Mechanical Engineering

Fundamentals
Vipan Bansal
Department of Mechanical Engineering
([email protected])
Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals
(MEC103)

L T P Cr

4 0 0 4
Content
1) Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics
2) Laws of Thermodynamics
3) Pressure and its Measurement
4) Heat Transfer
5) Power Absorbing Devices
6) Power Producing Devices
7) Principles of Design
8) Power Transmission Devices and Machine Elements
 Power Producing
Devices
Vipan Bansal
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lecture No. - 1
• Power Producing Devices
• Heat Engines & its Types
• Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Heat Engines
• Classification of Heat Engines
• Engine Components (Parts, Functions, Location & Material)
• Basic Terminology Used in IC Engines
 Heat Engines
• These are devices that convert heat or thermal energy to mechanical work, which
can then be used to do mechanical work by performing series of processes.

• Heat Engines requires working substance (liquid, solid or gas) in which energy can
be stored, released and absorbed as per machine requirement.
 Examples of Heat Engines
• Internal Combustion Engine

• Steam Engine

• Steam Turbine etc.

 Types of Heat Engines

• External Combustion Engines

• Internal Combustion Engines
 External Combustion Engines

The engine in which combustion of fuel takes place outside the working system
of heat engine.

Steam Engine, Steam Turbines are the examples of EC Engines, where the
steam is working substance generated in the boiler by the combustion of fuel.
 Internal Combustion Engines

The engine in which combustion of fuel takes place inside the working system
of heat engine.

Petrol Engine, Diesel Engine and Gas Engine are the examples of IC Engines.
Advantage of IC Engine over EC Engine
a) These are having low weight to power ratio.

b) Low maintenance cost.

c) IC engines are compact and efficient.

d) They do not need auxiliary equipment’s like boiler, furnace etc.

e) They are suitable for mobile applications.

f) Their thermal efficiency is higher than other heat engines

Disadvantage of IC Engine over EC Engine

a) Not suitable for large capacities.

b) Fuel used in IC engine is not economical.

 Applications of IC Engine
• Road Vehicles • Marine • Agricultural
• Car • Outboard/ • Tractors
Inboard
• Truck/Bus • Pump set
• Ship
• Scooter/Motor
• Domestic Use
cycle

• Locomotive • Power Generation • Lawnmowers

• Light Aircraft • Snow blowers

• Tools etc.
 Classification of IC Engine
The Internal combustion engines may be classified
Based on cycle of operations
on following bases:
• Otto Cycle Engine (Combustion at constant
Based on fuel used
Volume)
• Petrol Engine • Diesel Cycle Engine (Combustion at constant
• Diesel Engine Pressure)

• Gas Engine • Dual Cycle Engine (Combustion partly at

constant volume and partly at constant
Based on No. of strokes per cycle
pressure)
• Four Stroke Engine

• Two Stroke Engine

Based on type of ignition

• Spark Ignition Engine (S.I. Engine) • Three Cylinder Engine

• Compression Ignition Engine (C.I. • Four Cylinder Engine
Engine)
• Six Cylinder Engine
Based on the number of cylinders
• Eight Cylinder Engine
• Single Cylinder Engine (Like Scooters)
• Twelve Cylinder Engine
• Multi Cylinder Engine (Like Cars,
• Sixteen Cylinder Engine
Trucks etc.)

• Twin Cylinder Engine

Based on arrangement of cylinders Based on valve arrangement

• Horizontal Engine • F-head Engine

• Vertical Engine • I-head Engine
• Radial Engine • L-head Engine
• V Engine • T-head Engine
• W Engine

• Inline or Straight Engine

• Opposed Piston Engine

• Opposed Cylinder Engine

Based on the cooling system used Based on speed of engine

• Air Cooled Engine (In small engines like • Low Speed Engine
scooters and motorcycles)
• Medium Speed Engine
• Water Cooled Engine (In medium and • High Speed Engine
heavy engines like cars)
Based on fuel Injection
Based on the lubrication system used • Carburetor Engine
• Dry sump lubricated engine • Air Injection Engine
• Airless or Solid Injection Engine
• Wet sump lubricated Engine
Based on application

• Automobile Engine

• Aircraft Engine

• Locomotive Engine

• Marine Engine

• Agro Engine

• Stationary Engine
Engine Components
Location – Function - Material
Engine Components
Part Name Location Function Material
Engine It is considered as main It supports all other Cast Iron
Block body of IC engine. components of IC engine.
Part Location Function Material
Name

Cylinder Cylinders may be In this piston reciprocates Material should be such that it
machined directly in to develop power and it can retain high temperature
the engine block. has to withstand high and strength, good conductor
One side of cylinder is pressure (about 75 bar) of heat, resist wear and tear
covered with cylinder and temperature (about due to reciprocating parts.
head and other side 2500°c) because there is Generally, Cast Iron is used
open towards crank direct combustion inside (Usually cast in one piece).
case. it. For heavy duty alloy steels are
used.
Part Name Location Function Material

Cylinder Liner These are inserted into the For easy maintenance of Nickel Chrome Iron
engine cylinder. heavy engine blocks liners
are inserted into the engine
cylinder which can be
replaced when worn out.
Part Name Location Function Material

Cylinder It is secured to cylinder head It covers one end of Gray Cast Iron or
Head by means of studs. It contains cylinder and not to allow Aluminum Alloy
inlet valve, exhaust valve, the entry and exit of gases
spark plug (in Petrol Engine) on cover head valve
or injector (in Diesel Engine) engine. The cylinder head
and also and forms the
combustion chamber.
Part Name Location Function Material

Piston Piston is the heart of the engine. It The piston is used to Cast Iron, Cast Steel or
reciprocates inside the engine compress the mixture during Aluminum alloy
cylinder. compression stroke and
transmit the power to crank
through connecting rod.
Part Name Location Function Material

Piston Rings The circular rings which are mounted Compression rings provide the Cast Iron (Made by
in the grooves provided around the tight seal between piston and centrifugal casting)
circumference of the piston are cylinder walls thus prevents the
known as piston rings. These are of leakage of fuel air mixture.
two types: Oil control ring prevents the oil
Compression Rings (Mounted on to mix with the charge.
upper portion of piston)
Oil Control Rings (Mounted on lower
portion of piston)

In IC Engine piston have at-least two

compression rings and one oil ring.
Part Name Location Function Material

Gudgeon Pin It is a cylindrical pin (Made hollow It helps in pivoting the piston to Case Hardened Steel
or since it is reciprocating part) which small end of connecting rod thus
Piston Pin connects small end of connecting rod helps in transmitting power
or and bosses provided inside the from piston to connecting rod.
Wrist Pin piston.
Part Name Location Function Material

Connecting Rod It is located in between the piston It transmits the reciprocating Carbon Steel or Aluminum
(small end) and the crank shaft motion of the piston into rotary Alloy
(big end). motion of the crank shaft.
Part Name Location Function Material

Crank Pin Crank pin joins the big end of Transfer the power and motion Steel Alloy
connecting rod and crank shaft. to crankshaft comes from
connecting rod through piston.
Part Name Location Function Material

Crank Shaft Crankshaft is located in Crank shaft is the backbone of the engine. Forged Steel
crank case or in the main It receives the oscillation motion from the
body of the engine. It is connecting rod and gives it to main shaft as
connected to the axle of rotary motion.
wheels which moves as It also drives the camshaft which actuates the
crankshaft rotates. valve of the engine.
Part Name Location Function Material

Cam Shaft Camshaft is located in the engine. It Camshaft operated the engine Forged Steel
takes driving force from the valves and fuel pump (Petrol
crankshaft either through the chain engine). It rotates half the speed
drive or gear mechanism. of crankshaft.
Part Name Location Function Material

Valves Valves are fitted in the cylinder head Through inlet valve either air Inlet Valve: Nickel Chrome
either on the top or side. fuel mixture (Petrol Engine) or Alloy Steel
Inlet Valve only air (Diesel Engine) admitted
Inlet valve is fitted in inlet port and into the engine cylinder. Exhaust Valve: Silicrome
Exhaust Valve exhaust valve is fitted in exhaust Steel
port. Through exhaust valve burnt
gases escape out from the engine
cylinder.
Part Name Location Function Material

Gaskets Gasket is located between Its function is to prevent the Asbestos or Copper
cylinder head and cylinder block. leakage of any type. Sheet
Part Name Location Function Material

Flywheel Flywheel is mounted on the It is energy reservoir which Cast Iron

crankshaft normally at the rear end. stores the energy during power
stroke and delivers it during idle
stroke to keep the engine speed
uniform.
Basic Terminology Used in IC Engines
 Bore

The internal diameter of the cylinder is called as Bore and it is measured in millimeter (mm).
 Dead Centre
They extreme position occupied by the piston inside the cylinder at the end of its Stroke, where the
centre line of the Connecting Rod and Crank are in the same straight line is called as dead centre.

There are two dead centres:

• For Vertical Engines, these are known as Top Dead Centre (T.D.C) and Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C)
position.

• For Horizontal Engines, these are known as Inner Dead Centre (I.D.C) and Outer Dead Centre
(O.D.C) position.
Top Dead Centre

In Vertical Engines, the top most position of the Piston towards the cover end side of the
cylinder is known as Top Dead Centre.

Bottom Dead Centre

In Vertical Engines, the lower position of the Piston towards the Crank end side of the cylinder
is known as Bottom Dead Centre.
Stroke
It is the distance travelled by the Piston from one of its dead centre to the other dead centre. It
is equal to twice the crank radius and measured in millimeter (mm).
 Swept Volume
It is the volume swept by the piston when it moves from one dead centre to another dead centre positions. It is
also known as Piston Displacement. It is denoted by Vs. It is measured in cc (Cubic Centimeter).

For example: Vehicle has 4 cylinders: Each cylinder has a volume of 700cc: 700cc X 4 = 2800cc: 2800cc = 2.8
Litre

Vs = A x L = π d2 /4 X L

d = Internal diameter of cylinder in cm.

L = Stroke length in cm.

 Clearance Volume
It is the volume included between the piston and the cylinder head when the piston is at its T.D.C.
in vertical engines and I.D.C. in horizontal engines. The Clearance Volume is generally expressed
as percentages of Swept Volume. It is denoted by Vc. It is measured in cc (Cubic Centimeter).

Vc = π d2 /4 X a

d = Internal diameter of cylinder in cm,

a = Length between top position of piston at T.D.C. and bottom position of cylinder head in cm.
Total Cylinder Volume

The sum of swept volume and clearance volume is called total cylinder volume.

Total Cylinder Volume = Vs+ Vc

Compression Ratio

It is the ratio of the total Cylinder Volume to the Clearance Volume. It is denoted by ϒ.

ϒ = Vs+ Vc / Vc

For Petrol Engines the value of Compression Ratio is varies from 5:1 to 9:1 and for Diesel Engines varies from
14:1 To 22:1.
Piston Speed

It is the distance travelled by the Piston per unit time.

The piston Speed=2LN meter/min.

If the R.P.M. of Engine Shaft=N and length of Stroke=L meter.

Crank Throw

This is the distance between the centres of crankshaft and crank pin. The distance will be equal to half the
Stroke Length. It is also called crank radius.
Question

Give the location, function and material of following components:

Engine Block
Cylinder
Piston and Piston rings
Connecting rod
Crankshaft
Camshaft
Valves
Flywheel
Outcomes
• Power Producing Devices
• Heat Engines & its Types
• Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Heat Engines
• Classification of Heat Engines
• Engine Components (Parts, Functions, Location & Material)
• Basic Terminology Used in IC Engines
THANK YOU