1

1 Bitumen is a fraction of petroleum.

Write an X on the diagram to show where bitumen is obtained.

lubricating fraction

[1]

[Total: 1]

2 Name a fuel that is a solid at room temperature.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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3 The structures of seven compounds, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H H H H O
S
C C C H C C C
O O
H H
H H H H H O H

E F G
H H H H H

H C C O H H C C C H O C O

H H H H H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents a compound that is the main constituent

of natural gas.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons which can be separated into fractions with different boiling
points.

Name the method used to separate these fractions.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Complete the table to show the name of some petroleum fractions.

name of fraction use of fraction

refinery gas

gasoline

waxes and polishes

[3]

[Total: 3]
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6 Complete the table to show the name and uses of some petroleum fractions.

name of fraction use of fraction

making chemicals

kerosene

fuel oil

[3]

[Total: 3]

7 Complete the table to show the name and uses of some petroleum fractions.

name of fraction use of fraction

naphtha

diesel oil (gas oil)

making roads

[3]

[Total: 3]

8 Ethanol, C2H5OH, belongs to the homologous series called alcohols.

(a) Write the general formula of alcohols.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why ethanol cannot be described as a hydrocarbon.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

9 The structure of but-2-ene is shown.

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H H H

H C C C C H

H H H

(a) But-2-ene reacts with aqueous bromine in an addition reaction.

Describe the colour change seen when but-2-ene is added to aqueous bromine.

from ..................................................................................................................................

to ....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State what is meant by the term addition reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and bromine.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) But-2-ene forms a polymer.

Suggest the name of the polymer formed from but-2-ene.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Name and draw a structural isomer of but-2-ene.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

structure

name ................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

10 Propanone belongs to a homologous series called ketones. Ketones have the same C=O group
as aldehydes but the C=O group is not at the end of the carbon chain. Propanone has the same
molecular formula as propanal, C3H6O.
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(a) What term is used to describe molecules with different structures but with the same molecular
formula?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest the structure of propanone, C3H6O. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

[Total: 3]

11 The structures of five alkenes, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C
H H H CH3 H CH2CH3

C C C C C C

H H H H H H

D E
H CH2CH2CH3 H CH2CH2CH2CH3

C C C C

H H H H

(a) What is the general formula of alkenes?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What is the molecular formula of alkene D?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Predict which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, has the highest boiling point.

Explain your answer.

alkene ...........................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(d) Which alkene, A, B, C, D or E, diffuses most quickly?

Explain your answer.

alkene ...........................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

12 Under certain conditions ethene can react with chlorine to produce chloroethene.

The structure of chloroethene is shown.

H H

C C

H Cl

(a) The equation for the chemical reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H3Cl + HCl

State the type of chemical reaction between ethene and chlorine that this equation shows.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Chloroethene monomers can be converted into a polymer called poly(chloroethene).

State the type of polymerisation that produces poly(chloroethene) from chloroethene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Draw a section of the poly(chloroethene) molecule made from two monomer molecules.

[2]

[Total: 4]

13 Compound P, CH3−CH3, undergoes a substitution reaction with chlorine.

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(a) What is meant by the term substitution reaction?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State a condition required for this reaction to occur.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

14 Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State the general formula of:

alkanes .............................................................................................................................

alkenes. ............................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

15 This question is about alkanes and petroleum fractions.

The table gives some information about alkanes.

number of carbon melting point boiling point

alkane
atoms in each molecule in °C in °C

methane 1 −182 −164

ethane 2 −183 −88

propane 3 −190 −42

butane 4 −135 0

Answer these questions using only information from the table.

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(a) Describe how the boiling points of the alkanes vary with the number of carbon atoms in each
molecule.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Which alkane has the lowest melting point?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Deduce the physical state of butane at –50 °C.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

16 Ethane can react with chlorine in a substitution reaction.

(a) State one essential reaction condition.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Draw the structure of the organic product formed by substitution of one of the hydrogen atoms
in ethane with chlorine. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) Name the product of the substitution reaction between ethane and chlorine that does not
contain carbon.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
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17 The structure of compound A is shown.

H H

H C C H

H H

Name the two products formed when compound A undergoes complete combustion.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

18 Two different alcohols can be produced from alkene B by an addition reaction.

B
H CH3

C C

H H

(a) Draw the structures of the two alcohols. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[2]

(b) State the reagent and conditions needed to produce an alcohol from alkene B.

reagent .............................................................................................................................

conditions .........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

19 Compound G has the structure shown.

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H H

C C

H H

(a) Compound G can be obtained by cracking petroleum fractions.

Describe what is meant by the term cracking.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Name the product of the reaction when compound G reacts with steam.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Many molecules of compound G can join together to form a compound with a very long chain.

Choose from the list the general name given to a compound that is formed by the addition of
many small units.

Draw a circle around the correct answer.

isomer monomer naphtha polymer

[1]

[Total: 4]

20 Ethene can be manufactured by cracking.

(a) Complete the sentence about cracking using words from the list.

atoms ions larger molecules reactive smaller

Cracking is the process of breaking down


........

. alkane

........



.. into

........

.. alkanes and alkenes. [2]

(b) State two conditions needed for cracking.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

21 Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is used to test for the presence of water.

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When this test is positive, hydrated copper(II) sulfate is formed.

(a) State the colour change seen during this test.

from ..................................................................................................................................

to ....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Complete the chemical equation to show the reaction that takes place.

CuSO4 + .................. → CuSO4•5H2O [1]

(c) State how hydrated copper(II) sulfate can be turned back into anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Describe a test for pure water.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

22 The diagram shows some of the stages in water treatment.

impure aeration mixing purified

filter
water tank tank water

air chlorine

(a) Air is blown through the aeration tank.

Name the two gases that make up most of the air.

................................................................... and ...................................................................

[2]

(b) After aeration, the water still contains large insoluble particles.

The filter is made up of fine sand and stones.

Explain how the filter helps purify the water.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(c) Explain why chlorine is used in water treatment.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

23 Three common pollutants in the air are carbon monoxide, the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, and
unburnt hydrocarbons. They are all emitted by motor vehicles.

(a) Describe how the oxides of nitrogen are formed.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these three pollutants.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) Other atmospheric pollutants are lead compounds from leaded petrol.
Explain why lead compounds are harmful.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]
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24 Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are both atmospheric pollutants.

● Give the sources of these gases.

● Describe the effects of these pollutants on the environment.

● Describe the effects of these pollutants on health.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

25 Two of the pollutants in air are oxides of nitrogen and lead compounds.

Name two other pollutants present in air.

State the source of each of these pollutants.

pollutant 1 ................................................................................................................................

source of pollutant 1 ................................................................................................................

pollutant 2 ................................................................................................................................

source of pollutant 2 ................................................................................................................ [4]

[Total: 4]

26 Plant growth is improved by the availability of essential elements, such as nitrogen, and by the soil
having a suitable pH.

Nitrogen-based fertilisers are made from ammonia. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.
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(a) Describe the Haber process giving reaction conditions and a balanced equation.
(Do not discuss reaction rate and yield.)

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]

(b) Fertilisers contain nitrogen.

Name the other two elements essential for plant growth commonly found in fertilisers.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

27 Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane are all atmospheric pollutants.

● Give the sources of these gases.

● Describe the effects that both carbon dioxide and methane have on the environment.

● State an adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]