PERSONALITY

KMBN 101
UNIT III : ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
 MEANING
• The word personality is derived from Latin word Persona which means mask.
• It is a pattern of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that distinguish a person from other.
• It is a sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
• Changes in personality occur slowly over period of time.
• According to Anderson and Parker, “Personality is the totality of habits, attitudes, and traits
that result from socialization and characterizes us in our relationships with others.”
DETERMINANTS OF
PERSONALITY
• Personality is determined by nature and
nurture.
• Factors which determine the personality
of persons are as follows:
1. Biological factors
a. Heredity
b. Brain
c. Physical features
2. Cultural factors
3. Family and Social factors
4. Situational factors
 CONTINUE…
• Biological factors:
• Hereditary: when the qualities of parents are transmitted to the children, i.e. from ancestors to
descendants, by way of biological mechanisms or genes lying in the chromosomes of the germ
cells. It may include muscle composition, temperament, physical stature, facial features, etc.
• Brain: The brain is also one such factor that helps in the development of an individual’s
personality. However, there is no valid proof, which can determine the contribution of the human
brain in the development of personality.
• Physical Features: The physical features of a person greatly affects the personality of a person
and has the capability to influence others. It includes physical characteristics and the rate of
maturation. Physical characteristics include height, weight, colour, complexion, etc. can influence
others.
 CONTINUE…
• Family or social factors: an infant acquires most of his/her personality traits and pattern of
behavior from his family or community to which he/she belongs. Hence, parents, siblings,
classmates, coworkers, neighbors, friends, etc. have a very strong impact on the personality
development of a child.
• Cultural factors: It can be defined as the set of beliefs, values and techniques of dealings
with the situations, which are shared and transferred from one generation to another.
• Situational factors: The different demands of different situations can cause a specified
response of the individual’s personality.
• For example, A person can behave differently while going on a trip with his friends and
while facing an interview.
 BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS
• Every individual possess certain specific personality traits.
• These traits are clusters of thoughts, feelings and behaviors which helps in differentiating
peoples
• These cluster of personality traits are divided into 5 dimensions.
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness to experience
EXTRAVERSION
• A personality dimension that describes someone who is of good nature, cooperative and
trusting and who likes helping others.
 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

• A dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent &organized.

Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized and unreliable.
 NEUROTICISM
This taps a person ability to withstand stress. People who are high on neuroticism tend to be
anxious, insecure, self conscious, depressed etc.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
 MYERS- BRIGGS TYPE
INDICATOR(MBTI)
• It is the most widely used personality test in workplace and career counselling.
• MBTI is a personality test that that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 16
personality types.
• People are classified as:
1. Extraverted or Introverted (E or I)
2. Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)
3. Thinking or Feeling( T or F)
4. Judging or Perceiving (J or P)
 PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
• Personal effectiveness is the branch of the self help movement which deals with success,
goals and concepts related to self.
• Self awareness is essential for personal effectiveness. Making the most of your strengths and
developing our skills to improve our personal performance.
• If personal effectiveness is high in any individual it becomes easier for such person to
achieve its goals and objectives and to be successful.
• How much effective we are as an individual, it depends on the skills and competencies
which contributes towards individual ability to reach his or her personal goals.
• If we focus on our personal effectiveness skills, it helps individual to become more capable,
competent and confident.
 FEATURES
• Every individual has different personal effectiveness.
• It depends on innate characteristics of an individual talent and experiences
• Talents need to be identified
• Experience is the knowledge and skills that are acquired in the process of practical activities.
PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
SKILLS
 ATTITUDE

• An attitude is defined as the way a person feels about something. It can be a person, a place, a
commodity, a situation or an idea.
• Attitude is an evaluation of things in terms of liking or disliking, favour or unfavour, positive or
negative.
• “An attitude is a negative or positive evaluation of an object which influence humans behaviour
towards that object”– MICHEAL HOGG
• E.g if I think that junk food are unhealthy at it has high sugar and fats. It means I have negative
attitude towards junk food consumption.
• Different peoples can have different attitude towards a same thing or ideas. For eg. Some people
think internets use for students as a positive thing that it help students in their studies. But an
another way some peoples think the use of internet for students as a negative thing they think it
wastes lot of time in useless activities on the internet.
 TYPES OF ATTITUDE
1. Job satisfaction: it refers to an individuals general attitude towards his job. A person with
high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes towards the job, while a person who
is dissatisfied with his job holds negative attitude towards his job.
• High job satisfaction – Positive attitude and it leads to happy feeling
• Low job satisfaction – Negative attitude and it leads to tension, stress etc.
2. Job involvement: it measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with
his job and consider work as a central part of their lives.
• High involvement – Less absenteeism and employee turnover
• Low involvement- More absenteeism and employee turnover
3. Organizational commitment: it is a state in which an employee identifies with a particular
organization and its goals. Employees loyalty towards the organization.
 TYPES OF ATTITUDE IN
PSYCHOLOGY
• Positive attitude: believe in themselves, see good things in others, positive mindset in every
situation, good tolerance power, remain happy, confident etc.
• Negative attitude: negative mindset, blame others for their failure, remain frustrated, run
away from tough situations.
• Neutral attitude: don’t think and care about things, lazy, ignore problems and wait for others
to solve their problems.
• Sikken attitude: most dangerous type of attitude, very negative mindset, aggressive, destroy
the image of positive person .
 COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
Psychologist such as Rosenber, Eagley and Hovland have given a three components model of
attitude. According to this model an attitude has following three components.

1) Cognitive component
2) Affective component
3) Behavioral component
 COGNITIVE COMPONENTS
• Cognitive components is the set of information, facts, ideas, opinions and knowledge about
an object.
• The cognition component of an attitude reflects a persons perceptions or beliefs.
• Eg. An orange is rich in vitamins. It is good for skin. It has a good taste.
• Saver bulbs consumes less electricity than ordinary bulbs. It has a brighter light. It is more
durable.
 AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS
• This components consists of emotions and feeling towards an object that results from his or
her beliefs based on some information. It can be liking or disliking, favouring or unfavoring,
and positive or negative evaluating toward the object.
• Affect is the emotional component of an attitude.
• Eg. I like orange
• I like saver bulbs because saver bulbs are good
 BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENTS
• The tendency of a person to behave in a particular manner towards the object. E.g. how the
individual act towards the object depending upon cognitive(facts towards the object)
affective( emotions towards the object) components.
• It refers to the individuals behavior that occurs as a result of his or her information, belief
and feelings about object.

• E.g. I eat an oranges daily

• I buy and use saver bulbs in my home.
 ATTITUDE FORMATION
1. Psychological factors: related to ones perception, ideas, beliefs and information.
2. Family factors: it is the first place where individual comes in the contact in formation of
attitude.(eg. Rich family have different attitudes towards spending)
3. Social factors: society in which we are living. Its culture, norms, values and beliefs.
4. Organizational factors: monetary rewards, peer pressure, organizational policies etc.
5. Economic factors: economic conditions, inflation, deflation, recession etc.
6. Political factors: political ideologies play a very important role in formation of attitude.
 ATTITUDE CHANGE
• Once formed attitude have a tendency to persist and are very difficult to change.
• The main issue in changing attitude is resistance to change.
• People do not accept that they are wrong in their thoughts and feelings.
• Attitudes are acquired through the process of learning so they can be changed through the
process of education only.
 HOW ATTITUDE CAN BE
CHANGED?
1) Change in ideas and beliefs: attitude formed with misleading information can be changed
by supplying reliable information.
2) Feeling or emotions: when there is strong impact of emotions on attitudes then attitude
can be changed through listening to the problems(complaint box is placed in org.)
3) Change in situation: to change an undesirable attitude some situational variables which
are causing an attitude act be modified. E.g low pay leads to negative attitude which can
be changed by raising their pay scale.
4) Change in behavior: attempt to bring change in undesirable behavior requires close watch.
It is a complex task. Strict action must be taken against such behaviour.
 WHAT IS GROUP BEHAVIOUR
• A group is basically an assembly of people. It can be understood as a collection of
individuals (two or more) who come together and interact with each other, so as to achieve
the objectives of the organization.
• Every manager must possess the knowledge of group behaviour along with individual
behaviour.
• He must be able to understand group psychology.
• Individual behaviour is influenced by the group behaviour.
• “ A group comprises, of two or more persons who interact with one another in such a
manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other person”.
 CONCEPT
• A group can be defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come
together to achieve particular objectives.
• Behaviour is anything a person does that can be observed in some ways or noticed. It
includes feelings, attitude, thoughts and mental processes.
• A group behaviour is attitude, thought, feeling of a collection of a people that can be
observed or noticed.
• It is guided by some rules and regulations which may or may not be so with the individual.
 FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES
• Working on complex and independent task.
• Generating new ideas and creative solutions to the problems.
• Serving as coordinating function.
• Implementation of complex decisions
• Features
• Interdependence
• Face to face interaction
• Two or more persons
• A sense of WE feelings
 TYPES OF GROUPS
1. FORMAL GROUPS
a) Command groups
b) Task groups
c) Functional groups
2. INFORMAL GROUPS
a) Interest groups
b) Friendship groups
c) Reference groups
 FORMAL GROUPS
1) COMMAND GROUPS: these groups are composed of the subordinates who report
directly to the common supervisor. E.g A college principal and teachers.
2) TASK GROUPS: it consists of group of people who work together to achieve a common
task.
3) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: it is created by the organization to accomplish specific goals
within an unspecified time frame.
 INFORMAL GROUPS

1. INTEREST GROUPS: it usually continue overtime and may last longer then general
informal groups
2. FRIENDSHIP GROUPS: they are formed by the members who enjoy similar social
activities, political beliefs, religious values or other common bonds.
3. REFERENCE GROUPS: these is the type of group that people use to evaluate themselves,
through comparing with others members.
 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
• Interpersonal skills are the qualities and behaviors of a person who uses to interact with
others properly. It is the process of face to face exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings and
emotions between two or more people.
• Basically the term interpersonal focuses on the bond between two people, and the behavior
between these two individuals will depend on the context of their relationship.
• Strong interpersonal skills such as problem solving and knowledge sharing are the main job
requirement in addition to the proper experience and knowledge.
 TYPES
1. Interpersonal cooperative behavior
2. Interpersonal conflicting behavior
How to improve interpersonal skills?
1. Be enthusiastic and engaged when interacting with people.
2. Smile and use positive body language
3. Practice active listening
4. Resolve conflict
5. Appreciate others
6. Seek out opportunities to build relationship
 JOHARI WINDOW
• It was developed by American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955. It helps in
understanding your relationship with yourself and others.
• Johari window model is based upon two things i.e. to acquire the trust of others by revealing your
information to them and by learning about yourself through feedback by others.
• Johari window helps you to improve self awareness and to improve mutual understanding between
individual and within a group.
• Each person is represented by the Johari model through four quadrants or window pane.
1. Open area or arena
2. Blindspot or blindself
3. Hidden area or hiddenself
4. Unknown areas or unknownself
THE JOHARI MODEL