Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (PAGASA)

Mindanao PAGASA Regional Services Division (MPRSD)
PAGASA Butuan Aero-met and Synoptic Station
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
•Weather vs. climate
•Climate of Caraga
•
•Weather systems that affect Caraga
•Hydro-meteorological hazards in Caraga
•

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
WEATHER vs. CLIMATE

Weather

SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

➤ Weather is basically the way the
atmosphere is behaving, or the Quezon
City
31o 29o 30o 33o 32o 32o 33o
conditions of the atmosphere are over
a short period of time.
➤ Conditions at one particular time and Weather is what you get!
place, including temperature, rainfall,
winds and so on. Can change very
rapidly from day to day.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
WEATHER vs. CLIMATE
Climate

➤ Climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over

relatively long periods of time. Long-term average
weather pattern in one place.
➤ Influenced by slow changes in the ocean, the land,
the orbit of the earth about the sun, and the energy
output of the sun
➤ Usually referred as the Climate Normals the
average values of the different parameters such as
rainfall, temperature and so on and based from the
last 30 years
Climate is what you expect!
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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
CLIMATE OF THE PHILIPPINES
From October to February
Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country
can be divided into 2 major seasons.

Two seasons in the Philippines:

1. WET or RAINY season (from June to November)
From June to September 2. DRY season (from December to May)

The dry season may be subdivided further into:

(a) COOL DRY season (from December to February)
(b) HOT DRY season (from March to May)

But in Caraga, we only have wet season.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
CLIMATE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
The climate in the Philippines has been described in terms of rainfall distribution
received in a locality.
Type I: Two pronounced seasons, dry from December to May, and wet for the rest of the
year. Maximum rain period is from June to September. Places that have this type of climate
are exposed to southwest monsoon and get a fair share of the rainfall brought about by the
tropical cyclones, occurring especially during the maximum rain period. These generally
are the areas along the western portion of the country.

Type II: It has no dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period is in December
and January. Places that have this climate type are generally along or very near the
eastern coasts, thus are exposed to northeast monsoon. Tropical Cyclones are frequent in
these areas.

Type III: It has no very pronounced maximum rain period, with a short dry season lasting
only from one to three months. This type is intermediate between the preceding two,
although it resembles the first type more closely because it has a short dry season. Areas of
this climate type are partly shielded from northeast monsoon but exposed to the southwest
monsoon and are also benefited by the rainfall caused by tropical cyclones.

Type IV: Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. It has no dry season.
This resembles the second type more closely since it has no dry season.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 CLIMATE TYPE CLIMATIC DIVISION PROVINCES/ CITY
● Dinagat Islands
● Surigao del Norte
Northeastern ● Northern Agusan del Norte
Type II ● Northeastern Butuan City
DINAGAT ISLANDS
Caraga
● Almost whole part of Surigao del Sur
● Northern and Eastern Agusan del Sur
● Southern Agusan del Norte
Southwestern ● Southwestern Butuan City
Type IV ● Very small part of Southern Surigao del Sur
SURIGAO DEL NORTE Caraga
● Western and Southern Agusan del Sur

PROVINCES/ CITY CLIMATIC DIVISION PER PROVINCE/CITY CLIMATE TYPE

Type II Dinagat Islands None Type II
AGUSAN DEL NORTE
Northeastern Surigao del Norte None Type II

BUTUAN CITY Caraga Agusan del Norte Northern Agusan del Norte Type II
Southern Agusan del Norte Type IV
SURIGAO DEL SUR
Butuan City Northeastern Butuan Type II
AGUSAN DEL SUR Southwestern Butuan Type IV

Type IV Surigao del Sur Almost whole part of Surigao del Sur Type II

Southwestern very small part of Southern Surigao del Sur Type IV

Agusan del Sur Northern and Eastern Agusan del Sur Type II
Caraga Western and Southern Agusan del Sur Type IV

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
VULNERABILITY TO HYDROMET HAZARDS

Risk: Hazard, Vulnerability and Exposure

• Archipelagic country composed of

7,641 islands with low lying areas
(highly susceptible to sea level rise)

• Among the longest coastlines in the

world with 32,400 km (susceptible to
storm surges)

Philippines is highly susceptible

to weather and climate hazards
Image courtesy from AGU.org

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
WEATHER SYSTEMS AFFECTING CARAGA

Weather Systems Month(s) of Occurrences

1. Localized Thunderstorms All throughout the year
2. Easterlies All throughout the year
3. Southwest Monsoon June to October
4. Northeast Monsoon November to March
5. Frontal System November to March
All throughout the year but dominant during May to July, and October to
6. ITCZ
January
7. LPAs and HPAs All throughout the year
All throughout the year but dominant on October to December, oftentimes
8. Tropical Cyclones
until January

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
LOCALIZED THUNDERSTORMS
Thunderstorm is a local
disturbance produced by
a cumulonimbus cloud,
and always accompanied
by lightning and thunder,
usually with strong gust of
wind, heavy rain and
sometimes with hail.

It can produce dangerous

weather conditions like
(1) Heavy Rainfall,
(2) Lightning/Thunder,
(3) Strong Winds,
(4) Tornado, and
(5) Hail.

It affects all throughout the

year.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 12,000 m

9,000 m
Cumulonimbus Cloud
Cumulonimbus Clouds
6,000 m
● anvil form
● about 12 km in height
3,000 m ● with electric charges and
lightning
● with thunder sound
● associated with heavy rains
● Causes flashflood

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Weather and Climate Systems with its Hydrometeorological Hazards
Thunderstorm: Hazard Domino Effect

Meteorological Event Thunderstorm

Primary Hazard
Lightning or
Heavy Rainfall Tornado Hail
Thunder

Secondary Hazard Flashflood or

Landslide
Flood

Risk
• Injuries/ Deaths • Injuries/ Deaths • Direct damage to
• Injuries/ Deaths
• Loss of livelihood • Loss of livelihood plant
• Damage to structures
• Direct damage • Direct damage to plant • Damage to
• Crop submergence
and properties
to plant properties
• Delay farm activities • Loss of livelihood
• Delay farm activities • Loss of livelihood
• Soil erosion • Direct damage to plant
• Soil erosion • Injuries

DOST-PAGASA The weather and climate authority. PayongPAGASA

ATMOSPHERIC LIFTING MECHANISMS

OROGRAPHIC LIFTING
CONVECTIVE LIFTING Cold
Cold air
air Hot air
CONVERGENT LIFTING molecules
molecules sink
sink molecules rise

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 ATMOSPHERIC LIFTING MECHANISMS
OROGRAPHIC LIFTING CONVECTIVE LIFTING CONVERGENT LIFTING

In orographic lift, moist air moves

up the windward side of a In convective lift, moist air is In convergent lift, air masses
mountain or a cool, dense body of warmed as it moves over warm come together and are forced
air. The air cools, forms clouds, and ground. As the warm air rises, it upward. They then cool and
rains, leaving the other side dry. cools and forms rain clouds. form rain clouds.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
EASTERLIES

Easterly Wave
 a migratory wave-like disturbance of
the tropical easterlies.
Easterlies affecting
Southern Luzon,
 a wave along a broad easterly current
Visayas and Mindanao and moves from east to west.
 are warm winds coming from the east.
 also rich in moisture and that the "warm,
moist winds" are expected to bring
partly cloudy with isolated rain showers
and thunderstorms.
 affect all throughout the year.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
SOUTHWEST MONSOON (HANGING HABAGAT)

HANGING HABAGAT
warm and moist winds from the southwest causing rains over the western portion of the country.
affect the country from June to October.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
NORTHEAST MONSOON (HANGING AMIHAN)

HANGING AMIHAN
 are cold and dry winds from the northeast that bring rains over the eastern side of the country.
 affect the country from October to February.
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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
FRONTAL SYSTEM (SHEAR LINE)
FRONTAL SYSTEM
 A line or region of converging
winds from East to Northeast
(warm air over cold air) that
often brings thunderstorms and
rain showers.
 Characterized largely by an
increased cloudiness and
heavy rains.
 Eastern part of the country
receives most of the associated
rainfall.
 Affectsthe country from
November to March.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)

Intertropical Convergence Zone

 Series of low pressure areas brought about by converging Northeast and Southeast winds that cause thunderstorms and
heavy rains.
 Oscillates over the Philippines during the months of May to June, and October to January.
 During the months of June to July, it is located at the Northern parts of the country.
 During the months of December to January, it is located at the southern parts of the country.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Weather and Climate Systems with its Hydrometeorological Hazards

Weather Systems Monsoons/ ITCZ/ Easterlies / LPA High Pressure Area

Primary Hazard
Strong Lightning or Hotter
Heavy Rainfall
Winds Thunder Temperature

Secondary
Hazard Flashflood or
Landslide
Flood

Risk • Loss of livelihood • Damage to

• Environmental • Soil hardened due
degradation • Water borne diseases structures and
• Damage to to inadequate water
• Direct damage to • Direct damage to plant properties
structures and • Stunted growth
• Presence of insects and • Loss of livelihood
plant properties • Underdeveloped
• Fungal infection • Damage to plant/
• Delay farm • Loss of corn kernel
activities • Crop submergence leaves
livelihood • Presence of molds
• Falling of corn tassel • Delay farm
• Soil erosion • Direct damage and fungal infection
and flower Delay farm activities
• Loss of to plant • Poor quality of rice
activities • Uneven distribution
livelihood • Decrease in yield
• Soil erosion of seeds

THE HAZARD DOMINO EFFECT

DOST-PAGASA The weather and climate authority. PayongPAGASA
LOW PRESSURE AREA (LPA)

Low Pressure Area (LPA)

 characterized by cloudiness
and rain showers which may
develop into a tropical
cyclone.
 Means stormy weather.
At 3PM today, LPA was at
135 km East Northeast of  Less than 45 KPH.
Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur  Affects Caraga all throughout
the year.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Cyclone - region of low pressure
area referred as “low pressure
area”.

Anti-cyclone - region of high

atmospheric pressure referred as
“highs”.

Warm air rises while cold air sinks.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 High Pressure Areas (HPAs) – areas of high
pressure characterized by light winds and clear
skies.

Trough of LPA – an extension of a low pressure

area where a tropical cyclone can form.

Ridge of HPA– an extension of high pressure

area characterized by a very light wind and
clear skies.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
TROPICAL CYCLONE “BAGYO”

TROPICAL CYCLONE
 a weather disturbance originates from tropical
oceans, and characterized by:
1. LOW PRESSURE system with organized
CALM CENTER
2. WINDS rotating inward in a COUNTER
CLOCKWISE direction (Northern
Hemisphere)
3. ORIGINATES from WARM tropical oceans
with SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE greater
than or equal to 27˚C
4. WIND SPEED ranges from 40kph to about
300kph
5. DIAMETER ranges from 300km to 1000km

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
  The Philippines ranks 2nd as the most
exposed and at risk country to natural
hazards (World Risk Report 2014).
 More tropical cyclone (TCs) are
entering the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) than anywhere
else in the world.
 With the average of 20 TCs in this
region per year, with about 8 or 9 of
them crossing the Philippines.
 The peak of the typhoon season is
July through October, when nearly
70% of all TC develop.
 Because of Global Warming this could
mean much stronger and more
intense tropical cyclones.
 Affects Caraga all throughout the
year but dominant on October to
December, oftentimes until January.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
CONDITIONS & FORMATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

FORMATION:
CONDITIONS: 1.) Water vapor evaporates from the ocean surface
● SST above 26˚C and comes into contact with mass of cold air, forming
● Cyclonic low-level relative vorticity and planetary vorticity clouds.
●Organized deep convection w/ large scale ascending 2.) A column of low pressure develops at the center.
motion in an area of high mid-level relative humidity Winds form around the column.
(instability) 3.) As pressure in the central column (the eye)
● Weak to moderate (preferably easterly) vertical wind shear weakens, the speed of the wind around it increases.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
TYPHOON "BISING"
Tropical Storm (SURIGAE)
“AURING" / April February
(DUJUAN)/ 2021 2021

EYE is the central area

where the lowest
atmospheric pressure of a
tropical cyclone can be
found and where the
relatively calm center of a
tropical cyclone is
located.

EYE WALL is an organized

band of deep cumuliform
clouds that immediately
surrounds the area of a
tropical cyclone, and
where the strongest wind
and rain of a tropical
cyclone can be found.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
CLASSIFICATIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

D S T
SEVERE
TROPICAL TROPICAL SUPER
TROPICAL TYPHOON
DEPRESSION STORM TYPHOON
STORM (TY)
(TD) (TS) (STY)
(STS)

61 KPH or Lesser 62-88 KPH 89-117 KPH 118-184 KPH 185 KPH or higher

Highest TCWS: 1 Highest TCWS: 2 Highest TCWS: 3 Highest TCWS: 4 Highest TCWS: 5

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
TROPICAL CYCLONE WIND SIGNALS (TCWS)
(Modified on March 23, 2022)

TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND

SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4 NO. 5

39-61 KPH 62-88 KPH 89-117 KPH 118-184 KPH 185 KPH or higher

36 HRS 24 HRS 18 HRS 12 HRS 12 HRS

TD or higher TS or higher STS or higher TY or higher STY

Minimal to minor Minor to moderate Moderate to Significant to Extreme threat

threat to lives and threat to lives and significant threat to severe threat lives to lives and
properties properties lives and properties and properties properties

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF TC WIND SIGNALS
TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND TC WIND
SIGNAL NO. 1 SIGNAL NO. 2 SIGNAL NO. 3 SIGNAL NO. 4 SIGNAL NO. 5
(MINIMAL TO MINOR THREAT (MINOR TO MODERATE THREAT (MODERATE TO SIGNIFICANT (SIGNIFICANT TO SEVERE THREAT (EXTREME THREAT TO
TO LIVES AND PROPERTIES) THREAT TO LIVES AND PROPERTIES) TO LIVES AND PROPERTIES) LIVES AND PROPERTIES)
TO LIVES AND PROPERTIES)

●Minor to moderate damage may ●Makeshift or old, dilapidated structures, ●Severe damage will occur to makeshift or old, ●Severe to catastrophic damage is expected
●Houses of poor and other structures made of light materials
occur to makeshift or old dilapidated structures, and other structures made of light to houses of poor or average construction,
construction (e.g., wood dilapidated structures, and other
may suffer substantial damage. Houses of
materials. Houses of poor or average construction may makeshift or old, dilapidated structures, and
poor or average construction will have
frame, bamboo, makeshift), structures made of light materials. considerable roof damage, some blown-out receive major damage, including complete roof failure and other structures made of light materials.
old dilapidated structures, Houses of poor and average windows, and/or partial wall damage. Well- possible wall collapse; a few may suffer severe damage. Well-constructed houses may suffer
construction (e.g., unreinforced constructed houses (e.g., reinforced CHB/pre- ●Most well-constructed houses may suffer minor to substantial roof and wall failure or damage.
and other structures made CHB/masonry, mixed timber-CHB) moderate roof damage, with some houses experiencing ●Many industrial buildings will be
cast concrete, reinforced concrete moment
of light materials will suffer may receive minor roof damage. frame) may suffer minimal to minor roof major roof failure; blown out windows are also likely. destroyed, with only few receiving partial
damage. roof and wall damage.
minimal to minor damage. ●Unsecured, exposed lightweight ●Failure of aluminum and steel roofs and coverings may
●Most windows will be blown out in high-
items may become projectiles ●Warehouses and other building in occur in buildings at industrial parks.
●Some banana and similar which may cause additional industrial parks may suffer minor to ●Some glass in most high-rise office buildings may be rise office buildings; Moderate structural
plants are tilted, while damage. moderate damage. blown out; a few of these buildings may have minor to damage is possible due to swaying.
●Unsecured, exposed outdoor items of light ●Extensive damage will be caused by
twigs of small trees and ●Some electrical wires may be
to moderate weight may become projectiles,
moderate damage and higher proportion of blown-out
airborne debris. People, pets, and livestock
blown down, resulting in local windows due to swaying.
shrubs may be damaged. power outages.
causing additional damage or injuries.
●Considerable airborne debris will be generated and may
exposed to the wind are at great risk of
●Many areas may suffer power outages with injury or death.
Larger trees may sway with ●Minor to moderate disruption numerous downed power lines and posts. cause damage, injury, and possible fatalities.
●Electricity, potable water supply, and
the wind. Rice crops, to public transportation. Minimal to minor disruption in ●Near total loss of power supply and telecommunications
telecommunications will be unavailable for
●Most banana and similar plants telecommunications and potable water due to numerous downed power lines, poles, and cellular
especially those in prolonged periods due to significant
are titled, with some stooped or supply. towers. Diminished availability of potable water supply is
flowering and ripening disruption in infrastructure.
downed. Some small trees blow ●Moderate to significant disruption to public also likely. ● Prolonged significant to severe disruption
stages, may suffer some over, with twigs and branches of transportation. ● Significant to severe disruption to public transportation. to public transportation.
frail trees broken. Considerable ●Some small trees, most banana and similar ● Significant damage to banana and similar plants. Most
damage. plants, and a few large trees are downed or ●Vast majority of the trees will be broken,
damage is likely to rice and other small trees and some large trees will be broken, defoliated, or uprooted. Banana and similar
● Minimal disruption to similar crops, especially those in
broken. Rice and other similar crops, defoliated, or uprooted. Almost total damage to rice and
especially those in flowering and ripening plants will be extensively damaged. Few
public transportation. flowering and ripening stages.
stages may suffer heavy damage.
other crops. trees, plants, and crops will survive.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST AREAS
Land and Sea Areas under PAGASA’s Forecast Responsibility (Updated: March 23, 2022)

Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

- the region in the Western North Pacific bounded by
rhumb lines connecting the coordinates 5°N 115°E, 15°N
115°E, 21°N 120°E, 25°N 120°E, 25°N 135°E, and 5°N 135°E.
(refers to the designated area in the northwestern pacific
where PAGASA is tasked to monitor the Tropical Cyclone
occurrences)

Extended Forecast Areas:

Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain (TCAD)

- the region in the Western North Pacific bounded by
rhumb lines connecting the coordinates 4°N 114°E, 27°N
PAR 114°E, 27°N 145°E and 4°N 145°E, excluding the region
TCAD identified as the PAR.

TCID Tropical Cyclone Information Domain (TCID)

- the region in the Western North Pacific bounded by
rhumb lines connecting the coordinates 0° 110°E, 27°N
110°E, 27°N 155°E and 0°N 155°E, excluding the region
identified as the PAR and TCAD.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 THE CONE OF UNCERTAINTY
(PROBABILITY CONE)

- the area where the Tropical

cyclone would possibly pass through
or cross.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS AND RANGE

From 1948 to 2013: 1,228 Tropical cyclones have crossed the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). Tropical Cyclone Frequency using 1° x 1° (1948-2010)

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 PROTOCOL IN CLASS SUSPENSION (as per Executive Order No. 66)

 Signal no.1 - classes in kindergarten and pre-schools are suspended.

 Signal no.2 - classes in elementary and high school are suspended.
 Signal no.3 - classes in all levels, including college, are suspended.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
At 10 AM today, Typhoon “HAGUPIT” was estimated at 1,562 km East of Davao
City (7.8°N 139.8°E) with maximum winds of 150 kph near the center and
gustiness of 170 kph. It is forecast to move WNW at 20 kph.

 Classification - Typhoon
 Name - Hagupit
 Location - 1,562 km East of Davao City
 Strength or intensity - 150 kph
 Gustiness - 170 kph
 Direction of movement - West Northwest
 Speed - 20 kph

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
PHILIPPINE TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES
SET 1 2 3 4
2022 2023 2024 2025

YEAR 2026
2030
2027
2031
2028
2032
2029
2033
2034 2035 2036 2037

AGATON AMANG AGHON AURING

BASYANG BETTY BUTCHOY BISING
CALOY CHEDENG CARINA CRISING
DOMENG DODONG DINDO DANTE
ESTER EGAY ENTENG EMONG
FLORITA FALCON FERDIE FABIAN
GARDO GORING GENER GORIO
NAME HENRY
INDAY
HANNA
INENG
HELEN
IGME
HUANING
ISANG
JOSIE JENNY JULIAN JACINTO
KARDING KABAYAN KRISTINE KIKO
LUIS LIWAYWAY LEON LANNIE
MAYMAY MARILYN MARCE MIRASOL
NENENG NIMFA NIKA NANDO
OBET ONYOK OFEL OPONG
PAENG PERLA PEPITO PAOLO
QUEENIE QUIEL QUERUBIN QUEDAN
ROSAL RAMON ROMINA RAMIL
SAMUEL SARAH SIONY SALOME
TOMAS TAMARAW TONYO TINO
UMBERTO UGONG UPANG UWAN
VENUS VIRING VICKY VERBENA
WALDO WENG WARREN WILMA
YAYANG YOYOY YOYONG YASMIN
ZENY ZIGZAG ZOSIMO ZORAIDA

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
How devastating is a tropical cyclone?

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS CAUSED BY TC
THUNDERSTORMS HEAVY RAINS VERY STRONG & GUSTY WINDS

FLOODING STORM SURGE

LIGHTNING

LANDSLIDES/MUDFLOWS
TORNADO/WATERSPOUT

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Weather and Climate Systems with its Hydrometeorological Hazards
Tropical Cyclone: Hazard Domino Effect

Meteorological Event Tropical Cyclone

Primary Hazard Strong Winds Heavy Rainfall

Secondary Hazard Storm Surge Floods Landslides

Risk • Loss of livelihood

• Environmental
• Injuries/Deaths
• Power failures • Loss of livelihood
degradation
• Damage of infrastructure • Damage of infrastructure • Damage of
(roads/bridges) and (roads/bridges) and property infrastructure
property • Water borne diseases (roads/bridges)
• Disruption of basic services • Direct damage to plant and properties
• Injuries/ Deaths • Presence of insects and pest • Deaths/Injuries
• Displacements • Fungal infection
• Loss of livelihood • Crop submergence
• Falling of corn tassel and flower
• Delay farm activities
• Soil erosion
DOST-PAGASA The weather and climate authority. PayongPAGASA
THUNDERSTORMS
12,000 m

9,000 m

6,000 m Thunderstorms can produce:

1. Heavy Rainfall
2. Lightning/Thunder
3. Strong Winds
3,000 m 4. Tornado/Waterspout
5. Hail

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
Payong PAGASA: Thunderstorm
1. If you are outside and thunderstorm is overhead, do
not go near trees or any tall objects.
2. Remove any metal from your body.
3. Assume the "lightning crouch". Squat down with your
feet together, your head tucked to your chest or
between your knees, and your hands covering your
ears or flat against your knees. Do not lie flat on the
ground, as this gives the lightning a larger target.
This is a difficult position to hold, and it definitely doesn't
guarantee your safety. However, by making it easier for a
lightning strike to flow over your body rather than through vital
organs, you may be able to sustain a smaller injury from it.
Cover your ears and close your eyes to protect against nearby
thunder and bright lightning flashes.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
LIGHTNING

Lightning is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground.

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
How devastating is lightning?

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
Payong PAGASA: Lightning
 Go inside a house made of non-
combustible material or large building, if
you can.
 Avoid using electrical appliances such
as telephones, computers, or television
sets.
 If stuck outside, do not take shelter under
a tall, isolated tree.
 Stay away from bodies of water.
 If you are trapped in an open field and
you feel your hair stand on end, lightning
is about to strike. Do not lie flat on the
ground.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
HEAVY RAINS

Continuous heavy rainfall can produce severe flooding and may cause damage to
agriculture, infrastructures and community lifelines.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
FLOODING

Floods are due to water overflowing from streams and other bodies of water, as well as, by the
accumulation of rainwater by drainage.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Major Types of Flooding:
•River Floods
•Coastal Floods
•Urban Flood
•Flash Floods
•Sheet flooding

Causes of Flooding:
•Heavy, continuous rains
•Heavy siltation of the river system that decrease the carrying capacity of the river
•Overtopping of dikes and levees
•Insufficient carrying capacities of the river system
•Changes in tide

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
LANDSLIDES/MUDFLOWS

• Continuous heavy rains over hilly or mountainous areas, especially denuded ones,
usually result to landslides or mudflows.
• Landslides and mudflows can bury people alive and destroy their properties.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
How devastating are landslides?

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS

• Maximum wind speeds in a tropical

cyclone may even reach beyond 250
kph in extreme cases
• Structural damage is one of its most
disastrous effects.
• The areas most prone to stronger winds
are located along the eastern
seaboard of the Philippines.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
How devastating are strong winds?

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
STORM SURGE

Storm Surge • Wind/Pressure Effect

- the abnormal rise in sea level causing big waves • Rainfall Effect
at the coast as the tropical cyclone approaches • The Tidal Effect
and hit landmass or made landfall. • Shape of the coastline and slope of the sea bed

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
MICROBURST

Downburst is an area of strong, downward moving air associated with a downdraft from a
thunderstorm. It can produce winds comparable to weak tornadoes.

Tracking the sky… Helping the country.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Microburst - If the diameter of the downdraft is 4 km or less,
Macroburst – if the diameter is greater than 4 km.
Wet Downburst or Wet microburst – when downburst/
microburst brings water.
Tracking the sky… Helping the country.
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) V.L. GALANIDA
 Weather systems that may affect the country
MAY – OCTOBER 2022

RIDGE OF HIGH
THUNDERSTORMS INTER-TROPICAL EASTERLIES PRESSURE AREAS (HPAs)
CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)

LOW PRESSURE TAIL-END OF THE

AREAS (LPAs) TROPICAL CYCLONES SOUTHWEST
FRONTAL SYSTEM
(SHEAR LINE) MONSOON
In transition (up to mid-May)
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration

Tracking the sky… Helping the country. V.L. GALANIDA