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Lecture Slides 02 026-IEEEfloats

The document discusses the representation of integer and floating-point numbers, focusing on the IEEE 754 floating-point standard established in 1985. It details the structure of floating-point representation, including sign, exponent, and significand, as well as normalization and special values like zero and NaN. The document also covers precision levels for single and double precision formats.

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6 views8 pages

Lecture Slides 02 026-IEEEfloats

The document discusses the representation of integer and floating-point numbers, focusing on the IEEE 754 floating-point standard established in 1985. It details the structure of floating-point representation, including sign, exponent, and significand, as well as normalization and special values like zero and NaN. The document also covers precision levels for single and double precision formats.

Uploaded by

yihuangece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Washington

Section 2: Integer & Floating Point Numbers


 Representation of integers: unsigned and signed
 Unsigned and signed integers in C
 Arithmetic and shifting
 Sign extension

 Background: fractional binary numbers


 IEEE floating-point standard
 Floating-point operations and rounding
 Floating-point in C

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

IEEE Floating Point


 Analogous to scientific notation
 Not 12000000 but 1.2 x 107; not 0.0000012 but 1.2 x 10-6
 (write in C code as: 1.2e7; 1.2e-6)
 IEEE Standard 754
 Established in 1985 as uniform standard for floating point arithmetic
Before that, many idiosyncratic formats
 Supported by all major CPUs today
 Driven by numerical concerns
 Standards for handling rounding, overflow, underflow
 Hard to make fast in hardware but numerically well-behaved

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

Floating Point Representation


 Numerical form:
V10 = (–1)s * M * 2E
 Sign bit s determines whether number is negative or positive
 Significand (mantissa) M normally a fractional value in range [1.0,2.0)
 Exponent E weights value by a (possibly negative) power of two

 Representation in memory:
 MSB s is sign bit s
 exp field encodes E (but is not equal to E)
 frac field encodes M (but is not equal to M)

s exp frac

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

Precisions
 Single precision: 32 bits
s exp frac
1 k=8 n=23

 Double precision: 64 bits


s exp frac
1 k=11 n=52

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

Normalization and Special Values


s
V = (–1) * M * 2
E s exp frac
k n
 “Normalized” means the mantissa M has the form 1.xxxxx
 0.011 x 25 and 1.1 x 23 represent the same number, but the latter
makes better use of the available bits
 Since we know the mantissa starts with a 1, we don't bother to store it

 How do we represent 0.0? Or special / undefined values like


1.0/0.0?

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

Normalization and Special Values


s
V = (–1) * M * 2
E s exp frac
k n
 “Normalized” means the mantissa M has the form 1.xxxxx
 0.011 x 25 and 1.1 x 23 represent the same number, but the latter
makes better use of the available bits
 Since we know the mantissa starts with a 1, we don't bother to store it

 Special values:
 The bit pattern 00...0 represents zero
 If exp == 11...1 and frac == 00...0, it represents 
 e.g. 1.0/0.0 = 1.0/0.0 = +, 1.0/0.0 = 1.0/0.0 = 
 If exp == 11...1 and frac != 00...0, it represents NaN: “Not a Number”
 Results from operations with undefined result,
e.g. sqrt(–1), ,*0

IEEE Floating Point Standard


University of Washington

Normalized Values
s
V = (–1) * M * 2
E s exp frac
k n
 Condition: exp  000…0 and exp  111…1
 Exponent coded as biased value: E = exp - Bias
 exp is an unsigned value ranging from 1 to 2k-2 (k == # bits in exp)
 Bias = 2k-1 - 1
Single precision: 127 (so exp: 1…254, E: -126…127)

 Double precision: 1023 (so exp: 1…2046, E: -1022…1023)
 These enable negative values for E, for representing very small values

 Significand coded with implied leading 1: M = 1.xxx…x2


 xxx…x: the n bits of frac
 Minimum when 000…0 (M = 1.0)
 Maximum when 111…1 (M = 2.0 – )
 Get extra leading bit for “free”
IEEE Floating Point Standard
University of Washington

Normalized Encoding Example


s
V = (–1) * M * 2
E s exp frac
k n
 Value: float f = 12345.0;
 1234510 = 110000001110012
= 1.10000001110012 x 213 (normalized form)
 Significand:
M = 1.10000001110012
frac = 100000011100100000000002

 Exponent: E = exp - Bias, so exp = E + Bias


E = 13
Bias = 127
exp = 140 = 100011002

 Result:
0 10001100 10000001110010000000000
s exp frac

IEEE Floating Point Standard

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