BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

FOUNDATION
SYSTEM

MANGULABNAN, EARLIN ROICE S.

the structure's load to the foundation soil. The load is spread out

across a vast region by the foundation. As a result, the soil's

carrying capacity is not exceeded and the settlement of the

structure is kept within acceptable limits. The stability of the

structure is improved by laying a foundation. Its settlement

should be as consistent as possible and within acceptable

bounds.

T Y P E S O F

FOUNDATION SYSTEM
D E E P F O U N D A T I O N
It is one that is buried beneath the ground surface and transfers

structure loads to the soil. The depth to width ratio of such a

foundation is usually between four and five. The process of laying a

deep foundation is more difficult and expensive than laying a

shallow foundation. In poor soil conditions such as those found at

shallow depths, heavy design loads, and site constraints, on the

other hand, a deep foundation is regarded as the best solution.

DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION

The pile foundation is the most

prevalent type of deep foundation.

End-bearing files are pushed deep

into the earth to reach a layer of

solid bedrock, while surface area

friction is used to maintain a massive

amount of structural stability. It is

described as a thin column or long

cylinder composed of materials such

as concrete or steel that supports the

structure and transfers the load at a

chosen depth via end bearing or skin

friction.

BASEMENT FOUNDATION

It is made up of a whole structural

foundation wall that supports the

footing around the basement's

perimeter. To build current forms of

foundations for dwellings, these

foundations use concrete slabs and

crawl space. It is indeed comforting

to know that having a basement

foundation provides advantages.

One of these advantages is the

additional living space it can provide.

Another aspect is that basement

foundations are fire and extreme

weather-resistant.
HOLLOW BOX FOUNDATION

Hollow box foundations, also known

as buoyancy rafts or floating

foundations, are a type of deep

foundation utilized in the

construction of buildings on soft or

poor soils. Overburden is eliminated

as required by the design, and

superstructure loads are shifted to

the ground. This was known was

named as Buoyancy foundations after

the principle of a ship floating in

water, where the displaced water

balances the ship's weight.

S H A L L O W F O U N D A T I O N

A shallow foundation is defined as one with a depth of fewer than

five times the breadth of the foundation from the ground surface to

the bottom. Shallow foundations require sufficient surface area to

carry large loads to the base soil. As previously stated, we chose

shallow foundations when the soil carrying capability is appropriate.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

MAT FOUNDATION
A mat foundation, also known as a

raft foundation, is a wide continuous

rectangular or circular concrete slab

that bears the whole load of the

superstructure and distributes it

evenly throughout the entire area

beneath the building. It's a form of

shallow foundation that helps with

differential settlement stabilization.

It's a wise choice for low-bearing-

capacity soil, spread footings that

cover about 70% of the structure,

high structure loads, soft pockets, or

cavities in the soil to an unknown

extent raft.

STRIP FOUNDATION
Strip foundations, also known as strip

footings, are frequently utilized as

load-bearing wall foundations. The

footing is normally twice as wide as

the load-bearing wall, and it can

even be wider. The width and type of

reinforcement are determined by the

foundation soil's bearing capacity.

These are especially well-suited to

light structural loads, such as those

present in many low and medium-rise

residential structures, where mass

concrete strip foundations can be

utilized.
 T Y P E S O F

F O O T I N G S

S T E P P E D F OOT I N G
These sorts of footings were

used in the past, but they are

now obsolete. Footings are built

on top of one another as steps,

as the name suggests. Three

concrete cross-sections are

placed on top of one another to

create a set of steps. Step

foundations are another name

for this style of footing. In most

residential constructions,

stepped footing is usually used.

I S OL A T E D F OOT I N G

Isolated footings are footings

that are provided independently

under each column. In form,

they are commonly square,

rectangular, or round. Where

the soil bearing capacity is

normally high, isolated footings

are used, and they consist of a

thick slab that can be flat,

stepped, or inclined. When

compared to other types of

footings, this type is the most

cost-effective.
COMB I N E D F OOT I N G
Two columns are supported by a

combined footing, as indicated

in the diagram below. When two

columns are so close to each

other that their individual

footings would overlap, this

method is utilized. When the

property line is so close to one

column that a spread footing

would be eccentrically loaded if

kept totally within the property

line, a combined footing is

used.

CA N T I L E V E R F OOT I N G

IA cantilever footing is part of

the foundation of a building. It's

a sort of composite footing that

connects two or more column

footings with a concrete beam.

A strap beam is a name for this

type of beam. This is utilized to

help transfer the weight of

column footings that are either

heavily or eccentrically loaded

to adjacent footings. A

cantilever footing is basically a

connection between an

eccentrically laden column

footing near the property

boundary and an interior

column.
S L OP E D F OOT I N G
Sloped footings, also known as

trapezoidal footings are

carefully designed and built to

ensure that the 45-degree top

slope is maintained on all sides.

Concrete is used less in a

trapezoidal footing than in a

flat-footing. As a result, the

price of concrete footing and

reinforcement is reduced.

CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation is a process in which saturated soil is compressed

under constant and static pressure. This is also a natural process

in which the underground and other structures get compacted

as a result of the load being transferred to the soil through the

use of the foundation system.

T Y P E S O F

C O N S O L I D A T I O N
IMMEDIATE CONSOLIDATION
It generates immediate consolidation when a load is applied to soil that involves

a reduction in void space and restructuring of soil particles in response to the

load. Consolidation settlement occurs as a result of the volumetric change.

PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
Since the soil particles are essentially incompressible, this is generated by a

reduction in voids caused by the gradual squeezing out of water.

SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION
It is also known as creep settlement, and it comes under continual load and is

influenced by the stress history, the kind of soil, and the soil's anisotropy.