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3b.SQL Handson-Clauses

The document outlines SQL commands for managing an 'employee' table, including creating the table, altering it to add a salary column, and inserting employee records. It also explains the use of SQL clauses such as DISTINCT, ORDER BY, LIMIT, aggregate functions, GROUP BY, and HAVING, detailing how to retrieve and manipulate data effectively. Key concepts include filtering, sorting, and aggregating data, as well as the differences between WHERE and HAVING clauses.

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15 views3 pages

3b.SQL Handson-Clauses

The document outlines SQL commands for managing an 'employee' table, including creating the table, altering it to add a salary column, and inserting employee records. It also explains the use of SQL clauses such as DISTINCT, ORDER BY, LIMIT, aggregate functions, GROUP BY, and HAVING, detailing how to retrieve and manipulate data effectively. Key concepts include filtering, sorting, and aggregating data, as well as the differences between WHERE and HAVING clauses.

Uploaded by

gauthamarvndhh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Clauses:

Distinct, Order By, Limit, Aggregate functions, Group By, Having

> create table employee(id SERIAL primary key,


f_nm varchar(20) not null,
l_nm varchar(20) not null,
age int not null,
location varchar(20) not null default 'Hyderabad',
dept varchar(20) not null);

> alter table employee add salary real not null;

> select * from employee;

> insert into employee (f_nm, l_nm, age, dept, salary) values ('Ravi', 'Kiran', 25,
'HR', 30000.00);

> insert into employee (f_nm, l_nm, age, dept, salary) values
('Priya', 'Darshini', 28, 'HR', 32000.00),
('Mohan', 'Bhargav', 35, 'IT', 40000.00),
('Manoj', 'Bajpai', 40, 'IT', 45000.00);

> insert into employee (f_nm, l_nm, age, location, dept, salary) values
('Akhil', 'K', 26, 'Bangalore', 'IT', 42000.00),
('Raja', 'Roy', 35, 'Bangalore', 'IT', 60000.00),
('Shilpa', 'Sharma', 40, 'Chennai', 'IT', 44000.00);

> select * from employee;

DISTINCT - unique values, no repetition

> Select location from employee;

> select distinct location from employee;

> select distinct dept from employee;

> select count(distinct dept) from employee;

ORDER BY - Sort the Data, and arrange the data in a sequence, either in ascending
order (default) or in descending order (desc)

> select f_nm from employee;

> select f_nm from employee order by f_nm;

> select f_nm from employee order by f_nm desc;

> select f_nm from employee order by age;

> select f_nm from employee order by age desc;

> select * from employee order by age, salary; ---second level sort will happen
incase of a clash.
LIMIT - to put a limit on the number of records to be fetched (filter - eliminate
what is not required)

> select * from employee limit 3;

> select * from employee order by salary limit 3; - Bottom 3 employees by Salary

> select * from employee order by salary desc limit 3; - Top 3 employees by Salary

> select * from employee order by age limit 5;

> select * from employee order by age, salary limit 4;

> select id,f_nm,l_nm from employee order by id limit 1 offset 0; --- gives the
first record

> select id,f_nm,l_nm from employee order by id limit 3 offset 3; --- beginning in
the 4th place it will give 3 records.

___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS - Sum, Avg, Min, Max, Count, Count Distinct

To get the total number of records -


> select count(*) from employee;

From how many locations are people joining:


> select count(location) from employee;

From how many distinct locations are people joining:


> select count(distinct location) from employee;

To give an alias name to the column:


> select count(distinct location) as num_of_locations from employee;

To get the number of people above 30 years:


> select count(f_nm) from employee where age>30;

> select count(f_nm) from employee where age>25 and age <35;

Total salaries being paid to employees


> select sum(salary) from employee;

Average of the salaries being paid to the employees


> select avg(salary) from employee;

similarly, minimum and maximum also can be done.

Identify the youngest employee


> select min(age) from employee;

gives the minimum age, but to know who is the employee:


> select f_nm, l_nm from employee order by age limit 1;
GROUP BY and HAVING:

> select count(location) from employee;

> select count(distinct location) from employee;

> select location, count(*) from employee group by location; - number of employees
in each location

> select location, dept, count(*) from employee group by location, dept; - number
of employees in each location in each department

number of employees in each location in each department and above 30 years of age
-
> select location, dept, count(*) from employee group by location, dept where
age>30; ---> This command throws error

> select location, dept, count(*) from employee where age>30 group by location,
dept;

WHERE must be used before GROUP BY.


Here, we can use HAVING as "HAVING" works after the aggregation to work with the
aggregated data.

> select location, count(*) as total from employee group by location;

We need the list of locations with more than 1 employee -


> select location, count(*) as total from employee group by location having
count(*) > 1;

Number of people from each location-


> select location, count(*) from employee group by location ;

Number of people from Hyderabad -


> select location, count(*) from employee group by location where location =
'Hyderabad'; --- is wrong

> select location, count(*) from employee group by location having location =
'Hyderabad' ; --- is correct

this would put a computational load on the server, instead, we can do this -
> select location, count(*) from employee where location = 'Hyderabad' group by
location; --- check the run time
Where is used to filter the records before group by, and having is after group by
to work with aggregated data.

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