PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA FARIDKOT

CANTT
PHYSICS PROJECT FILE 2024-2025
TOPIC: TRANSFORMERS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS. VAISHALI GUPTA HARSHDEEP SINGH
CLASS: XII A
ROLL NO. 13649616
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HARSHDEEP

SINGH student of class XII, has
successfully prepared the report on
project entitled “TRANSFORMER”
under the guidance of MS. VAISHALI
GUPTA The report is the result of her
efforts and endeavours. The report is
found worthy of acceptance as final
project report for the subject Physics of
class XII.

Internal examiner External examiner

 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my teacher
MS. VAISHALI GUPTA who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
TRANSFORMERS, while working on
this project I came to know about so many
things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

HARSHDEEP SINGH
CLASS: XII
 INDEX

➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ PRINCIPLE
➢ CONSTRUCTION
➢ THEORY AND WORKING
➢ EFFICIENCY
➢ ENERGY LOSS
➢ USES
➢ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is one of the most common

devices found in electrical system that
links the circuits which are operating at
different voltages. These are commonly
used in applications where there is a need
of AC voltage conversion from one voltage
level to another.
It is possible either to decrease or increase
the voltage and currents by the use of
transformer in AC equipment or device or
load. Various applications use wide variety
of transformers including power,
instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized
into two types, namely, electronic
transformers and power transformers.
Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low
power levels. These are used in consumer
electronic equipment like televisions,
personal computers, CD/DVD players,
and other devices.
The term power transformer is referred to
the transformers with high power and
voltage ratings, these are extensively used
in power generation, transmission,
distribution and utility systems to increase
or decrease the voltage levels. However,
the operation involved in these two types
of transformers is same.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is based on the

principle of mutual induction, i.e.,
whenever the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an emf is
induced in the neighbouring coil
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of primary and

secondary coils insulated from each other,
wound on a soft iron core. To minimize
eddy current a laminated iron core is
used. The A.C. input is applied across the
primary coil. The continuously varying
current in the primary coil produces a
varying magnetic flux in the primary coil,
which in turn produces a varying magnetic
flux in the secondary.
Hence, an induced emf is produced across
the secondary.
Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the
primary and secondary coils and NP and
NS be the number of turns in the primary
and secondary coils respectively. Since
same flux links with the primary and
secondary, the emf induced per turn of the
two coils must be the same.
 THEORY AND WORKING
The working of the transformer is
explained below. The transformer consists
of two separate windings placed over the
laminated silicon steel core.

The winding to which A.C. supply is

connected is called primary winding and
to which load is connecting is secondary
winding. It works on the alternating
current only because an alternating flux is
required for mutual induction between the
two windings.
When the AC supply is given to primary
winding with a voltage v1, an alternating
flux sets up in the core of the
transformer, which links with the
secondary windings a result of it, an emf is
induced called Mutually induced emf. The
direction of the induced emf is opposite to
the applied voltage v1, this is because of
Lenz’s law.

Physically, there is no electrical

connection between the two windings, but
they are magnetically connected.
Therefore, the electrical power is
transferred from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit through mutual
inductance. The induced emf in the
primary and secondary coil depends upon
the rate of change of flux linkage
i.e., (Nd ϕ/dt).
d ϕ /dt is the change of flux and is same
for both the primary and secondary coils.
The induced emf in the primary winding is
directly proportional to the number of
turns of primary coil. Similarly, induced
emf in the secondary coil directly
proportional to the number of turns in the
secondary coil.
 TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY: -

As discussed above, the transformer

works on AC supply, and it cannot work
on DC supply. If the rated dc voltage is
applied across the primary coil, a constant
magnitude flux will set up in the core of
the transformer and hence there will be no
self-induced emf generation, and as for
the linkage of flux with the secondary coil
there must be alternating flux not a
constant flux.
 According to oHM’S LAw: -
PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED VOLTAGE
RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL

The resistance of the primary coil is very low,

and the primary current is high. So, this
current is much higher than the rated full
loaded primary coil current.
Hence, the amount of heat produced will be
greater and therefore eddy current loss will be
more because of this, the insulations of the
primary coil will get burnt, and the
transformer will be damaged.
Turn ratio: -
It is defined as the ratio of no. of turns in the
primary coil to that of the secondary coil.
Turn ratio= N1/N2
If N2>N1 the transformer is called step up
transformer.
If N2<N2 the transformer is called step down
transformer.
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of the transformer is defined
as the ratio of useful output power to the input
power. The input and output power are
measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in
Watts(W) or KW. Transformer efficiency
is denoted by η.
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
Even though transformers are very efficient
machines, they do result in small energy losses due
to four main causes:
The resistance of windings – the low
resistance copper cable used for the windings
remains resistant and thus leads to heat loss. In
order to minimize this loss thick wires with
considerably low resistance are used.
Leakage of flux – if the core design is not good
then the flux produced by the primary coil may not
all be connected to the secondary coil. This can be
reduced by considering the core of shell type.
Eddy currents loss- the varying magnetic field
not only induces secondary coil currents but also
iron core currents themselves. In the iron core,
these currents flow in small circles and are termed
as eddy currents. The eddy current loss can be
minimized by considering the laminated core.
Hysteresis- this is because of the repeated iron
core magnetization and demagnetisation induced
by the alternating input current .by using alloys
such as silicon steel, this can be reduced.
 UESES OF TRANSFORMER
Power transformers – these kinds of
transformers are used for high voltage power
transfer applications (more than 33 KV). they
are usually bigger in size and can occupy
larger space.
Distribution transformers- these types of
transformers are used to distribute the
generated power to distant locations.it is used
for distributing electricity at low voltage that
is less than 33 KV in industry or 220-440 V
for household purposes.
Measurement transformers- this kind of
uses of transformer helps in measuring
voltage, current and power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers
are classified into:
Indoor transformers – these are covered
with roofs and shelters just like the industry
types.
Outdoor transformers- these are mainly
kept outside and are used as distribution type
transformer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. www.wikipedia.com
II. www.vedantu.com
III. www.phy12.com
IV. www.slarora.com
V. www.sciencehub.com
VI. www.sciencevilla.com
VII. www.quora.com