall" because it flows downward, like water.
 Phases in the Waterfall Model:

1.​ Requirement Gathering:​

Collect all requirements and write them in a document.
2.​ System Design:​
Plan the architecture and design of the system.
3.​ Implementation:​
Write code in small parts (units) and test each part.
4.​ Integration and Testing:​
Combine all parts and test the whole system for errors.
5.​ Deployment:​
Deliver the software to the customer.
6.​ Maintenance:​
Fix issues and release updates after the product is delivered.

Advantages of the Waterfall Model:

1.​ Easy to understand and use.

2.​ Clear phases and milestones.
3.​ Works well for small projects with fixed requirements.
4.​ Documentation is thorough and detailed.

Disadvantages of the Waterfall Model:

1.​ No working software is available until late stages.

2.​ Hard to go back and make changes once a phase is complete.
3.​ Not suitable for large or complex projects.
4.​ High risk if requirements change during development.

Key to Remember:​
Steps = Requirements → Design → Code → Test → Deploy → Maintain​
Pros = Simple, clear phases​
Cons = No flexibility, late working software
4.) Explain flowchart with Examples?

A)​What is a Flowchart?

A flowchart is a diagram that shows the steps of a process using symbols

and arrows. It helps visualize how a task, system, or algorithm works step
by step.

Common Flowchart Symbols:

1.​ Oval (Start/End): Shows the beginning or end of a process.

2.​ Rectangle (Process): Represents a task or action.
3.​ Diamond (Decision): Represents a decision point (e.g., yes/no).
4.​ Arrow: Shows the flow direction between steps.

Example 1: Flowchart for Making Tea

1.​ Start (Oval)

2.​ Boil water (Rectangle)
3.​ Add tea leaves (Rectangle)
4.​ Check if tea is strong enough (Diamond):
○​ Yes: Add milk and sugar (Rectangle).
○​ No: Boil for a bit longer (Arrow back to boiling).
5.​ Serve tea (Rectangle).
6.​ End (Oval).

Example 2: Flowchart for Login Process

1.​ Start
2.​ Enter username and password (Rectangle).
 3.​ Check if credentials are correct (Diamond):
○​ Yes: Login successful (Rectangle).
○​ No: Show error and retry (Arrow back to step 2).
4.​ End

Key to Remember:

Flowchart = Visual process using symbols​

Main Symbols = Oval → Start/End, Rectangle → Process, Diamond →
Decision

5.) Explain details about input and output Devices?

A)​What are Input and Output Devices?

●​ Input Devices: Devices that send data into a computer for processing.
●​ Output Devices: Devices that receive data from a computer and
display or produce results.

Examples of Input Devices:

1.​ Keyboard: Sends typed text and commands.

2.​ Mouse: Controls the pointer on the screen.
3.​ Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital form.
4.​ Microphone: Captures sound and converts it into digital signals.
5.​ Webcam: Captures live video and sends it to the computer.

Examples of Output Devices:

1.​ Monitor: Displays text, images, and videos.

2.​ Printer: Produces hard copies of documents.
3.​ Speaker: Outputs sound.
 4.​ Projector: Displays images or videos on a large screen.
5.​ Headphones: Outputs audio directly to the user.

Key to Remember:

●​ Input Devices = Send data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
●​ Output Devices = Show or produce results (e.g., monitor, printer).

6.) What is software? Explain the types of software’s?

A)​What is Software?

Software is a set of programs and data that tells a computer what to do. It
enables hardware to perform tasks like calculations, displaying graphics,
or managing files.

Types of Software:

1.​ System Software:

○​ Manages hardware and runs other software.
○​ Example: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux), Utility
Programs (Antivirus, Disk Cleanup).
2.​ Application Software:
○​ Designed for users to perform specific tasks.
○​ Example: MS Word (writing), Chrome (browsing), VLC (media
player).
3.​ Programming Software:
○​ Helps developers create, debug, and test programs.
○​ Example: Compilers, Text Editors, IDEs (Eclipse, Visual Studio).
4.​ Middleware:
○​ Connects different software or systems for communication.
○​ Example: Database Middleware, API Middleware.
 Key to Remember:

Software = Set of programs to perform tasks​

Types = System → Runs the computer, Application → Helps users,
Programming → Helps coders, Middleware → Connects systems.

7.) Explain the Agile model? Write down the advantage and disadvantage?

A)​What is the Agile Model?

The Agile Model is a flexible software development method where the

project is divided into small parts called iterations. Each iteration delivers a
working version of the software with added features. It focuses on
continuous improvement, customer feedback, and quick responses to
changes.

Phases in the Agile Model:

1.​ Concept: Identify the project's goals.

2.​ Iteration Planning: Plan short cycles to deliver features.
3.​ Design and Build: Develop and test features in each iteration.
4.​ Release: Deliver working software after every iteration.
5.​ Feedback and Update: Gather feedback and make improvements.

Advantages of the Agile Model:

1.​ Flexible and adapts to changes easily.

2.​ Early delivery of working software.
3.​ Promotes teamwork and communication.
4.​ Suitable for projects with changing requirements.
5.​ Continuous customer feedback ensures better quality.
Disadvantages of the Agile Model:

1.​ Not suitable for projects with complex dependencies.

2.​ Requires experienced team members.
3.​ Hard to predict costs and timelines.
4.​ Poor documentation due to fast-paced development.

Key to Remember:

Agile = Quick, flexible development with continuous delivery​

Pros = Flexible, fast feedback, teamwork​
Cons = Needs experience, hard to manage complex projects

8.)Explain the Component of CPU?

A)​Components of a CPU (Central Processing Unit):

1.​ Control Unit (CU)
○​ Function: Directs operations of the processor.
○​ Ensures instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed
correctly.
○​ Manages data flow between CPU, memory, and peripherals.
2.​ Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
○​ Function: Performs all arithmetic (e.g., addition, subtraction)
and logical operations (e.g., comparisons, AND, OR).
3.​ Registers
○​ Function: Small, fast storage inside the CPU for temporary data
storage during processing.
○​ Types:
■​ Accumulator (AC): Stores intermediate arithmetic and
logic results.
■​ Program Counter (PC): Holds the address of the next
instruction.
 ■​ Instruction Register (IR): Stores the current instruction
being executed.
4.​ Cache
○​ Function: High-speed memory inside the CPU for frequently
accessed data and instructions, reducing access time.
5.​ Clock
○​ Function: Synchronizes operations by providing a constant
timing signal, measured in Hertz (Hz).
6.​ Bus Interface
○​ Function: Connects the CPU to memory and input/output
devices, facilitating data transfer.
○​ Types: Address Bus, Data Bus, and Control Bus.

Easy to Remember Mnemonic:​

"CU-ALU Registers Cache Clock Bus" = Control Unit, ALU, Registers,
Cache, Clock, Bus!

9.) Explain the IDE and Package?

A)​IDE (Integrated Development Environment):

Definition: A software application that provides tools to write, debug, and

test code efficiently.​
Key Features:

1.​ Code Editor: Write and edit source code.

2.​ Debugger: Find and fix errors in the code.
3.​ Compiler/Interpreter: Convert code into executable programs.
4.​ Code Suggestions: Offers auto-complete and syntax highlighting.
5.​ Project Management: Organize files and resources for development.

Examples:

●​ Visual Studio, Eclipse, PyCharm, IntelliJ IDEA, NetBeans.

Package:

Definition: A collection of files (like modules, libraries) bundled together to

provide specific functionalities or tools for your project.​
Key Details:

1.​ Purpose: Reuse code and simplify development.

2.​ Installation: Typically managed through package managers (e.g., npm
for JavaScript, pip for Python).
3.​ Structure: Contains modules, metadata, and sometimes a
configuration file.

Examples:

●​ Python: numpy (numerical computations), pandas (data

manipulation).
●​ JavaScript: express (web framework), lodash (utility functions).

Easy to Remember Mnemonic:​

IDE = "Write-Test-Manage"; Package = "Ready-Made Tools"!

10.) Explain the algorithm with Examples?

A)​Algorithm:

Definition: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules to solve a problem or

perform a task.​
Key Features:

1.​ Finite: Has a clear start and end.

2.​ Definite: Every step is unambiguous.
3.​ Input: Takes input values.
4.​ Output: Produces a result.
5.​ Effective: Steps are simple and achievable.
Example 1: Algorithm to Add Two Numbers

1.​ Start.
2.​ Input two numbers (A and B).
3.​ Add the numbers: Sum = A + B.
4.​ Output the result (Sum).
5.​ Stop.

Example 2: Algorithm for Finding the Largest of Three Numbers

1.​ Start.
2.​ Input three numbers (A, B, C).
3.​ Compare:
○​ If A > B and A > C, then A is the largest.
○​ Else if B > A and B > C, then B is the largest.
○​ Else, C is the largest.
4.​ Output the largest number.
5.​ Stop.

Easy to Remember Mnemonic:​

"Steps + Rules = Algorithm"!

11.) What is memory hierarchy? Describe the characteristics of the memory

hierarchy?

A)​Memory Hierarchy:

Definition: The arrangement of memory types in a system based on speed,

cost, and size. It organizes memory in a hierarchical structure, where
faster, smaller, and more expensive memory is at the top, and slower,
larger, and cheaper memory is at the bottom.
Levels of Memory Hierarchy (Top to Bottom):

1.​ Registers: Fastest, smallest, and expensive (inside the CPU).

2.​ Cache Memory: Slightly slower but faster than main memory, smaller
in size.
3.​ Main Memory (RAM): Moderate speed and cost; stores programs and
data during execution.
4.​ Secondary Storage: Large and inexpensive (e.g., HDD, SSD).
5.​ Tertiary Storage: Slowest and cheapest (e.g., tapes, cloud backup).

Characteristics of Memory Hierarchy:

1.​ Speed
○​ Higher Levels: Faster access (Registers > Cache > RAM).
○​ Lower Levels: Slower (HDDs, SSDs).
2.​ Cost
○​ Higher Levels: More expensive per bit (Registers > Cache).
○​ Lower Levels: Cheaper per bit (HDDs, Tertiary).
3.​ Capacity
○​ Higher Levels: Smaller capacity (Registers and Cache are
limited).
○​ Lower Levels: Larger capacity (HDDs and tapes can store vast
amounts).
4.​ Access Time
○​ Higher Levels: Minimum access time (nanoseconds).
○​ Lower Levels: Longer access time (milliseconds or more).
5.​ Volatility
○​ Higher Levels: Mostly volatile (data is lost when power is off).
○​ Lower Levels: Non-volatile (data persists even when power is
off).

Easy to Remember Mnemonic:​

"Speedy Registers Chase Real Slow Hard-drives" = Registers > Cache >
RAM > Secondary Storage > Tertiary Storage!
12.) Difference between primary , secondary and Cache memory?