1

HARD WARE

Generation of Computers Assembling & Dissembling

Computer basics Bios settings

Basics electronics OS installation
Memory module Driver installation
Theory about OS Patches
Software Installation
Smps & ups
Mother Board & Types Data Recovery
Processor & Socket Pass word Breaking

Hard disk cleaning.

HARD DISK – TROUBLE SHOOTING

DOS COMMANDS

1ST Generation Of Computers ( 1940- 1954 )

 The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory .

 They were often enormous and taking up entire room

 First generation of computers relied on machine languages .

 They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity generated a lot of heat , which was often the cause of ,malfunctions .

 The UNIVAC & ENIAC computers are examples of first generation of computers .
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2nd Generation Computers

( 1956- 1963 )

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and unshared in the second generation computers

Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic

High level programming language were also begin developed at this time such as early
version of COBOL & FORTARN .

These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.
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3rd Generation Computers

{ 1964 – 1971 }

This computers is development of the Integrated Circuit was the hall mark of the third
generation computers .

Transistors were mineralized and replaced on silicon chips called semi conductors .

Instead of punched cards and print out users intergrades with third generation computers .

Through keyboard & Monitors and interfaced with on operating system.

Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time .

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4th Generation Computers

{ 1971 – Present }

The micro processor through the Fourth Generation of Computers as thousand of Integrated
circuits were built into a single silicon chip .

The INTEL 4004 chip developed in 1971l located all the components of the computer s.

From the central processing unit and memory to input & output controls also on a single
chip .

Fourth Generation computers also show the development of GUIS , the Mouse and handled
device ..
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5th Generation Computers

( Present & Beyond )

Fifth generation computing device based on Intelligence artificial intelligence .

The still in development through there are some applications .

The use of parallel processing and super conductors is helping to make artificial intelligence
a reality .

The Global of fifth generation computing is to development devices that responds to

natural language input and one capable of learning and self organizations.

INPUT UNITS

Keyboard , Mouse , Scanners , Boar core , Pen Drive , CD , DVD..

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OUT PUT UNITS

Monitor , Printer , Speakers . Pen Drives , Cd, DVD.

CPU

BRAIN OF COMPUTER

Key board :

Look like type writer

Standard key board 101- 104 keys

PS 2 As well as USB Connector

Various brands

{ E.G Tvs , Logitech , HP Etc .

Price Rs 200/- to 150/-

Key board is input device that enables user to enter data into a computer , control cursors
and pointer locations and to control the dialog with the computer.
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Mouse :-

Just look like a mouse

Optical mouse

PS 2 as well as USB Connector

Various brands

EX : Logitech , HP Etc .

A mouse is a handled pointing device for computers to control the movement of the cursor
or pointer on a display screen

Price 150/- to 500/-

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Monitor

Just look like a TV

Type digital Flat LCD having different sizes

Compact port available

Various brands

Samsung , Philips , LG , HP etc.

Price 4000/- to 10,000

Monitors also known as display screen is a computer peripheral device comp bale of
showing still or Moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card.
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Cabinet

It is a box , containing mother board , SMPS , CPU , RAM , PCI Cards , Hard Disk , Cd ,
DVD Drive , Floppy Drive Ports etc.

CPU { Central Processing Unit }

A central Processing Unit also known as processor . It processors , Instructions and

data contained in the software .
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There are different CPU designs .

But in general , The consists of the control unit the artehmetic and logic unit and
memory .

Price : 2000 /- 10,000/-

SMPS

Switch mode power supply is the latest Technology for high efficiency power supplies .

The power switch mode power supply use a high frequency switches to a high maintain the
output voltage .

Price : 600/- to 4000 /-

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RAM

Random Access Memory is a elite memory whose consents can be accessed in any ( I.E
Random) Order .

Higher the Ram – Faster the Computer .

Price 1300 /- ( 2 G.B ) , 2500/- (4 G.B).

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PCI CARDS

NIC CARDS , SOUND CARD ETC .

Net work interface card . To physical circuit to connect a computer or any other
device .

(Such as Printer to a network using RJ -45 , Cat 6 & Switches .

It is also called a LAN Card .

Price 150/- to 500/- for net work Interface card

Net working devices

RJ - 45

( RS 2/to 12/- )
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Cat - 6

(RS 18- per mtr )

16 port switch

Using RJ 45 connectors cat 6 cable and switches , Net working can be established
With computers .

Hard disk :

Hard disk drive also known as hard drive or hard disk is a magnetic disk to storage
large amounts of computer data . A hard disk users rigid rating platters (disk )

It stores and restrikes info from a magnetic surface.

Brand Name : SEGATE , SAMSUNG , AMD ETC

Price : 220 (160gb) , 2950 ( 5000 Gb) , 3950 (1TB)

OTHER ACCESSORIES

Fan

Price : 300 to 700

Ps 2 Connectors

Spike card
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USB connectors

Printers

Printers are output devices which help in printing a hard copy

Type Pot matrix printer

{80-132 columns } , Price : 500/- , 15000/-

Laser Jet Printer

Price : 5000/- , 20000/-

Ink Jet Printer

Price : 2500/, 8000/-

Brands

EPSON , TVS , CANON , HP , SAMSUNG

MOTHER BOARD

A mother board is the central or Primary circuit board contains a complex electronic
system . Sometimes abbreviated as MOBO

All peripherals and devices are connected .

All slots will be serial number end functions slated

1. Joints mouse & Keyboard here

2. Attached pen drive & USB printer also
3. Attached printer ( Dot Matrix )
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4. Attached processor (CPU )

5. For graphics card
6. Battery for Date & Time
7. Slots for hard disk drive
8. Slots for Ram
9. Slots For floppy controls
10. CPU fan power socket
11. SMPS socket.

UPS ( Uninterrupted power supply )

Electronic and computer based equipment for high quality uninterrupted power
supply .

Price : Depends on KVA ( Kilo volt Ampere ) and the backup provided .

Higher the back up Time More Cost

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Mother Board

ps2 serial port vga usb line out ,mic

Key serial port monitors pen sound

Board cable drives port

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PS 2 PLAYSTATION GRAPHIC ARREY

VGA VIDEO GRAPHIC ARREY

HDMI HIGH DEFINATION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE

LAN LOCAL AREA NET WORK

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RJ 45 REGISTER JACK

USB UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS

BASIC ELECTRONICS

1. ELECTRONICS
2. AC/DC CURRENT
3. VOLTAGE
4. POWER
5. ACTIVE COMPONENTS
DIODES
TRANSISTORS
ICS
6. PASSIVE COMPONENTS
RESISTORS
CAPSISTORS
INDUCTORS

7. ELECTROMECHINACL COMPONENTS
SWICTHES

1. ELECTRONICS
It is the branch of engineering to few the electrons which deals with the fellow of
electronics in the vacuum tubes conductors .

2. AC / DC Current
The abbreviations AC /DC are often used to man simplify alternating and direct as
when they modify current or voltage . Ac is the form in which electrical power is
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delivered the business and residences . The usual wave form of alternating current in
electrical power is a shark wave .

DC :
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electromotive change . Direct current
is precession by source such as batteries supplies the thermo cupules solar cells or
dynamics .

3. Voltage
Voltage also called electromotive force is a alternative expression of the potential
difference in change between two points is an electrical field.

The grater the voltage the grate the flow of electrical current that is the quantity of
charge carries that pass a fixed point per unit of Time , through a conducting or
semiconductor to the flow voltage is symbolized by on non italic uppercase letter V .

4. Power :
Also see current voltage resistance and OHMS Law
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another from
such as motion heat , Or an electromagnetic field . The common symbol for power is
the uppercase P .

The standard unit is the watt symbolized by W .

In utility circuits the Kilowatt (KW) is often specified.
Instead : 1.KW = 1000 W .

5. Active Components :
A) Diode
Diode is a simple electronic component diodes are mainly used for convert the PC
to PC current on direction to clock the current in another direction.
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They are two parts in diodes

1. Anode
2. Cathode

Anode is also known as positive (+) & Cathode is also known as (-) negative .

Types of Diodes

1. PN junction diode
2. Zener diode
3. Vactor diode
4. Tunnel diode
5. Light emitting diodes

Transistors

A transistors is a semi conductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signal and
electrical power . It is composed of semiconductor metrial usually which at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit .
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ICS

An Integrated Circuit or monoliticnic integrated circuit also referred to as an IC a chip or a

monoliticnic of semi conductor metrial normally silicon . This can be made much smaller
than a discreet circuit made of from independent electronic components.

6. Passive components .
A. Resistors
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A resistors is a passive electrical components that implements electrical resistance as

a circuit element resistors may be used to reduce current flow and that the same time
may act to lower voltage levels with in circuits.

Resistors Color Codes

Colors Numbers
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Vilot 7
Gray 8
White 9
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Gold 5% + ,-
Silver 10+, -

Brown 1, black 0 , red , silver = 10

10x102
10x100
1k OHM + 5%

B. Capacitors
A capacitors is a passive two terminal electrical component used to store electrical
energy temporary is an electrical field .

Types of Capacitors
1. Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
2. Tantalum electrolytic capacitor
3. Niobium electrolytic capacitor
4. Super capacitor Double layer Capacitors.

C. Inductors
D. An inductor also called a coil or reactor is a passive two terminal electrical
components which resists changes in electrical current passing through it . It consists
of conductor such as a wire usually wound into a coil.

Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coils as long as current flows.

Memory
Classification

What is Memory

A logical space that we can store our data.

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Here logical means its exist but we can not see naked eye .

MEMORY CONVERSATION TABLE

0 OR 1 1 BIT
8 BITS 1 BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE
1024 KILOBYTES 1 MEGABYTE
1024 MEGA BYTE 1GIGA BYTE
1024 GIGA BYTE 1 TERA BYTE
1024 TERA BYTE 1 PETA BYTE

HOW OUR DATA STORES IN MEMORY

Lets us considered a I peg having 139 Kb.

Here KB means kilo byte
I.E 139 KB = 139x1024 bytes
1 bit either 0 or 1

So in memory our data was stored in the form of OS and 1 s

( binary digits )
.
CLASSIFICATION MEMORY
According to the computer memory is classified into two types

One is primary memory

Two is secondary memory
And they have other classifications
All the classification of memory is listed below as a table format.

Memory
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PRIMARY SECONDARY

ROM RAM

SRAM DRAM VRAM

PROM L1CHACE
EROM L2CHACE
EEPROM L3CHACE

DIPP SIPP SIMM DIMM RIMM SODIUM

SD RAM DDR

DDR1 DDR 2 DDR 3 DDR4

ABBEREVASTIONS

ROM ( READ ONLY MEMORY )

PROM ( PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY )

EP ROM ( ERASE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY )

RAM ( RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY )

SRAM ( SASTIC RAM)

DRAM ( DYNAMIC RAM )

V RAM ( VIDEO RAM )

DIPP ( DUAL LINE PIN PACKAGE )

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SIPP ( SINGLE IN LINE PIN PACKAGE )

SIMM ( SINGLE IN LINE MEMORY MODULE )

DIMM ( DUAL IN LINE MEMORY MODULE )

RIMM ( RAMBUS IN LINE MEMORY MODULE )

SDOIMM ( SMALL OUT LINE DUAL MEMORY MODULE )

MICRO DIMM ( MICRO DUAL IN LINE MEMORY MODULE )

DDR ( DOUBLE DATA RATE )

GDDR ( GRAPHICDOUBLE DATA RATE )

HDD ( HARD DISK )

CD ( COMPACT DISK )

DVD ( DIGITAL VERSTILE DISK )

L1 ( LEVEL 1 CHACHE)

ROM

BIOS chip is also called as ROM chip

In BIOS there is a predefined program which done POST process .

To protect that program from accidental delete we use ROM chip as a BISO chip .

TYPES OF ROM

P ROM
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EP ROM

EEP ROM

FLASH

P ROM

P ROM stands for programmable Read only Memory .This form is initially blank .
The user or manufacture can write data program on it by using special devices .

However ones the programmer are data is written in P ROM chip it cannot be changed .
If there is an error in writing instructions or data In P ROM cnnot be erased . PROM chip
become unusable.

EP ROM
EP ROM stands for Erasable programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is
also initially blank .

The user manufacture can write program or data only in special device unlink PROM .
The data written in EP ROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet
rays . SO program or data written in EP rom chip can be changed and New data can also
be added.

When EP ROM is use it contents can only be read.

EEP ROM.
EEP ROM stands for Electrically Erase Programmable Read Only Memory.
This erase programmable Read Only Memory
This kind of rom can be written on changed with the help electrical devices so data
stored in this type of Rom can be easily modified.

RAM
There are three types of Ram .
SRAM
D RAM
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V RAM

S RAM is also called as chance memory also called CPU memory is Random access
memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can
access regular Ram.

This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU or placed on a separated chip
that as a separate bus inter connect with the CPU .
Types
We have three types of Cache levels .

L1 Cache
L2 cache
L3 cache .

L1 Cache

Level (L1 ) Cache is extremely fast but relivetly small end is usually embedded in the
processor chip . (CPU)

Level (L2 ) cache is often more capacious than 4 , it may be located the CPU or on a
separate chip or coprocessor with a high speed alternative system bus interconnecting
the cache to the CPU so as not to be slowed the to be traffic on the main system bus .

Level 3 cache {L3} is typically specialized memory that works to improve the
performance of L1,L2 . it can be significantly slower that L1 or L2 but it is usually double
click the speed of RAM In the case of multi core processor , each core have may its own
dedicated L1 and L2 but share a common L3 cache .

When an instructions is referred in L3 cache it is typically elevated to a higher their

cache.

V RAM
V RAM is also called Graphic card.
It have to main types
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GDDR 3 and GDDR 5

There are two leading companies which are manufacturing graphic cards

AMD
NIVIDA.

GDDR 3
Give supports only to the RAM

Very chip in cost best for normal usage .

In MAD HD5450 is best .
In NIVIDA GTX 210 is best .

GDDR 5

It consists GPU .
{ Graphics support Unit }
That gives support to the processor .

As like CPU , GPU , contains many types .

They are very costly
For this you need
PCI –E Power Supply .

D RAM
We call D Ram as memory ( RAM )
From First PC to latest RAMS have many from factors

DIPP
SIPP
SIMM
DIMM
RIMM
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SODIMM
MICRO DIMM .

DIMM

SD RAM DDR

DDR1 DDR2 DDR 3 DDR 4

RAM PINS VOLTAGE AVAILBILTY

SD RAM 168 3.3 32MB TO 256 MB
DDR 1 184 2.5 128 MB TO 1 GB
DDR 2 240 1.8 512 MB TO 2 GB

DDR 3 240 1.5 2 GB TO 16 GB

DDR 4 288 1.2 4GB TO 128 GB

HARD DISK DRIVE

CONSTRUCTION & WORKING

A hard disk drive , commonly referred to as hard disk drive Is a non volatile storage
device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rating platters with magnetic
surfaces .
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Early HDD has removable media however an HDD today is typically a sealed unit
with fixed media .

Today three types of HDD available in market .

IDE HDD

SATA HDD

SCSI HDD

Hard disk construction .

The hard disk drive using following components .

1. Disk platter
2. Read & Write Head
3. Head arm , head slider
4. Head au actor mechanism
5. Spindle motor
6. Logic board
7. Cable & IDE Connectors

PLATTERS

A hard disk drive stores information on dieas called platters .

The platters are mounted on a spindle motor the bottom end of the spindle , with
spacers in between and motors the bottom end of the spindle these platters made
from aluminum alloy because of their strength and light weight .
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The newer HDD use glasses & Glasses ceramic platters . These platters are created
with magnezitable media Coating store information magnetically .

Two types of recording media used in Hard disk drive .

1. Iron oxide media

2. Thin film media.

Read / Write Head

It is used to read only information on the disk surface & to head written data back
without any data loss.

A hard disk contains one read /write head for each side of its platter for example if a
drive contains 3 platters than total six .

All head used in disk drive systems are connected together & moved in & out on the
disk surface as a single unit one cant move different head in different order.

The HDD use different types head / write them are as follow.

1. Ferrite head
2. Metal in gap head
3. Thin firm head
4. Magnate head
5. Gaint Magnate head .
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HEAD ACTUATOR MECHANSIM

The read / write head of the HDD is moved on the platters surface using head actuator
mechanism .

Two different head actuator mechanism are used .

1. Stepper motor
2. Voice coil actuator .

The two actuator mechanism work on completely different principle compare

different characterics of HDD actuator mechanism .

SPINDLE MOTOR

It is used to rotate the hard disk drives platters .

This motor directly connected to spindle on which the platters are connected so it
vibration free.

This motor works on a feed back loop to automatically adjust rotation speed .

LOGIC BOARD

Logic board control all these different parts of hard disk drive .

It is also used interface hard disk drive contains .

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The drive controller circuit on the logic board . many times the HDD failure is due to
the failure of the logic board . A power problem or some other problems may
destroy the logic board on the HDD.

CABLE & CONNECTORS

Cable & connector are used to the HDD to the main computer system . All the hard
disk drive contains connectors for .

Data / control interface connector

Power connected

FEATURES OF HDD

PATA ( IDE ) INTERFACE

Parallel Advanced Technology is standard for interface connecting standard device

such as hard disk & CD ROM drive inside personal computers .

Features OF PATA .

Over 15 years of proven & reliable technology integration up to 133 MB / S

interface transfer rate.

Parallel ATA standard allow cable length up to only 18 inches ( 46 Centimeters )

Designed for desk top PC & Note book PC,S with usage in entry servers electronics
as well .

Parallel ATA ( PATA ) is based on the original IMB PC ISA bus.

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SCSI INTERFACE

SCSI is most commonly pronounced ( Scuzzy ) SCSI

Small computer system interface ) is a set of standard for physically connecting &
transferring data between computers & protocols & electrical & optional interface .

SCSI is most commonly for hard disk & tape drives , but it can connect a wide range of
other devices including scanners & optical drives.

{ CD ,DVD etc.}

SATA INTERFACE

Serial SATA is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a
computer and storage devices.

{ Like hard disks on optical drives )

The main benefits are tinner cable that left air coiling work more efficiently faster
transfers amity to remove devices while operating ( hot swapping ) & more reabile
operation with tighter data integrated checks .

It was designed as successor to the legacy advanced technology attachment standard

(ATA ) & is to eventually replaced the older technology ( reiteratively renamed
parallel ATA or PATA .

Serial ATA adapters and devices communicate over a high speed serial link.

OPERATING SYSTEM
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An operating system (OS) is an intermediary between users and computers hard ware .
It provides users an environment in which a user can execute programs conveniently
and efficiently . in Technical terms it is a software which manage hardware . An
Operating system controls the allocation of resources and services such as memory
processor device and information.

Definition :-

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the users and the
computer hard ware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs .

Following are some of important functions of an operating system.

Memory management

Processor management

Device management

File management

Security

Control over system performance

Job accounting

Error decanting aids

Coordination between other

Software & Users .

SERVER YEAR
WINDOW SERVER 2003
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2003
WINDOWS SERVER 2003 2006
R2
WINDOWS SERVERS 2008 2008
R2
WINDOW SERVER 2012 2012
WINDOW SERVER 2012 2013
R2
WINDOWS SERVER 2016 2016

CLIENT OS YEAR
WINDOWS 95 24 AGUST 1995
WINDOWS NT 4.0 24 AGUST 1996

WINDOWS 98 25 JUNE 1998

WINDOWS 2000 17 FEBUARY 2000
WINDOWS ME 14 SPECTEMBER 2000
WINDOWS XP 25 OCTOBER 2001
WINDOWS XP 64 BIT PROFESSIONAL 25 APRIL 2005

WINDOWS VISTA 30 JANUARY 2007

WINDOWS 7 22 OCTOBER 2009
WINDOWS 8 26 OCTOBER 2012
WINDOWS 8.1 17 OCTOBER 2013
WINDOWS 10 19 JULY 2015

SMPS

{ SWICTH MODE POWER SUPPLY }

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A switch mode power supply .

{ switching mode power supply , switched mode power supply , switched power
supply , SMPS , or ( switcher is an electrician power supply that incorporates a
switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently .

How to work SMPS .

Power supply is an electronic circuit that is used for the providing the electrical power
to appliance are loads such as computers machine and so on .

These electrical and electronic load require various forms of the power at the different
ranges and with the different characteristics . So for this reasons the power is
converted into the required forms with using some power electronic converts of
power converters.

Electrical & electronic loads work with various forms of power supply AC-to DC power
supply. High voltage power supply programmable power supply uninterruptable
power supply and switches mode power supply .

There are different types of topologies for SMPS among these a few are as follows .

AC to DC converter .

SMPS – Input > 230vts ,…..

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Wire color DC Voltage

Red +5 V

Yellow +12V

Black Ground

Blue -12V

Grey Power Good

Green Power On

Purple +5V Stand By

Orange +3.3V
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Brown/Orange +3.3V Sense

White -5V (optional)

SMPS

FIG : Short Green & Black Pin Power On SMPS.

UNINTERRUTIIBLE POWER SUPPLY

UNINTERRUTIIBLE power supply is a device the provides battery backup when the
power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level.

Parts of UPS

UPS system contains the following parts .

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CHARGER CARD

BATTERY

INVERTER CARD

DISPLAY CARD

EMI FILTER

STABILIZER

BUZZER

It converters the DC into AC .

Battery DC Inverter

Emi Filter

ANEMI FILTER

( electromagnetic Interface ) Filter helps no reduce spikes and electrical noise.

ACInverter
WITH EMI FILTER
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STABILIZER

Regulates the voltage so the consult range that is safe the loads.

Display Card & Buzzer

LEDS are used into indicate the user about UPS status

SATUS : Over loading charging online , offline .

Buzzer is used to give warnings like

Low Battery

Over loading .

MOTHER BOARD

MAIN BOARD

ORIGINAL CHIP SET

INTEL INTEL VIA

ASUS INTEL GIGA BYTE

Mother board , Mother board contents and its functions

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Mother board is also one of the important parts of the CPU . IT is a main circuit board
motherboard connects all the parts of CPU .

Mother board consists of processor socket ,RAM slots , PCI slots , AGP slots , IDE
connectors and ports.

Mercury 845 chipset motherboard every mother board has connectors and slots to
connectors and slots to connect all the remaining part of CPU here the list of all the slots
and connectors of mother board.

CPU SOCKET

MOTHER BRIDGE

SOUTHERN BRIDGE

PCI SLOTS

RAM SLOTS

AGP SLOTS

CNR SLOTS

FLOOPY CONNECTOR

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONNECTORS

SATA CONNECTORS

POWER CONNECTORS

BIOS

CMOS .
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CPU SOCKET

CPU socket or processor socket which is used to install or interest of sockets . LIF socket
and ZIF socket . LIF stands for low insertion force , this is old model socket & ZIF

Stands for zero insertion Force . This is the present model socket…..

North Bridge

North Bridge is always near the processor socket which is one of the important
component of a mother board . It is a Focal print of mother board and it is also called as
memory controller Hub .

North Bridge interconnects processor socket RAM slots & AGP slots . Here GIGA BYTE chip
is north bridge it is near to processor socket.

South Bridge

North bridge & South bridge are two main poles of a mother board south bridge
interconnects primary and secondary IDE interfaces SATA connectors , Floppy drive
connectors PCI AND IOS.

RAM SLOTS

RAM Slots are used to interest RAMS . There are SD RAM , DDR RAM DDR 2 , DDR 3 RAM
SLOTS .

SD stands for Synchronize Dynamic & DDR stands for DOUBLE DATA RATE.
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AGP SLOTS

AGP slots are used to interest or install AGP cards . AGP full form is accelerated graphics
port . This slots is and 3D gaming purpose . It is always besides the PCI slots .

PCI SLOTS

PCI slots are used to interest or Install Add on cards , such as LAN cards Sound cards
capture cards and TV tuner cards .PCI Full form { PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTER
CONNECT }

FLOPPY DRIVE CONNECTOR

Floppy drive connector is used to connect Floppy Drives . It supports two Floppy drives .

So that A and B drives are reserved for two floppy drive in my computer . It has 32 pins.
Primary and secondary…

INTERFACES

Primary and secondary IDE interfaces are also Called as IDE connector or PATA
connectors.

IDE Full form is Integrated Device Electronics . It supports IDE devices such as hard disk and
CD and DVD drives.

SATA CONNECTORS

SATA connectors are also called as serial Ata connector , SATA Full form is
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SERIAL ADVANCED TECHONOLOGY ATTACHMENT . These are connected with serial ATA
devices , such as hard disk drives and Cd or DVD drives

POWER CONNECTOR

This power connector is ATX power connector . It has 20 or 24 pins connectors . Mother
board takes the power from this connector be work.

BIOS

BIOS stand for Basic Input And Output System . This is also one of the important chips . It
conducts the post { power on self test. }

CMOS

There is a battery in the motherboard which is used to power the south bridge and the
bios to save the settings date & time.

PORTS

Ports are used to connect input devices . They are attached and comes with mother board
and they are backside of CPU .

How to see your configuration ?

1. Go to run
2. Type DXDIAG
3. Press enter
4. Click on yes
5. Now you can see the system configuration
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6. Here system manufactured is your motherboard manufacture.

7. System model is mother board serial number

INTORDUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

 A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains a complete CPU on a

single chip.

 The CPU is often called the brain of computer .

 This is because in humans it is the brain the controls all body parts is also
responsible for processing all request from different body parts.
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 Similarly in computer is the CPU that control operation of all components and also
process data from various computer components…

 The microprocessor functions with the help of two sub parts , ALU and CU.

 The ALU is the circuitry that performance the athematic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication & division and logic and comparisons
operations.

 The CU is the circuitry that control the flow of information through the processor
and coordination the active of the other units with in it .

 It is also responsible for controlling all operations of a computer processors.

 We have to loading companies in process in manufacturing.

 There are INTEL & AMD

{ Integrated Electronics }

{ Advanced Micro Device }

Intel processor

Intel brand has different type processor also such as that

1. CELERON SERIES
2. ATOM SERIES
3. PENTUNUM SERIES
4. PENTINUM DUAL CORE SERIES
5. CLERON DUAL CORE SERIES
6. CORE 2 DUO CORE
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7. CORE I3 SERIES
8. CORE I5 SERIES
9. CORE I7 SERIES

AMD Processor
AMD brand has different types of processor such that

1. A4 SERIES
2. A6 SERIES
3. A8 SERIES
4. ATHLON 11X2 SERIES
5. ATLON 11X3 SERIES
6. ATHLON 11X4 SERIES
7. FX SERIES
8. PHENOM 11X2 SERIES
9. PHENOM 11X4 SERIES
10.PHENOM 11X6 SERIES
11.SEMPRON SERIES

PROCESSOR SOCKETS

FOR INTEL FOR AMD

LGA 775 AMD CPU SOCKET AM3
LGA 1366 AMD CPU SOCKET FM1
LGA 1155 AMD CPU SOCKET AM3+
LGA 1150 AMD CPU SOCKET FM2
LGA 2611 AMD CPU SOCKET FM2+
LGA 2011 X3
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PROCESSOR SOCKETS

P3 , P4 CELERON - PGA 478

PD, PR CELERON – DUAL CORE LGA 775

1ST GENERATION DUAL CORE , CORE 2 DUO

1ST GENERATION 13,15,17 - LGA 1360

2ND GENERATION I3,I5,I7 – LGA 1156

3RD GENERATION I3 , I5 , I7 LGA 1155

2ND GENERATION DUAL CORE

4TH GENERATION I3 , I5 ,I7

3RD GENERATION DUAL CORE LGA 1150

5TH GENERATION I3 I5 , I7 - LGA 2011

5TH GENERATION I7 - LGA 2011V3

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6TH GENERATION I3 , I5 , I7 - LGA 1151

LAND GRID ARRAY

LGA

MOTHER BOARD SOCKET PROCESSOR RAM

815 , 845, 915 PGA 478 P3, P4 CELERON DDR 1
945 , 965 , D31 , LGA 775 PD , PR DDR 2
D35
D41 ,D45 LGA 775 CORE TM 2 DUO DDR 3
CORE TM QUAD
D47 , D48 , D49 LGA 1360 1ST G , I3 ,I5 , I7 DDR 3
D54 , D55 , D57 , LGA 1156 2ND G , I3 , I5 , I7 DDR 3
D58
D61 , D62 , D75 , LGA 1156 3RD G , I3 , I5 , I7 DDR 3
D78 ,
D8 1 , D85 , D97 LGA 1150 4TH G I3 , I5, I7 DDR 3
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F97 LGA 2011 5TH G I3 ,I5 ,I7 DDR 3

X 99 LGA 2011V3 5TH G I7 DDR 4
2150 , 2170 LGA 1151 6TH G I3 ,I5 , I7 DDR 4

OPERATING SYSTEM

WINDOWS XP

OS . from Cd .

Press (F2) or delete – GO to bios settings.

Select boot menu and

Select 1st boot priority (CD drive )

2nd boot priority is (Hard Disk ) .

OS FROM USB ( PEN DRIVE )

Press (F2) or delete –Go to settings

Select boot menu and

Select hard disk priority

1st boot pen drive

2nd boot (Hard Disk )

Press any key to continue from cd ….

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Welcome to setup

Press enter

License agreement press (F8)

Select hard disk device press

( C ) Create new partition

Press (D) Delete partition

Press (L) total partition delete

Select C drive press enter

Installed operating system .

Select NTFS (Quick )

Press enter

Select Regional Language option

Click ( Next )

System Name (Any one )

Click (Next )

WINDOWS XP KEY

J3GMD – RMM3Q- HKC62- TV8Y8 – 246Q3

Click { Next }

Display setting

Click ok

Monitor settings
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Click to cancel

OPERATING SYSTEM

WINDOWS 7/8/10

Language setting : English

Click next

Click on installation Now

Click on Windows 7 Ultimate addition

Click next

I accept the license terms

Select custom {Advanced }

Click on drive option

Select uncollected space

( Hard Disk }

Click on new

Create New partition

Click on delete

Delete total partition

Click on Format partition

( Only Data }

User Name
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( SRI VENU }

Click next

Ask Me Later

Select Time : {UTC + 05.30} Calcutta , Delhi , Mumbai , Bombay .

DRIVERS

How to checking drivers.

Right click on my computer

Select mange

Click on device manager

If any show the yellow triangle symbol this device drivers no installed .

Windows XP

1) Install Mother Board CD

2) All drivers ( 2012 ) – ( 41 Mother board below }
3) Browsing on line ( Mother Board Name , Numbers ) …

Windows 7/8/10
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1) Install Mother Board CD

2) DRP 13,14,15,16,17,18
(Drivers Pack Solutions )
3) Browsing online
(Mother Board Name , Number ) ….

GENERAL SOFTWARES

1. Adobe Reader ( PDF FILES

2. Adobe Flash Player ( On line Player )
3. Google Chrome , Fire Fox , Opera Mini
4. Inter Net Explorer { Browser }
5. MS Office 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016
{ Word, Excel , Power Point }
6. VLC Media Player ( Offline Videos )
7. Win RAR { Zip Files }
8. Anti Virus Models 2020

Anti vIrus List

1. Malware detection and removal

2. Auto Sandboxing
3. Antivirus
4. Anti Trojan
5. Anti Worm
6. Anti Phishing
7. Identity Protection
8. Backup
9. Email Protection
10. Automatic Virus Updates
11. Heuristic Scanning

How to remove software’s {Uninstall }

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Window or XP

Click start menu

Click on control panel

Click on programs and features

Select any software

Click on uninstall button

Complete the uninstall

Restart the computer .

Patches

1. How to checking O.S Activate

Right click on my computer
Click on properties

Windows 7 Activator
Install windows 7 loader

Windows 8/10
Install KMS Auto .Dot Net ….

How to create users ?

Right click on my computer
Select manage
Click on local users & groups
Open users folder
Right click
Select New User …
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Pass Word Breaking

Using Hirens Boot CD

F2 Or Delete
Go to Bios Setting
Select boot menu
1st boot CD OR Pen Drive
2nd Boot Hard Disk
Press F10 Save & Exit
Select Mini Windows XP
Press enter
Open HB CD Menu Icon In desktop
Click on browse folder
Open pass word Re – New .CMD Tool
Click on Select a Target
Select C partition ( Program File User Windows )
Then Select Window Folder

Click ok
Click

Click on Re – New existing users password

Select users assigned new password & Conform password
Click on apply.
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Trouble Shooting

1. Disk Boot Failure ?

1) To check CMOS Settings
2) To check Hard Disk Power cable & Data Cable
3) To Format OS.

2. System Continuously beep sound ?

To check the Ram ( Interest properly

3. After changing display settings to show the error message ?

Restart the computer press F8 button open safe mode to select the VGA mode .
After Booting OS to set the display setting 2024.765 pixels resolution and click ok
restart computer .

4. No Display ( CPU Working ) ?

1) To check monitor power cable
2) To check monitor display cable.

5. To change the display directions ?

1) Ctrl + Alt arrow
2) XP OS – Go to properties display setting s ,rotation .
3) Win XP 7,8,8.1 OS click on desktop properties display change display settings ,
change orientation .

6. System continuously open in Safe Mode ?

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Restart computer press F8 Button select windows normally press enter .

7. Blue screen error ?

1) To check the virus
2) To check drive space
3) To check hard disk data cable
4) To check the RAM
5) To change hard disk.

8. Any drive is not opening ?

( Access Is Denied }
Go to CMD , type disk part type list disk select disk clean .

9. Cd Drive is not available in OS ?

1) To check drive is enable (OR) disable .
My computer right click , Manage device manager enable .
2) To check the power
3) CMOS settings ( BIOS settings )
4) To check data cable

10.NTLDR file missing (New Technology Loader ) ?

1) NOT Shut Down Properly
2) Press Alt +Ctrl + Del to restart computer
3) To check data cable
4) Install OS .

11.OS is not opened continuous up to XP , 7,8 ?

1) To check data cable (OS) power cable (HDD)
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2) Repair the OS
3) Install OS

12.System continuously restart (Or) shutdown ?

1) To check virus
2) To format OS
3) To check Heat sink apply heat sink paste
4) To check processor Fan
5) To check earth.

13.System is not working properly ( processor fan is running & Stopping ) ?

1) To check the Ram
2) To check SMPS (Change )

14. No power supply ?

1) To check power cable
2) To check SMPS
3) To check processor
4) To check motherboard

15.System continuously hanging ?

1) To check the virus
2) To remove antivirus
3) To format OS
4) To check the earth .
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16.Printer is not working ?

1) To check printer drivers
2) To check printer settings (Offerings )
3) To check printer power supply
4) To check printer cartage
5) To printer data cable

17.Sound is not working ?

1) To check speaker power supply
2) To check audio pin
3) To check the volume (OR) player volume
4) To check sound drivers

COMMANDS

TIME : TO VIEW AT CHANGE THE TIME

DATE : TO VIEW AND CHANGE THE DATE

VER : TO VIEW AND VERSION OF YOUR WINDOW OPERATING SYSTEM

VOL : TO VIEW THE VOLUME – LABLE

DIR : TO VIEW THE FILES & FOLDERS PRESENT IN THE DRIVE OF FOLDER

DIR/P : TO VIEW THE FILES & FOLDERS PAGE WISE FORMAT

DIR/S : TO VIEW THE ALL FILES & FOLDERSS & SUB FOLDERS

DIR/S : TO VIEW ONLY FOLDER

DIR/A-D : TO VIEW ONLY FILES

MD D /AP/: TO CREATE FOLDERS

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CD : TO OPEN FOLDER

CD ..: TO GET BACK INTO PREVIOUS FOLDER

CD/: TO GET BACK INTO DIRECTION INTO DRIVE

RD : TO DELETE ON EMPTY FOLDER

RD/S : FILE NAME : TO DELETE A FOLDER CONDITIONALLY

RD/S/Q : TO DELETE A FOLDER UNCONDITONALLY

COPY CON : TO CREATE A FILE ( CTRL+Z SAVE )

DEL : TO DELETE A FILE

DELA : TO DELETE ALL THE FILES STARTING WITH LATTER A

DEL * . PDF : TO DELETE ALL THE PDF

DEL : TO DELETE ALL THE FILES

CLS : RTO CLEAR THE SCREEN

ATTRIB-R-A-A-H/S/D : TO SHOW THE HIDEN FILES AND FOLDERS

DATA RECOVERY

Desk top Data Recovery

Using Hiren boot CD

Open my computer

Open C drive
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Open users folder

Copy desk top & down loads folders

Save to another drive (or) another partitions .

Delete (OR) Format data recovery

Esau’s data recovery

Wonder share. Net data recovery .

Open software

Click on lost file recovery

Select a target device

(Lossing files folder )

Hard disk low level Format

Using Hirean Boot CD

Open HDBC menu Icon in desktop

Click on programmers tab

Select hard disk (Or ) storage and select disk low level format tool
select target device
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Hard disk (or) Storage device

Click on next

Select low level format tab format disk devices

BIOS SETTINGS

Basic input , output system

Intel Motherboard

Press F2 Go to BIOS setting

Main tab
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Processor version

Processor type : Intel Core (TM)

13-3-220 CPU

03.30 GHZ

Action processor cores : All

Intel Hyper threating Technology – Enable

Host Clock Frequency : 100 MHZ

Processor speed : 3.3GHZ

Memory Speed : 1333 MHZ

L2 cache Ram : 2x0.25 MB

L3 cache Ram : 3B

Memory : 8Gb

DIMML Memory : Net installed

Channel a slot .

DIMM 2 2 “ “ “ “

System Date :

System Time

Configuration

On board device

USB : Enabled

P3/2 port : Enabled

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Audio : Enabled

Front Panel : (A to Z )

LAN : Enabled

Nob Lock : Enabled

SATA DEVICES

( Hard disk & Dvd drives )

Chip set SATA controller configuration

Chip Set : Enable

Chip Set SATA Mode : (IDE) Install , Window , XP

(ACHCI ) Window 7 , above OS

SATA port (Seagate Desktop HDD ST1000DM003 1TB 64MB)

“ “ Not Installed

“ “ 4 “

“ “ 5 “

Boot Menu

Boot configuration

Boot Menu Type : Normal

Boot Menu Prop : Optical

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Removable Device

Networks

Hard drive Order

{ EPO –ST 1000WM 003 /LRI 162}

Any Pen Drive Name .

Optical Drive Order ( No Optical Drive )

Removable to Net Work : Enable

Boot USB Devices First : Disable

UEIP : Disable

LEGCY : Enable

OTHER MOTHER BOARD BIOS

For other Mother Board Settings

Restart your computer to go Bios setting

Standard CMOS setting

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IDE Channel O Mother ( None )

IDE Channel O Solve ( None )

SATA Channel 1 Mother ( None )

SATA Channel 1 Mother (None )

ADVANCED BIOS SETTINGS

CPU Features ( Press Enter )

Hard Disk ( Press Enter )

Virus Warning ( Disable )

CPU L1,L2 Cache ( Enable )

CPU L3 Cache ( Enable )

Quick power on settings (Enable )

First Boot Device ( CD ROM )

Second Boot Device ( Hard Disk )

3rd Boot Device ( Ls120)

Boot Other Device ( Enabled )

Press F10 to Save & Exit.

Cathode Ray Tube

CRT MONITOR

Sort for cathode monitors were the only choice consumer had for the monitor
technology for many years.
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Cathode ray tube technology has been used for more than 100 years and It is most
found in televisions and computer monitors .

A CRT work by moving on electron bheem back and fourth across the back of the
screen .

Each time the bheems makes a pass a across the screen . It lights up phosphor dots
on inside display glass tube there by illumining the active partitions of the screen .BY
drawing many such lines from the top of the bottom of the screen.

It creates the entries screen of the image .

LCD / Flat panel monitor short liquid crystal displays . use two sheet of polarizing
martial with a liquid crystal solutions between them.

An electrical current passed through the liquid crystal to again so that align them .

Each crystal there first them light pass through them through or blocking color LCD
Displays to use two between technology color passive matrix it is less expansive to
the technology .

The other technology called thin film transistors (TFT ) or achieve produces color
image that are as shape as traditional CRT technology is expansive .

POST

When power is turned on post is the diagnostic testing sequence that a

computers basics input / output system runs to determine if the computers
basics input / output systems runs to determine if the computer keyboard
random access memory disk drivers end hard ware as working correctly.
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Fat 32 :- The stranger terms refers two the way windows starts data on your
hard drive.

Fat Stands for file Allocation table which keeps track of all your file and laps the
computer locate them the disk.

Fat 32 supports up to 2 Terabyte of hard disk storage .

Fat 32 supports up to 2 Terabyte in size.

Note : Micro Soft Windows 2000 only Fat 32 partitions up to size of 23 GB .

Fat 32 Uses space More efficiency .

Fat 32 smaller cluster that is KB cluster for driver up to 8 G.B in size

Resulting in 10 to 15 percent more efficient use of disk space reveling to large

Fat Or Fat 16 drives .

Fat 32 is more robust . Fat 32 can relocate the boot folder and use the backup
copy of the file allocation table instead to the default copy . In additional to boot
record on Fat 32 drive is expand to include a backup copy of circuital data
structures .

Therefore .FAT 32 drivers are less suspecting to single point failure to existing .

Fat 32 drive .
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Fat 32 is more flexible the root folder on a fat drive is an ordinary cluster chain
so it down be located in any where on drive the previous limitation on the
number on the drive of the root folder on their no longer exist .

In additional file , allocation table marring can be disabled active .

These features the Fat 32 designed allows this capability it will not be implanted
by Micro Soft initial release .

SVGA

Super Video Graphics Array is a high resolution standard used to channel video
data to visual output device .

Usually a computer monitor this is actually a board umbrella term for other
computer display standards .

Definition Hard Disk Hard Drive

Definition A hard drive is a The thing Moring the storage media

storage device similar to a floppy drives .
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which platters
that are coated This help read right the data on the drive .
with a magnetic
martial.
What is it A storage The method with which the data is writer
device on to the drive .

Real world Hard disk or Hard drive are now available with hard
now available devices.
with hard drive

END
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