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Power System Analysis Unit5

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21 views27 pages

Power System Analysis Unit5

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nanirekha187
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Tie line bias control

• The response curves in Fig. a indicate clearly


that some form of reset integral control must
be added to the two-area system.
• The persistent static frequency error is
intolerable in tie-line power flow—so-called
"inadvertent exchange"—would mean that
one area would have to support the other on
a steady-state basis. A basic guiding principle
in pool operation must be that each area, in
normal steady state, absorbs its own load.
• Various methods of reset integral control have
over the years been tried out—and
abandoned—for multiarea systems. For
example, in our two-area system we could
conceive of the arrangement that area 1 be
responsible for frequency reset and area 2
take care of the tie-line power. We would thus
arrange for the following area control errors:
• These ACE's would be fed via slow integrators on
to the respective speed changers. This
arrangement would work—but not too good.
Actually in the early days of pool operation one
area was designated to reset the system
frequency and the others would be responsible
for zeroing their own "net interchanges" . The
problem with this arrangement proved to be that
the central frequency controlling station tended
to regulate for everybody trying to absorb
everybody else's errors and offsets. As a result it
would swing wildly between its generating limits.
• As a result of the original work by Cohn4 a
control standard has developed. The control
strategy is termed "tie-line bias control" and is
based upon the principle that all operating
pool members must contribute their share to
frequency control in addition to taking care of
their own net interchange.
• Tie-Line Bias Control of Two-Area System
• In applying this reset control method to our
two-area system we would add the dashed
loops shown in the next Fig(b). The control
error for each area consists of a linear
combination of frequency and tie-line error:
• The constants KI1 and KI2 are integrator gains,
and the constants B1 and B2 are the frequency
bias parameters. The minus signs must be
included since each area should increase its
generation if either its frequency error or its
tie-line power increment is negative.
(b)
• Static System Response
• The chosen strategy will eliminate the steady-state frequency
and tie-line deviations for the following reasons.
• Following a step load change in either area, a new static
equilibrium, if such an equilibrium exists, can be achieved
only after the speed-changer commands have reached
constant values. But this evidently requires that both
integrands in Eq. (2) be zero; i.e.,
• The question what "best" value to choose for
the B parameters has been hotly debated.
Cohn has shown that choosing B = β (i.e., the
AFRC) produces satisfactory over-all
performance of the interconnected system.
The integrator gain constants KI1 and KI2 are
not critical -but they must be chosen small
enough not to stimulate the area generators
to " chase " load offsets of short duration.
• The actual effect on the frequency and tie-line
power graphs of the added tie-line bias
control is shown in Fig, (b) (dashed parts of
graphs). Following the immediate excursions
which are entirely determined by the primary
speed-governor loops of each area, the
secondary integrator loops of each area go
into action and reset both the frequency and
tie-line power back to original values.
• 9-4-10 Tie-Line Bias Control of Multiarea
Systems
• In reality a control area is interconnected not
with one tie-line to one neighboring area but
with several tie-lines to neighboring control
areas, all part of the overall power pool. Consider
the ith control area. Its net interchange equals
the sum of the megawatts on all ‘m’ outgoing tie-
lines. As the area control error ACEi. ought to be
reflective of the total exchange of power it should
thus be chosen of the form
• Typically, the reset control is implemented by
sampled-data technique; At sampling intervals of,
say, one second, all tie-line power data are fed
into the central energy control center where they
are added and compared with predetermined
contracted interchange megawatts. In this way is
obtained the sum-error of Eq. (5). This error is
added to the biased frequency error and the ACE
results. The ACE is communicated with all area
generators that are participating in the secondary
ALFC. If optimum dispatch is employed, a tertiary.
slower "OD loop" is added.
Automatic voltage regulator of
Generator
• It basically consists of a main exciter which
excites the alternator field to control the output
voltage. The exciter field is automatically
controlled through error e = Vref — VT , suitably
amplified through voltage and power amplifiers.
It is a type-0 system which requires a constant
error ‘e’ for a specified voltage at generator
terminals. The block diagram of the system is
given in Fig. below. The function of important
components and their transfer functions is given
below:
• Potential transformer: It gives a sample of
terminal voltage VT.
• Differencing device: It gives the actuating error
e = Vref – VT
• The error initiates the corrective action of
adjusting the alternator excitation. Error wave
form is suppressed carrier modulated, the carrier
frequency being the system frequency of 50 Hz.
• Error amplifier: It demodulates and amplifies the
error signal. Its gain is Ka.
• SCR power amplifier and exciter field: It
provides the necessary power amplification to
the signal for controlling the exciter field.
Assuming the amplifier time constant to be
small enough to be neglected, the overall
transfer function of these two is

where Tef is the exciter field time constant.


• Alternator: Its field is excited by the main exciter
voltage vE. Under no load it produces a voltage
proportional to field current. The no load transfer
function is

• where
• Tgf = generator field time constant.
• The load causes a voltage drop which is a
complex function of direct and quadrature axis
currents. The effect is only schematically
represented by block GL.
• Stabilizing transformer: Tef and Tgf are large
enough time constants to impair the system's
dynamic response. It is well known that the
dynamic response of a control system can be
improved by the internal derivative feedback
loop. The derivative feedback in this system is
provided by means of a stabilizing transformer
excited by the exciter output voltage vE. The
output of the stabilizing transformer is fed
negatively at the input terminals of the SCR
power amplifier. The transfer function of the
stabilizing transformer is derived below.
• Since the secondary is connected at the input
terminals of an amplifier, it can be assumed to
draw zero current. Now

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