Reinforced Concrete Design II

Abu Dhabi University

ACI 318-2019 Dr. Nader Okasha

Chapter 2
Columns Design
 Part 1
Introduction
Column slenderness
Columns can be classified as

1- Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the dimensions of the cross section

2- Slender Columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.

Loading type
Columns can be classified as

1-Concentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to axial force only

2-Eccentrically loaded columns, which are subjected to moment in addition to
the axial force; or subjected to axial loads with eccentricity.
 P P P
My=Pex
ex
x x

y y

=
Column under Uniaxial Bending
Concentric Column Eccentric Column Beam Column
P M =Pe
P x y
M ex My=Pex
ey
x x

y y

=
Eccentric Column Column under Biaxial Bending
Beam
Beam Column
The concept of eccentricity

Eccentricity: is the distance over the column cross section

from the location of the load resultant (point of application) to
the plastic centroid of the column.
The plastic centroid
The plastic centroid is the location of the resultant force produced by the steel and the
concrete.

It is the point in the column cross section through which the resultant load must pass to
produce uniform strain at failure.

If the applied load does not pass through the plastic centroid, it will create a bending
effect as well as compression. The moment created will be equal to the product of the
axial force times the distance between the force and the plastic centroid.

For locating the plastic centroid, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in compression to
0.85f’c and all steel to fy.

For symmetrical sections, the plastic centroid Cs1

coincides with the centroid of the section.
For nonsymmetrical sections, the plastic
centroid is determined by taking moments P.C Pn
Cc
about an arbitrary axis.
Z
Z =
∑ zF Cs2

Pn
Example 1
Locate the plastic centroid of the cross section.
The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 25 MPa.

Solution
1- Calculate the compression forces:
= =
Cc 0.85 f c′bh 0.85(25)(300)(900)
= 5737 kN
Cs1 =As1 ( f y − 0.85 f c′) =1500(420 − 0.85(25)) =598 kN
Cs 2 = As 2 ( f y − 0.85 f c′) =400(420 − 0.85(25)) =160 kN
Pn =Cc + Cs1 + Cs 2 =5373 + 598 + 160 =6495 kN
0.003 0.85fc’
50 mm Cs2
fy
400 mm2
0.9 m

Cc
Pn
1500 mm2 fy Cs1 Z
50 mm

0.30 m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution

2- Calculate the plastic centroid location:

=Z
∑
=
zF 5737(900 / 2) + 598(50) + 160(900 − 50)
= 423 mm
Pn 6495

0.003 0.85fc’
50 mm Cs2
fy
400 mm2
0.9 m

Cc
Pn
1500 mm2 fy Cs1 Z
50 mm

0.30 m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Accidental eccentricity:
Small variations in a cross section produced due to voids,
honeycombing, misalignment of reinforcement and crookedness of
forms produce variations in the position of the plastic centroid and
contribute to the eccentricity of the axial load. Therefore, columns are
always designed for at least a minimum value of moment as well as for
axial load even when the loading conditions indicate that the column
will be subjected to only axial load.

Design Construction
 Moment Resisting Frame

Building Frame System

Cantilever Shear-Wall
 Sources of bending moments in columns:

(1)
End restraints resulting from monolithic
action between floor beams and columns.
Moments due to gravity loads.

(2)

Moments due to rotation of joints in

monolithic construction.

11
 Sources of bending moments in columns:

(3)
Moments due to lateral loading such as wind
or earthquake loads.

12
 Sources of bending moments in columns:

(4) Moments due to loads from eccentric

loading such as loads acting on
corbels.

(5)
Moments due to eccentricity in asymmetry in
column cross section.

13
Interior v.s. exterior columns
If beams framing into an interior column are similar in span and carry approximately the
same load (the usual case), the end moments applied to each side of the joint are
approximately equal and largely balance each other, resulting in a small net unbalanced
moment applied to the columns. This moment is distributed to the columns above an
below the joint in proportion to the bending stiffness of the columns.

At exterior joints, beams frame into one side of a column only; therefore, the total beam
moment is applied to the column framing into the joint. As a result, exterior columns
must be designed for higher moments and lower axial loads than interior columns.
 Column sections and reinforcement in multistory buildings

At any level, the axial load in a column is approximately proportional to

the number of floors that lie above the column; therefore, columns in
the upper stories, carrying the lightest axial loads, can be smaller in
cross section or more lightly reinforced than those in the lower stories.

In some projects, the cross section of a column is held constant

throughout the height of a building to simplify formwork, and the
percentage of reinforcement and the strength of the concrete is increased
in the lower floors.

15
 Primary v.s. secondary moments

16
 Define sway & non- sway frame
A non-sway (braced) frame: is a structural frame whose joints are restrained
against lateral displacement by attachment to rigid elements or bracing.

A sway (un-braced) frame: is a structural frame that is not attached to an

effective bracing element, but depends on the bending stiffness of the columns
and girders to provide resistance to the lateral displacement.

17
 Define sway & non- sway frame
Stability index

Q
Secondary moment
=
∑P ∆ u o
ACI 6.6.4.4.1
Primary moment V u lc
Q ≤ 0.05 ⇒ Non-sway (braced)
Q > 0.05 ⇒ Sway (unbraced)

18
 Define sway & non- sway frame
Example 2:

∆ o =0.8 cm
3m

Solution:

Q
∑
=
P∆u o (200 + 300 + 180)0.8
= 0.07
V u lc (8 + 12 + 6)300
 Short v.s. long (slender) columns
It is not the absolute length of the member that categorizes a column as
long but the member’s flexibility, which is a function of its length,
thickness and end restraint.

A short column will exhibit very small bending deformations because of

its large bending stiffness. The resulting secondary moment will be very
small and can be neglected.

If the secondary moment is less than %5 of the primary moment, the

column is classified as short.

20
Buckling: loss of stability
Buckling can be defined as the
sudden large lateral deformation
(bending like) of a structure due to
a slight increase of a compressive
load under which the structure had
exhibited little, if any, deformation
before the load was increased.
Buckling of a column is not caused by
failure of the material of which the column
is composed, but by determination of what
was a stable state of equilibrium to an
unstable one.
21
Buckling of perfect columns
Column Theory: Euler Buckling Formula
■ Critical Buckling Load, Pcr
The critical buckling load (Euler Buckling)
for a long column is given by

where
E = modulus of elasticity of the material
I = moment of inertia of the cross section
L = length of column
Buckling of perfect columns
Buckling of perfect columns
Column Theory: Euler Buckling

• Material is elastic
Buckling of reinforced concrete columns
 Buckling of reinforced concrete columns

Columns are categorized into short or slender (long) according to their slenderness ratio:

26
 Part 2
Classification of short and slender columns
Influence of boundary conditions

The Effective Length Concept

Definition:
The effective length (KL) of a column is defined as the
distance between successive inflection points or
points of zero moment.

Fe
Influence of boundary conditions
The equation for the Euler buckling load was derived for a pin-ended column.
The ends of real columns are restrained against rotation by their supports and
thus bending moments develop.

In such cases, the buckling equation can still be used if the length is substituted
by the effective length of the column. The effective length is some proportion of
the actual column.
30
Influence of boundary conditions
Influence of boundary conditions

The ends of real columns are neither hinged nor fixed. Girders provide some
resistance to the rotation of the column. The end restraint lies between the
hinged and fixed conditions. The actual k value can be estimated from the
Jackson and Moreland alignment charts.
K –Factor calculation

Ic Lc
The rotational stiffness ratio: Ig Lg Ig Lg

Ψ=
∑ EI c c / Lc A
Ic Lc

∑E I g g / Lg
B

ACI 6.2.5.1

ACI 6.6.3.1.1
 K –Factor calculation
Special end conditions:

if end is pinned Ψ = ∞
if end is fixed Ψ =0

34
K –Factor calculation
ACI 6.2.5.1
Alignment Charts
 K –Factor calculation
ACI 6.2.5.1
Special end conditions:

For columns in nonsway frames, the effective length factor k is

permitted to be taken as 1.0.

Note:
According to the above, you may start your analysis of a
column in a nonsway frame by assuming k = 1.0. If the column
is found to be long, you should find k from the alignment chart.

36
The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Column

Classification of short vs. long: ACI 6.2.5.1

(The column is short if):

Sway frames:

Nonsway frames:
 The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Column

Classification of short vs. long: ACI 6.2.5.1

lu = unsupported length of member  clear distance between floor slabs,

beams, or other members capable of providing lateral support.

ACI 6.2.5.2

r = radius of gyration associated with axis about which bending is

occurring.
r = 0.30 h for rectangular cross sections
r = 0.25 D for circular sections
(h = column dimension in the direction of bending)

38
The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Column

Classification of short vs. long: ACI 6.2.5.1

M1 = smaller factored end moment on the column, positive if member is

bent in single curvature, negative if bent in double curvature.
M2 = larger factored end moment on the column.

M1 M1
<0 >0
M2 M2
Negative Positive

Single curvature Double curvature

 Example 3
The frame shown in the figure consists of members with rectangular cross sections,
made of the same concrete. Considering bending in the plane of the figure, categorize
column bc as long or short if the frame is:
a) Nonsway
b) Sway
270 kN.m 0.6x0.3
e
c

0.3x0.35
d 0.35
4.0 m

0.3

f 0.6x0.3
b g
400 kN.m

0.3x0.4
4.5 m

0.4
0.3

9.0 m 7.5 m

40
Solution

a- Nonsway
For a column to be short,
k lu M
≤ 34 + 12 1
r M2
lu = 4 – 0.3 – 0.3=3.40 m
k is conservatively taken as 1.0
270 kN.m
k lu 1(3.4)
= = 32.38
r 0.3(0.35)
M1  270 
34 + 12 =+
34 12  =42.1
M2  400 
400 kN.m
k lu
∴⇒= 32.38 < min {42.1,=40} 40
r Double curvature
The column is classified as being short

Note: If the columns was found to be long based on this conservative

assumption, calculate the actual value of k and check again.
 Solution

b- Sway
d e
For a column to be short,

k lu
≤ 22 f
r g

 (0.3)(0.4)3 
I ab =
0.7   0.00112 m
4

 12 
 (0.3)(0.35)3 
I bc =
0.7   0.00075 m 4

 12 
 (0.3)(0.6)3 
I=
cd I=
ce I=
bf I=
bg 0.35  = 0.00189 m 4

 12 

42
 d e
Solution
b- Sway

f
I ab = 0.00112 m 4 g

I bc = 0.00075 m 4
I=
cd I=
ce I=
bf = 0.00189 m 4
I bg

0.00075
Ψc
∑=Ec I c / Lc 4
= 0.406
∑ Eg I g / Lg 0.00189 + 0.00189
9 7.5

0.00075 0.00112
+
=Ψb
∑=
Ec I c / Lc 4 = 4.5 0.945
∑ Eg I g / Lg 0.00189 + 0.00189
9 7.5
 Ψ c =0.406
Solution Ψb =0.945
Solution

Using the appropriate alignment chart, k = 1.21, and

k lu 1.21(3.4)
= = 39.18 > 22
r 0.3 (0.35)

 column is classified as being slender (long).

 Part 3
Strain Compatibility
Strain-compatibility
P P
M M

Column Beam Beam Column

Strain-compatibility

•Every pair of moment M and axial load P values causes a unique strain
distribution over a reinforced concrete section.

•The section fails if the strain in the extreme concrete fiber reaches 0.003.

•The compression zone is assumed to have a uniform stress of 0.85fc’ over

a depth of a=β1c.

0.003 0.85fc’
d’ c a Cc
εs’
As’ C’s

As fs
d εs
b
Strain Stress
Cross section distribution distribution
Strain-compatibility

•The strain in the steel may exceed the yield

strain but the stress has a maximum value of fy.

•Knowing the strain distribution, one can back

calculate the P and M values that caused this
strain distribution.

0.003 0.85fc’
d’ c a Cc
εs’
As’ C’s

As fs
d εs
b
Strain Stress
Cross section distribution distribution
Strain-compatibility

•The problem of strain compatibility may be used for one of the following
purposes:

1- Determine the P and M values that cause a known strain distribution at failure.
A strain distribution at failure can be defined by knowing the strain in the steel or
the depth of the neutral axis. For each value of strain or NA depth, a pair of P and
M exists and can be calculated.

2- Determine the value of M at failure if a known value of P is applied

- Special cases: If P=0 
* Use the singly reinforced analysis if the section is singly reinforced.
* Use the doubly reinforced analysis if the section is doubly reinforced.

3- Determine the value of P at failure if a known value of M is applied

- Special case:
If M=0 use the axial load capacity equation for the concentric column.
 Strain-compatibility

In sum: the strain compatibility can be used to:

1- Determine the P and M values that cause a known strain distribution at

failure.

2- Determine the value of M at failure if a known value of P is applied.

3- Determine the value of P at failure if a known value of M is applied.

51
Determine the P and M values that cause a known strain
distribution at failure

Example 4
For the column cross section shown in the figure, determine the nominal axial
force Pn and nominal bending moment Mn that produce the strain distribution at
failure shown. The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 25 MPa.

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs’
4Φ20
εs’ f ’s
Mn

a
Cc
c
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20

εs =0.001 fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
1- Find the depth of the neutral axis:
d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 20 / 2 = 440 mm
d ′ = 40 + 10 + 20 / 2 = 60 mm
c  440-c 
= 
0.003  0.001 
⇒ 0.001
=c 440(0.003) − 0.003(c)
c(0.001 + 0.003) =
440(0.003)
 440(0.003) 
c=  330mm
 0.001 + 0.003 
=a β=1c 0.85(330) = 281 mm
0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs’
4Φ20
εs’ f ’s
Mn

a
Cc
c
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20

εs =0.001 fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
2- Find the strain and stress in the steel:
εs ' 0.003
=
c−d' c
c −d '  330 − 60 
⇒ εs ' 
= =  0.003  =  0.003 0.0025
 c   330 
⇒ f= s ' min( f y , ε s ' Es=
) min(420, 0.0025 × 2 × 10=
5
500=
) 420 MPa

ε s 0.001 ⇒ =
= f s min( f y , ε s E=
s ) min(420, 0.001 × 2 ×= =
105 200 ) 200 MPa

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs’
4Φ20
εs’ f ’s
Mn

a
Cc
c
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20

εs =0.001 fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
 Solution

3- Find the forces in the steel and concrete:

= =
Cc 0.85f c ' ab 0.85 ( 25 )( 281
= )( 300 ) 1788 kN
=T f=
s As = 251kN
200(1257)
C′s = 1257(420 − 0.85 ( 25 )) =
A s′ (f s − 0.85f c ') = 501kN

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs’
4Φ20
εs’ f ’s
Mn

a
Cc
c
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20

εs =0.001 fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
4- Find Pn and M n :
∑ F = 0 →P n +T − C c − C s ' = 0
Pn = C c + C s ' −T = 1788 + 501 − 251 = 2038 kN
h a h   h
∑ M = 0 →M n =C c  −
 2 2
 + C s 
'
2
− d ' 

+ T 

d −
2


 0.5 0.281   0.5   0.5 

= 1788  −  + 501  − 0.06  + 251  0.44 − =  352 kN .m
 2 2   2   2 

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs’
4Φ20
εs’ f ’s
Mn

a
Cc
c
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20

εs =0.001 fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Determine the P and M values that cause a known strain
distribution at failure

Example 5
For the column cross section shown in the figure, determine the nominal axial
force Pn and nominal bending moment Mn that produce the strain distribution at
failure shown, where the tension steel yields and the concrete crushes
simultaneously (balanced failure). The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa,
and fc' = 25 MPa.

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20
εy =0.0021 fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
1- Find the depth of the neutral axis:
d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 20 / 2 = 440 mm
d ′ = 40 + 10 + 20 / 2 = 60 mm
c  440-c 
= 
0.003  0.0021 
⇒ 0.0021c= 440(0.003) − 0.003(c)
c(0.0021 + 0.003) =440(0.003)
 440(0.003) 
c =  259mm
 0.0021 + 0.003 
a = β1 c 0.85(259)
= = 220mm
0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20
εy =0.0021 fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
2- Find the strain and stress in the steel:
εs ' 0.003
=
c−d' c
c −d '  259 − 60 
⇒ εs ' 
= =  0.003  =  0.003 0.0023
 c   259 
⇒ f= s ' min( f y , ε s ' E=
s ) min(420, 0.0023 × 2 × 10=
5
460=
) 420 MPa

ε=
s f s min( f y , ε s E=
0.0021 ⇒ = s ) min(420, 0.0021 × 2 × 105 = 420 ) = 420 MPa

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20
εy =0.0021 fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
 Solution

3- Find the forces in the steel and concrete:

= =
Cc 0.85 f c ' a b 0.85 ( 25 )( 220
= )( 300 ) 1403 kN
=
T f=
s As = 528kN
420(1257)
Cs′ =As′ ( f s − 0.85f c ') =1257(420 − 0.85 ( 25 )) =501kN

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20
εy =0.0021 fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
4- Find Pn and M n :
∑ F = 0 →P n +T − C c − C s ' = 0
Pn = C c + C s ' −T = 1403 + 501 − 528 = 1376 kN
h a h   h
∑M =0 →M n =C c  −  + C s '  − d '  +T  d − 
 2 2 2   2
 0.5 0.22   0.5   0.5 
= 1403  −  + 501  − 0.06  + 528  0.44 − =  407 kN .m
 2 2   2   2 

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

d Pn

4Φ20
εy =0.0021 fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Determine the value of M at failure if a known value of P is
applied for a general section

Example 6
For the column cross section shown in the figure, there is no axial load acting on
the section. The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 25 MPa. Determine
the nominal bending moment Mn using:
(a) Strain compatibility
(b) Beam analysis considering the compression steel (only works for P=0)
(c) Beam analysis ignoring the compression steel (only works for P=0)
0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
(a) Strain compatibility:
1- Prepare equations for strain, stress and force in terms of c:
d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 20 / 2 = 440 mm
d ′ = 40 + 10 + 20 / 2 = 60 mm
Tension steel
d −c
εs =   0.003
 c 
f s = min( f y , ε s Es )
T = f s As
0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
1- Prepare equations for strain, stress and force in terms of c:
Compression steel
c −d '
εs ' =   0.003
 c 
f s′ = min( f y , ε s′ Es )
Cs = f s′As
Concrete
= =
Cc 0.85 =
f c ' a b 0.85f c ' β1cb 0.85 ( 25 ) 0.85 ( 300 ) c

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
 Solution
2- Try a value of c:
Try c=100mm
d −c  440 − 100 
=ε s =  0.003   0.003=0.0102
 c   100 
=f s min( f y , ε s E=
s ) min(420, 0.0102 × 2 × 10
= 5
2040)
= 420 MPa
T =f s As =420 × 1257 =528kN
 c −d '  100 − 60 
=ε s ' =  0.003   0.003=0.0012
 c   100 
f s′ = min(
= f y , ε s′ Es ) min(420, 0.0012
= × 2 × 105 ) 240 MPa
Cs =f s′As =240 × 1257 =302kN
= =
Cc 0.85 =
f c ' a b 0.85f c ' β1cb 0.85 ( 25 ) 0.85 (=
300 )100 542kN

65
Solution

3- Check equlibrium:
∑ F =T − C c − Cs =528 − 302 − 542 =−316kN ≠ P =0
Must increase T ⇒ must increase ε s ⇒ reduce c
Try c =80 mm and repeat.....

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
 Solution

c εs fs T εs ' fs' C's Cc Sum( F)

100 0.0102 420 528 0.0012 240 302 542 316-
80 0.0135 420 528 0.0008 150 189 434 94-
70 0.0159 420 528 0.0004 86 108 379 41
73 0.0151 420 528 0.0005 107 134 396 1.94-
72.9 0.0151 420 528 0.0005 106 133 395 0.55-

c =72.9 mm
=a β= 1c = 62 mm
0.85(72.9)

67
Solution

4- Calculate M n :
 a
∑ M = 0 → M n =C c 

d −
2
 + C s ' (d − d ' )

 0.062 
= 395  0.44 −  + 133 ( 0.44 − 0.06 =) 212 kN .m
 2 

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
(b) Beam analysis considering the compression steel:

1- Find c:
A= 0.85 f c′β1bc 2 = 0.85 × 25 × 0.85 × 300= 5418.75
B 0.003 As′ Es − As =
= f y 0.003 × 1257 × 2 × 105 − 1257 × 420
= 226260
C 0.003 As′ d ′E
= = s 0.003 × 1257 × 60 × 2 × =
10 5
45252000
− B + B 2 + 4 AC −226260 + 2262602 + 4 × 5418.75 × 45252000
c = = 72.86 mm
2A 2 × 5418.75
2- Find section forces:
d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 20 / 2 = 440 mm
d ′ = 40 + 10 + 20 / 2 = 60 mm
Tension steel
d −c  440 − 72.86 
εs =  0.003  =  0.003 0.0151
 c   72.86 
fs =
min( f y , ε s Es ) min(420, 0.0151 = × 2 × 105 ) min(420,3023)
= 420 MPa
=
T f s=
As 420 × 1257 = 527.9 kN
Solution
Compression steel
c −d '  72.86 − 60 
ε s ' =  0.003  =  0.003 0.00053
c   72.86 
f s′ =
min( f y , ε s′ Es ) min(420, 0.00053 =× 2 × 105 ) min(420,105.9)
= 105.9 MPa
Cs = f s′As = 105.9 × 1257 = 133.1 kN

Concrete
=
Cc 0.85 =
f c ' a b 0.85f c ' β1cb 0.85 × 25 × 0.85 × 72.86 × 300 =
394.8 kN

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fs T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
3- Calculate M n :
=a β=
1c = 61.9 mm
0.85(72.86)
 a
∑ M = 0 → M n = C c 

d −
2
 + Cs ' ( d − d ' )

 0.0619 
= 394.8  0.44 −  + 133.1( 0.44 − 0.0619= ) 211.8 kN .m
 2 

0.003 0.85fc’
d' εs’ Cs’
f ’s

a
C

4Φ20 Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution
(c) Beam analysis ignoring the compression steel:
1) d = 500 − 40 − 10 − 20 / 2 = 440 mm
As f y 1257 × 420
=
2) a = = 82.914 mm
0.85 f c′b 0.85 × 25 × 300
 a
M d φ=
3) = M n φ As f y  d − 
 2
 82.914 
=0.9 × 1257 × 420  460 −  =199 × 10 N.mm = 199 kN.m
6

 2 

0.003 0.85fc’

f ’s

a
C

Mn
Cc
0.5 m

4Φ20
εs fy T
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Determine the value of P at failure if M = 0 for a general section.

Example 7
For the column cross section shown in the figure, determine using strain
compatibility the nominal axial load Pn if there is no bending moment acting on
the section. The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 25 MPa.

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs
4Φ20 fy
0.5 m

d Pn
Cc
4Φ20

fy Cs
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
Solution

=
Pn 0.85f c '(A g − A st ) + f y A st
=Pn 0.85 ( 25 ) [300 × 500 − 2513] + 420 ( 2513)
Pn = 4190 kN

0.003 0.85fc’
d' Cs
4Φ20 fy
0.5 m

d Pn
Cc
4Φ20

fy Cs
Φ10@200 0.30m
Strain Stress Force
Cross section distribution distribution distribution
 Part 4
Interaction diagrams
Interaction diagrams
60

4Φ20
From the previous four examples, the

0.5 m
shown cross section was found to fail
4Φ20
in the conditions and under the applied
60
Pn and Mn pairs shown in the table:
0.30m

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Strain 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
distribution εs’ εs’

εs =0.001 εy =0.0021 εs > 0.0021

Pn (kN) 2038 1376 0 4190
Mn (kN.m) 352 407 212 0
Interaction diagrams
60

4Φ20

0.5 m
Case 1: The section failed (the strain 4Φ20
in the concrete reached 0.003) when 60
the strain in the steel reached 0.001.
0.30m

Case 2: The section failed (the strain in the concrete reached 0.003) when the
strain in the steel reached the yield strain. In other words, the concrete and steel
failed simultaneously. This condition is called balanced failure. The
corresponding loads are called balanced axial load Pb and balanced moment Mb.

Case 3: No axial load is applied to the section. The section failed when the
strain in the concrete reached 0.003. The strain in the steel was unknown.

Case4: No bending moment is applied to the section. The section failed when
the strain in the entire section reached 0.003.
 Interaction diagrams
60

4Φ20

0.5 m
The pairs of moment and axial load
found for the section can be plot 4Φ20
together. The obtained curve is called 60
the interaction diagram of the section.
0.30m

Fail region
(0,4190)

(352, 2038)
Case 4
Case 2
Pn Case 1
(407, 1376)
Safe region
(212, 0)

79 Mn Case 3
 Interaction diagrams
60

The interaction diagram represents all 4Φ20

0.5 m
possible combinations of axial load and
moment that produce failure of the 4Φ20
given section. 60
Any combination of Pn and Mn outside 0.30m
the envelope will cause failure and
inside will not.

Fail region
(0,4190)

(352, 2038)
Case 4
Case 2
Pn Case 1
(407, 1376)
Safe region
(212, 0)

80 Mn Case 3
 Interaction diagrams
60

By holding the eccentricity, e, constant and 4Φ20

0.5 m
increasing the axial load from zero to its
ultimate value, a straight line starting from 4Φ20
the origin with slope Pn/Mn = 1/e is 60
obtained. This line shows all combinations
0.30m
of P and M for this eccentricity.

(0,4190) (Mn, Pn )
(352, 2038)

Pn
Pn 1
= (407, 1376)
Mn e
(212, 0)

81 Mn
 Interaction diagrams
60

Any pair of combinations of Pn and Mn 4Φ20

0.5 m
between points A and B, where the
eccentricity of the load is less than the 4Φ20
balanced failure eccentricity, eb, produces 60
a failure that initiates by crushing of the
0.30m
concrete on the compression side of the
member.

A (Mn, Pn )

D
Pn
Pn 1 B
=
Mn e
C

82 Mn
 Interaction diagrams
60

Any pair of combinations of Pn and Mn between 4Φ20

0.5 m
points B and C, where the eccentricity of the
load is larger than the balanced failure 4Φ20
eccentricity, eb, produces a failure that initiates 60
by yielding of steel before the crushing of the
0.30m
concrete on the compression side of the member
(beam behavior).

A (Mn, Pn )

D
Pn
Pn 1 B
=
Mn e
C

83 Mn
 Interaction diagrams

Between A and B: Axial load carrying capacity decreases (almost)

linearly with increasing moment load.

Between B and C: Moment carrying capacity increases with increasing

axial load.

A (Mn, Pn )

D
Pn
B

84 Mn
 Interaction diagrams

A (Mn, Pn )

D
Pn
B

85 Mn
 Design interaction diagrams
Tied columns:
φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 
=

r = 0.80
φ = 0.65
0.65Po φ = 0.65

0.52Po
0.65Mo

86
 Design interaction diagrams
Spiral columns:
φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 
=

r = 0.85
φ = 0.75

φ = 0.75

87
 Design interaction diagrams

ϕ. 0.65

ϕ
88

88
 Design interaction diagrams

420 MPa

ϕ
ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ

89
89
Dimensionless interaction diagrams

Dimensionless interaction diagrams are independent of column

dimensions. One way of preparing such curves is done by dividing the
ϕ n by the gross sectional area of the column Ag, and
design axial load ΦP
ϕ n by Agh. For every interaction diagram,
dividing the design moment ΦM
eight curves are plotted, each corresponding to a certain column
reinforcement ratio and ranging from 1 % to 8 %.

These diagrams are dependent on fc′, fy and γ. In the

diagrams, γ is equal to the distance from the center of bars on
one side of the column to the center of the bars on the other
side of the column divided by h, where h is the depth of the
column taken in the direction of bending.
You need to make
sure that the section
you design has the
same properties and
reinforcement
pattern.

1 MPa = 10 kg/cm2
You need to make
sure that the section
you design has the
same properties and
reinforcement
pattern.

1 ksi = 7 MPa
Check the input
parameters of the
diagram

Pu
Pn =
φ
Design interaction diagrams
If e/h < 0.1 for tied e/h < 0.05 for spiral:
The column may be designed as concentrically loaded (like in Design I)

φ Pn φ r  A g ( 0.85f c′) + A st ( f y − 0.85f c′) 

= ACI 22.4.2.2

e
≈ 0.1
h
When e/h ≤ 0.2, or when the column is under biaxial
bending, the longitudinal bars are arranged all around
the perimeter of cross section as shown in Figure (a).
Otherwise, rectangular tied columns are used with
the longitudinal bars placed on the faces farthest
from the axis of bending, as shown Figure (b).

e/h ≤ 0.2 e/h > 0.2

Concentric OR Biaxial Bending Uniaxial Bending
 Part 5
Design of short columns subject to axial
loads and bending moment

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Code Requirements

Concrete Cover ACI 20.5.1.3.1

Concrete cover is necessary for protecting the reinforcement from fire, corrosion,
and other effects. Concrete cover is measured from the concrete surface to the
closest surface of steel reinforcement.
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel

- Limits on reinforcement ratio:

ACI 10.6.1.1

0.01Ag ≤ Ast ≤ 0.08 Ag

or
0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08

98
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel

- Minimum number of bars

ACI 10.7.3.1

min. of 6 bars in spiral arrangement

min. of 4 bars in rectangular or circular ties
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

99
 Code Requirements

Longitudinal Steel
- Clear distance between reinforcing bars
For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear
distance between bars, shown in the figure, is not to
be less than the larger of 1.50 times bar diameter or
40 mm. This is done to ensure free flow of concrete
between reinforcing bars.

ACI 25.2.3
s ≥ max {1.5 × db , 40 mm}
100
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 25.7.2.3
1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have lateral
support from the corner of a tie with an included angle
≤135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 150 mm clear
on either side from a laterally supported bar.
101
Code Requirements

Lateral Ties
Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Arrangement of ties and longitudinal bars:

ACI 25.7.2.3

Ties shown by dashed lines may be omitted if x < 150 mm

 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Maximum vertical spacing:

ACI 25.7.2.1

s ≤ 16 db ( db = diameter for longitudinal bars )

s ≤ 48 ds (ds = diameter for stirrups)
s ≤ least lateral dimension of column

104
 Code Requirements

Lateral Ties

- Minimum size of ties

ACI 25.7.2.2

size ≥ Φ10 bar if longitudinal bar ≤ Φ30 bar

≥ Φ12 bar if longitudinal bar ≥ Φ32 bar
≥ Φ12 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

105
Code Requirements
Spiral Reinforcement Spacing, s

4 Asp
s= ACI 25.7.3.3
 Ag   f c ' 
0.45 Dc  − 1  
 
 Ac   f y 

A sp = cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement

D c = core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s = spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)

π Dc2
= =
Ac core area
4
π D2
= =
Ag gross area
4
 Code Requirements

Spirals

- Size and spacing of spiral

ACI 25.7.3.2

size ≥ 9.5 mm diameter

ACI 25.7.3.1

25 mm ≤ clear spacing
between spirals ≤ 75 mm
107
 Code Requirements

Bundled bars

Νο. 13 ≅ Φ12

108
 Code Requirements

Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions

The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional
dimensions for columns. Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are
considered as the smallest practicable sections. For practical
considerations, column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.

109
Design procedure
1- Assume a cross section of the column. You may use (Ag = Pu/0.5f’c).

2- Calculate e = Mu/Pu. If e/h < 0.1 for tied e/h < 0.05 for spiral, the column may be
designed as concentrically loaded (like in Design I). Otherwise continue.

3- Select the material properties and calculate γ.

4- Determine the appropriate design interaction diagram. If a chart with the exact
value of γ is not found, interpolate between the reinforcement ratios found from the
charts for the nearest values of γ.

5- Calculate Pu/Ag.

6- Calculate Mu/Agh.
7- Read ρg from the interaction diagram.
If ρg < 0.01  use ρg =0.01 or reduce the size of the column and repeat from part 2.
If ρg > 0.08  increase the size of the column and repeat from part 2.

8- Calculate the steel area from As = ρg Ag.

9- Determine the appropriate longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.

Example 8
Design the reinforcement for a 400 mm x 500 mm tied column. The column,
which is part of a braced frame, has an unsupported length of 3.0 m. It is
subjected to a factored axial load of 2400 kN (240 ton) in addition to the
factored bending moments as shown. The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa,
and fc' = 30 MPa.
Solution
2400 kN
lu = 3.0 m 500KN.m
k is conservatively taken as 1.0
k lu 1(3.0)
= = 20.0
r 0.3(0.5)
M  400 
34 + 12 1 =34 + 12  −  =24.4
M2  500 
k lu
= 20.0 < min {24.4, 40.0} =24.4
r
400KN.m
∴ Column is classified as being short
M u = M 2 = 500 kN.m
2400 kN
Solution
M u 500(103 )
=e = = 208mm
Pu 2400
e 208
= = 0.42 > 0.1 ⇒ Cannot use the concentrically loaded column design equation
h 500

Assuming Φ30 mm bars and Φ10 mm stirrups

500 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 30
γ = 0.74
500
φ Pn Pu 2400(103 )
= = = 12 MPa= 120kg / cm 2 e/h > 0.2
Ag b h 400(500)
φ Mn Mu 500(106 )
= = 2
= 5 MPa
= 50kg / cm 2
Ag h b h 400(500)(500)
Using the interaction diagrams given for
fc′ =30 MPa, fy= 420 MPa and γ = 0.70  Read: ρ = 0.038
fc′ =30 MPa, fy= 420 MPa and γ = 0.75  Read: ρ = 0.034
0.038 − 0.034
From interpolation: ρ = 0.034 + ( 0.74 − 0.75) = 0.035
0.70 − 0.75
0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK
Solution
Solution
Solution
As = 0.035(400)(500) =7000mm2  use 10 Φ30mm

Try distributing the bars as shown.

b − 2(cov er ) − 2(d stirrup ) − ndbar

s=
n -1
400 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 5(30)
s= = 37.5 mm < 1.5(30) = 45 mm
5 −1

Not OK.

10Φ30 400
Use bundling of reinforcement in pairs.

500
Solution

400 − 2(40) − 2(10

12) − 3(30)
s= = 105 mm > 1.5(30) > 40 mm OK
103 mm
3 −1

•16db = 16(30) = 480 mm

•48dstirrup = 48(12) = 576 mm
•Smallest side of column = 400 mm
 use Φ12 mm ties @ 400 mm

Φ12@40 cm

10Φ30 mm
Trial and error design procedure

117
 Trial and error design procedure

Example 9
 Trial and error design procedure

Example 9

119
 Trial and error design procedure

Example 9
 Trial and error design procedure

Example 9
 Part 6
Design of Long Columns in Non-sway
Frames
123
 Primary v.s. secondary moments

One needs to find ∆ in order to determine the secondary

moment and hence the total design moment.

124
Moment Magnification Method

The exact secondary analysis of reinforced concrete beam-columns is not

possible due to the difficulty in establishing E and I.

The ACI code specifies an approximate analytical method that permits the
maximum value of moment due to the primary and secondary moments to
be approximated by magnifying the maximum primary moment from a
conventional analysis, i.e., one that does not consider secondary moments
created by axial loads.

This approximation method is called the moment magnification method.

Moment Magnification Method

NS S
Nonsway Sway

=Q ∑P ∆u o
> 0.05
Vu lc
Equivalent moment correction
If a beam-column in a non-sway
frame is loaded by unequal end
moments, without transverse loads,
the maximum design moment will
occur either at one of the column
ends when the secondary moment
is small or between the two ends
when the secondary moment is
large, as shown in the figure.
 Equivalent moment correction

To deal with this situation, the maximum end moment M2 is

multiplied by an equivalent moment correcting factor Cm. This
factor is used to convert M2 into an equivalent uniform moment
which gives the same total moment due to the actual primary and
secondary moments.

128
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
The non-sway magnification factor, δns, will cause an increase
in the magnitude of the design moment.

M max = δ ns M 2 ≥ δ ns M 2, min ACI 6.6.4.5.1

where
M2 = column’s larger-end moment
δns = moment magnification factor for non-sway frames, given
by Cm
=δ ns ≥ 1.0
 Pu 
1−  
 0.75 Pc 
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
Pc = Euler’s critical buckling load given by

π 2 ( EI )eff
Pc = ACI 6.6.4.4.2
( klu )
2

and the stiffness, (EI)eff is taken as

0.2 Ec I g + Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
(=
EI )eff ⇒
 (=
EI )eff ACI 6.6.4.4.4
1 + β dns conservatively 1 + β dns

Ec and Es are the modulus of elasticity of concrete and steel, respectively

Ig = moment of inertia of the gross concrete section about the centroidal axis,
neglecting the reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of the reinforcing bars about the centroidal axis
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames

βdns = creep effect factor equals to the ratio of the maximum factored
axial sustained load to the maximum factored axial load associated with
the same load combination.
ACI 6.6.4.4.4

Max. Factored Sustained Axial Load

β dns ≤ 1.0
Max. Factored Axial Load

131
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames

Cm = A coefficient relating the actual moment diagram to an

equivalent uniform moment diagram. For members without
transverse loads
ACI 6.6.4.5.3a
 M1 
Cm =
0.6 − 0.4   ≥ 0.4
 M2 
For other conditions, such as members with transverse loads
between supports, or when M2,min > M2 then  Cm = 1.0
ACI 6.6.4.5.3b
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames

M1 = smaller factored end moment on the column, negative if the member is

bent in single curvature, positive if bent in double curvature.
M2 = larger factored end moment on the column. ACI 6.6.4.5.3a

M1 M1
<0 >0
M2 M2

Negative Positive

Single curvature Double curvature

133
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames

The minimum allowable value of M2 is

In mm

M 2, min = Pu (15.0 + 0.03 h )

ACI 6.6.4.5.4

134
Design notes
1- An optimum section is one with δns =1.0 or slightly larger than 1.0.
2- If δns < 1, the section is sufficiently large. Thus, no need to magnify the
moment. It is okay to keep the section and use δns = 1.0 as a factor, but it is
more economical to reduce the size of the section.
3- If δns >> 1, the section is very small. In this case the section dimensions
should be increased.
4- If δns < 0, the section is too small (Pu > 0.75 Pc). In this case, the section
dimensions should be increased.
5- The column dimensions should be in multiples of 50 mm.
6- Always sketch the designed column.
δns Bigger column

Cm
δ ns ≥ 1.0 Pc
 Pu  Pu =100
1−   Cm = 0.5 Small Opti. Too big
 0.75 Pc 
Too
small
 Example 11
Design a long column in a non-sway frame with an unsupported
height of 7.0 m (take k = 1.0) and a cross section of 50x50 cm that
carries a service dead load of 500 kN (50 ton), a service live load of
400 kN (40 ton) and ultimate end moments as shown below. The
material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 28 MPa.
140KN.m

80KN.m

136
 140KN.m

Determine ultimate loads

80 kN.m
80KN.m
140 kN.m
Single curvature -ve
M 2, min = Pu (15.0 + 0.03 h )

(15.0 + 0.03 (500) )

= 37.2kN .m <=
M 2,min 1240 M 2 140 kN .m ⇒ M 2 Controls
1000

– – -80

Max.Factored Sustained Axial Load

β dns ≤ 1.0
Max.Factored Axial Load
1.2 × 500
= = 0.48 < 1.0 OK 137
1240
 = =
Ec 4700 f c′ 4700
= 28 24871 MPa
0.4 Ec I g
( EI )eff =
1 + βd

( EI )eff
24871
3.49 × 1013

π 2(EI )eff ( 3.49 × 10 )

13
Pc = 7033 kN
( klu )
2

6- Determine the magnified moment

Cm
=δ ns ≥ 1.0
 Pu 
1−  
 0.75Pc 
0.83
=δ ns = 1.08 ≥ 1.0
1240
1−
0.75 ( 7033)

M max = δ ns M 2 ns
M max = 1.08 ×140 = 151.2kN .m
7- Design the reinforcement
M max = 151.2 kN.m

M u 151.2(103 )
=e = = 122 mm
Pu 1240
e 122
= = 0.24 > 0.1 ⇒ Cannot use the concentrically loaded column design equation
h 500

500 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 20

γ = 0.76
500

MPa = 50 kg/cm2

MPa = 12.1 kg/cm2

0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK

 use 8Φ20mm
7- Design the reinforcement
500 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 4(20)
s= = 107 mm > 1.5(20) > 40 mm OK
3

•16db = 16(20) = 320 mm

•48dstirrup = 48(10) = 480 mm
•Smallest side of column = 500 mm
 use Φ10 mm ties @ 300 mm

Φ10@300 500
8Φ20

500
 Part 7
Design of Long Columns in Sway Frames

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Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
ACI 10.10.7

Q ∑P ∆u o
> 0.05
Vu lc

NS S
Nonsway Sway
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
ACI 6.6.4.6.1
The design moments in a long column in a sway frame is permitted by the ACI
code to be found from elastic analysis. However, it is specified that the analysis
is carried out in two parts:

1- One part is for obtaining the moments due to gravity loads only.

2- The second part is for obtaining the moments due to lateral sway loads.

The final moments are then established by adding the moments from the first
part to magnified values of the moment from the second part.

The design moments M1,max and M2,max at the ends of a compression member
are taken as

M 1,max = M 1ns + δ s M 1s
M 2,max = M 2 ns + δ s M 2 s
144
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
ACI 6.6.4.6.1

M1ns = factored end moment at the end M1 that develops due to loads that cause no
sway calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M2ns = factored end moment at the end M2 that develops due to loads that cause no
sway calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M1s = factored end moment at the end M1 that develops due to loads that cause
substantial sway calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis
M2s = factored end moment at the end M2 that develops due to loads that cause
substantial sway calculated using a first-order elastic frame analysis
δs = moment magnification factor for sway frames to reflect lateral drift resulting
from lateral and gravity loads

145
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames

1 ACI 6.6.4.6.2b
δs = ≥ 1
1− ∑P u

0.75 ∑ Pc cr

146
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
π 2 ( EI )eff
Pc = ACI 6.6.4.4.2
( klu )
2

0.4 Ec I g
( EI )eff = ACI 6.6.4.4.4a
1 + β ds

Max. factored sustained shear in the story

β ds =
Total factored shear in the story
β ds ≤ 1.0
β ds = 0 if shear is due to wind or EQ loads

147
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
3. By using direct P-∆ analysis
ACI 6.6.4.6.2a
If it exceeds 1.5, it has to be calculated using
one of the two methods described in 1 and 2.

Q=
∑ P∆ u o ACI 6.6.4.4.1
V u lc

148
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
Load combinations

You should consider each combination separately and perform a complete

design for each load combination. Use the design with the most reinforcement.
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames
Load combinations

ADIBC presents the basic load combinations in the following form:

Combination 1: 1.4 D
Combination 2: 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
Combination 3: 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.8W )
Combination 4: 1.2 D + 1.6 W+ f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
Combination 5: 1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L
Combination 6: 0.9 D + 1.6 W
Combination 7: 0.9 D + 1.0 E

You should consider each combination separately and perform a complete

design for each load combination. Use the design with the most reinforcement.
 Example 12

For the frame shown in the figure, determine the design moments in column EF to
support a uniform gravity load wu and a short-term concentrated lateral load Pw
Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa

wD=60 kN/m , wL=40 kN/m

B F
PW=40 kN
0.6m D 0.6m
0.5m

5m
0.5m 0.5m

A C E

8m 8m

Columns 0.5x0.3 and Beams 0.6x0.3

151
 Solution
1. Evaluate internal forces in story members
Effective moments of inertia are given by
Ibeam=0.35(0.3)(0.6)3/12=1.89x10-3 m4
Icolumn=0.7(0.3)(0.5)3/12=2.188x10-3 m4

The modules of elasticity of concrete is

Ec = 4700 28 = 24,870 MPa

Using a computer program, the normal forces and bending moments are
determined in the following slides.

152
Solution:
If load types not present in this example (E, Lr, S, and R) are
omitted, the load combinations can be summarized as
Combination 1: 1.4 D
Combination 2: 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
Combination 3: 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.8W )
Combination 4: 1.2 D + 1.6 W+ f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
Combination 5: 1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L
Combination 6: 0.9 D + 1.6 W Combination 2: 1.2 D + 1.6 L
Combination 7: 0.9 D + 1.0 E Combination 4: 1.2 D + 1.6 W
Combination 6: 0.9 D + 1.6 W

The dead load is less than eight times the live load, so combination (1) can
be ruled out.
Load combination (4) will be more critical than (3), so combination (3)
can be eliminated.
Combination (5) can be eliminated because it will be less critical than (2).
Finally, combination (7) is ruled out since it is less critical than
combination (2).
 Solution

Case 1 (COMBO 2) U = 1.2D.L+1.6L.L

Wu=1.2(60)+1.6(40)=136kN/m
B F
D
423.6 kN.m

A C E

487.8 kN 1200.5 kN 487.8 kN

Pu = 1.2D+1.6L = 487.8 kN

154
Solution

Case 2 (COMBO 4) U = 1.2D.L+1.0L.L+1.6W.L

1.2(60)+1.0(40)=112kN/m

B F 1.6(40)=64kN F
D B D
348.8 kN.m 89.2 kN.m

A C E A C E

401.7 kN 988.6 kN 401.7 kN 20.0 kN 20.0 kN

(a) Loading 1.2D.L+1.0L.L (b) Loading 1.6W.L

Pu = 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W = 401.7 + 20 = 421.7 kN

The horizontal displacement at point B = 29.4 mm

Solution

Case 3 (COMBO 6) U = 0.9D.L+1.6W.L

0.9(60) =54kN/m

B F 1.6(40)=64 kN F
D B D
84.09 kN.m 89.2 kN.m

A C E A C E

193.7 kN 476.7 kN 193.7 kN 20.0 kN 20.0 kN

(a) Loading 0.9 D.L (b) Loading 1.6W.L

Pu = 0.9D+1.6W = 193.7 + 20 = 213.7 kN

The horizontal displacement at point B = 23.8 mm

Solution

2. Check whether columns on the floor are sway or nonsway

Case (1) 1.2D+1.6L
In this case, the story is braced (nonsway).
Case (2) 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W
The stability index,

=Q ∑=
P∆ u o 112(16)(29.4 − 0)10−3
= 0.165 > 0.05
V u lc 64(5)

i.e., the story is unbraced (sway).

Case (3) 0.9D+1.6W

The stability index,
54(16)(23.8 − 0)10 −3
Q= = 00.064
.079 > 0.05
52
64 (5)
i.e., the story is unbraced (sway).
Solution

3. Check whether the column is short or long

For column EF,
2.188(10) −3 / 5
ΨF = −3
= 1.85 and
1.89(10) / 8
ΨE = ∞ for pin ends ( For practical purposes, use10)

Case (1) 1.2D+1.6L

Using the appropriate alignment chart (nonsway), k = 0.9, and
lu = 5.0-0.3= 4.7 m k lu M
≤ 34 + 12 1
r M2
For column to be short,
k lu 0.9(4.7) 0 0
= = 28.2 ≤ 34<−min{34
12 +=12 =.34,40}
34 ≤ 40 O K =34 OK
r 0.3(0.5) 423.6 423.6
i.e column is short.
Solution

Case (2) 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W and Case (3) 0.9D+1.6W

Using the appropriate alignment chart (sway), k = 2.1, and
For column to be short,
k lu k lu 2.1(4.7)
≤ 22 = = 65.8 > 22
r r 0.3(0.5)
i.e column is long.

4. Sway and nonsway moments for magnification

Case (1) 1.2D+1.6L
The column is short  no magnification factor

Case (2) 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W

Mns =348.8 kN.m , Ms =89.2 kN.m and Pu = 421.7 kN

Case (3) 0.9D+1.6W

Mns =84.09 kN.m , Ms =89.2 kN.m and Pu = 213.7 kN
 Solution
5- Critical buckling loads
max.factored sustained shear in story
β ds = 0.0 because shear is due to wind
total factored shear in story

0.4 Ec I g 0.4 × 24870 × [(500)3 (300) /12]

( EI )eff =
= = 3.109(10)13 N .mm 2
1 + β ds 1 + 0.0

for column AB and EF, k = 2.1 B D F

π 2 ( EI )eff π 2 (3.109)(10)13
=Pc = = 3149.57 kN
( klu ) ×
2 2
(2.1 4700) (1000)

for column CD, Ψ c =∞ A C E

2.188(10) −3 / 5
ΨD = 0.926
2[1.89(10) −3 / 8]
Using the appropriate alignment chart, k = 1.85, and
π 2 (3.109)(10)13
Pc = = 4058.65 kN
(1.85 × 4700) (1000)
2
Solution
6- Magnification factors

Case (1) 1.2D+1.6L

The column is short  no magnification factor

Case (2) 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W

1 1
δs = = = 1.3
1− ∑ u
P 112 (16 )
1−
0.75 ∑ Pccr 0.75(2x3149.57 + 4058.65)

Case (3) 0.9D+1.6W

1 1
δs = = = 1.13
1−
∑P u 1−
54(16)
0.75 ∑ Pc cr
0.75(2x3149.57 + 4058.65)
7. Evaluate the design (magnified) moments
Case (1) 1.2D+1.6L
Mmax =423.6 kN.m and Pu = 487.8 kN

Case (2) 1.2D+1.0L+1.6W

Mmax = Mns + δs Ms =348.8+1.3(89.2)
Mmax = 464.76 kN.m and Pu = 421.7 kN

Case (3) 0.9D+1.6W

Mmax = Mns + δs Ms = 84.09+1.13(89.2)
Mmax = 185 kN.m and Pu = 213.7 kN

8. Design the reinforcement

Find the reinforcement ratio from interaction diagrams for each load
combination and design the column for the largest ratio obtained.
 Part 8
Design of Biaxial Columns
Biaxial bending in columns

Most columns are subject to uniaxial bending.

Corner columns are commonly subject to biaxial bending.
If the eccentricity in the two directions is such that ey < 0.2 ex, neglect ey.
 Circular columns have the same ultimate capacity in all directions.
Therefore, the biaxial moment can be found by:

164
The failure surface

165
The failure surface

166
The load contour

167
Design equations
Design equations
The Bresler Equation
 Interaction diagrams for biaxial bending

171
 Design Procedure for biaxial bending:
A- Determine reinforcement based on the biaxial bending capacity:

1- Determine the dimensions based on a reasonable stress in the column.

2- Determine γ in the week axis direction (any direction for square sections).
3- Calculate the biaxial bending moment in the week axis direction.
4- Use an interaction diagram to design the reinforcement for the section in
this direction and use the same reinforcement for the strong axis direction.

B- Use the Bresler equation to check the axial capacity of the section:

1- Calculate Pnx from the interaction diagram assuming only Mux is applied.
2- Calculate Pny from the interaction diagram assuming only Muy is applied.
3- Calculate P0.
4- Calculate Pn and check φ Pn ≥ Pu

172
 Example 13
Determine the reinforcement of the square column shown in the figure below
and subjected to the shown factored biaxial bending moments and factored
axial load.

The material properties are: fy = 420 MPa, and fc' = 28 MPa.

173
Solution

1- Calculate the design moment:

100 + 80 =
180kN .m

2-Determine the reinforcement:

400 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 16

γ = 0.74 Assume db = 16mm and dstirrup = 10mm.
400
Ag = 400 × 400 = 160000mm 2
φ PnPu 1000(103 ) 6.25
= = = 6.25 MPa
= = 0.9ksi
ksi
Ag Ag 160000 7
φ Mn Mu 180(106 ) 2.8
= = = 2.8 MPa
= =
ksi 0.4ksi
Ag h Ag h 160000(400) 7
Read ⇒ ρ =
0.01
=
As =
0.01(160000) 1600 mm 2
⇒ Use 8Φ16 (A s,sup = 1608 mm 2
)
Solution

3- Check the axial load capacity

For Pny , consider bending about y-axis, M uy = 100 kN.m

M uy 100
=e = = 0.1m
Pu 1000
e 0.1
= = 0.25
h 0.4
As 1608
ρ =
= = 0.01
Ag 160000
φ Pny
Read ⇒ =
1.5ksi =
1.5 × 7 MPa =
10.5MPa
Ag
10.5 Ag 10.5 × (160000)
Pny = = = 2585 × 103 N = 2585kN
φ 0.65
Solution

3- Check the axial load capacity

For Pnx , consider bending about x-axis, M ux = 80kN.m

80
=e = 0.08m
1000
e 0.08
= = 0.2
h 0.4
ρ = 0.01
φ Pnx
Read ⇒ =
1.7ksi =
1.7 × 7 MPa =
11.9MPa
Ag
11.9 Ag 11.9 × (160000)
Pnx = = = 2929 × 103 N = 2929kN
φ 0.65

P0 = 1608(420) + (160000 − 1608)(0.85(28)) = 4446kN

 Solution

3- Check the axial load capacity

1 1 1 1
= + −
Pn 2929 2585 4446
Pn = 1987 kN
0.1=
Po 445kN < Pn ⇒ OK (Brelser eq. is applicable)
φ= = 1291kN >=
Pn 0.65(1987) Pu 1000kN ⇒ OK

178
Example 14