ofEM. W.

with Matter on Macroscopic Scale

wetion 295
sincein
an E.M.W, E, Hand kare
lhree
Nowpossiblehodes orthogonal, in general there
of propagation viz.
Bre
Waves (or Mode) : This is
EM.W .hvingan electric field Ewhich is entirely characterised by an
in aplane
otheassumed axis of propagation (which is 2-axis here). transverse
Only the
. feld Hhas a component the along assumed
axis of
hencethis type of wave alsoknown as
Bnd ForTE wave
is also
it is possible to H-wave.
This is propagation
shown in
TE
(a).
fe.6.18 magnetic field
express allfield components in
the
emsof
axial component H,.
(B) TMwave (or Mode) : This is characterised by an
LM.W.havmg magnetic field|H whichis entirely in aplane
(which is z-axis here ). Onlytransverse
assumedl axis of propagation (which
the
to
the
component talong
along the assumed axis of
electric
this typeof waveis.also known as E-wave. This is propagation
field has
E a and hence
shown in fig. 6.18 (b).
For TM wave it is possible to express ll field components in terms of
xialelectric field components E,.

E K

E
X

E-Along x Axis H-Along x Axis H-Along x Axis

TE wave TM wave TEM wave
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 6.18
(C) TEM wave (or Mode) : It is characterial by an E.M.W.
laving both the electric and magnetic fields entirely in aplane transverse
" ue assumed axis of propagation i.e. it is an electromagnetic wave in
which the direction of wave motion is along the assumed axis of
prEMW
opagatarieon.propagated
This is shown in fig. 6.18 (c) [In coaxial cables usually
in this mode].
As an example here we shall. discuss only T¾ wave. The electric fields
for
incident and reflected waves in TEcos0case+t zwillsin 0)be
C,=iEe 0-ik, (y
296 Electromagnetic Theory
- iot-iko -ycos + zsin0)
E, =|E,e
position the resultant electric
Soby principle of super field in the
between the planes in TE will be ik,(y cos0 + z sin 0)
region
E- +E, =je
i |E,e'
ik, (-y cos + z sin )
+E', e
boundary condition that tangentialcomponent ofE m
Now as by plane i.e.
conducting
vanishes at the surface ofthe
E=0 at y=0
ik, z sin0 +E, ik,zsin
sin 0)0) =0
We get ie
E, +E'=0 or E'=-E
ie.
the reflection at the conductino
Thiscondition simply indicates thatno
and change in amplitude
plane involves a phase change ofn
ik, ycos0 iko ycos0 e
-i (ot - k, z sin 0)
And so E=iEe
[2isin (k,y cos )] e-i(o-ko zsin9)
of E=iE,
-i (ot - kg2) ..1)
E=i2iE,sin (k, y)
..2)
with k, =k cos0and k, =k, sin0
clear that
This is the required result and from this it is
wave along
(I) The resultant disturbance is propagating as a
Z-axis with a wave length
2T 2T (as k, = k, sin )
k k, sin 9
2T
as k, = ..3)
sin 9
,is called the guide wavelength and is> , as sin is < 1.
And so the velocity of the wave will be
(as k = k, sin)
k, sin.0
C ...(4)
V= as
sin 0
<l.
This velocity is called phase velocity and is greater than c as sin
At firstglance this appears to be in direct conflict with special theory
fateracton
7ofEMW with Matter on Macroscopic Scale
291
accordingto which no signal can be
relatively
thenc. The propagated with a speed
solution of this apparent difficulty
(sIgnal).along the axis is propagated with groupliesvelocity
energy
greater in the fact that
v, given
by
eqn.
(9)) whichislesser than c and not with phase velocity (> c).
( ) Theamplitude of resultant disturbance
2iE, sin (k,v)
ishows
e thatitvaries sinusoidaly with yi.e., along y-axis. Sothe resultant

wavegivenby equation () is a stationary

s
effectivewavelength
wave along y-axis with
2T 2
k, cos (as k, =k, cos 0)
2
as k, = ..5)
cos

These standing waves were experimentally observed in the

experiment fLippmann.
Furtherthe boundary condition E=0at y=drequires
sin (k d) =0 i.e. k,d= mT
2rd
= MN as k = ..(6)

1iscalled cut of wave length. It is independent of free space wavelength

i or the corresponding frequency o and depends only on the distance
hetwen the planes dand the mode of propagation i.e. m.
(11) From equation (2) we have
k, =k, cos @
and k, =k, sin 0
S0 7+=7 ..(7)
1
or
sk=
as. ..(8)

Equation (8) is called the guide equation and from this i.e.

tis clear that for k, < k..k. will be imaginary which in turn results in
aitenuation* of E. This in turn means that we cannot propagate wave for
which
ko < k, i.e ho> ,
See Appendix Ill.
 298
Electromagnetc Theory
1.e. only those waves are propagated for which
or 0 > .
i.e. A, is the largest wavelength or o, is the lowest frequencyandwhich.can
be propagated. This is why , is called cut ofof wavelength the
problem acts as high pass filter. given
(V) The velocity with which energy is propagated alongthe
called group velocity and is given by axis is
dot
v, =
But from equation (7)
ko =/(k,+k,) or Q=c Jk, +k,) (ask, =(u/c)
=cBk'+ky-"" x24,

i.e. v, =e=c [as k, = (k,' +k,')2)

ko
i.e. D. = csin [as k, = k, sin 0] ..9)
From expression (9) it is clear that the group velocity v, with which
energy is propagated along the axis is lesser than c as sin 0<1. Further
multiplying equation (4) and (9) we get

a result which is expected but by no means apparent.

§6.8,Wave Guide (Rectangular)
Ahollow conducting metallic tube of uniform cross section usualy
filled with air, for transmiting electromagnetic wave by successive
reflections from inner walls of the
tube is called awave guide. If the
cross section is rectangular it is
called rectangular wave guide and
Rectangular if the cross section is circular it is
Wave Gude Cylindrical
Wave Guide
Fig. 6.19 called cylindrical wave guide.
It is used in U.H.F. and
microwave region such as radar (f > 3000 MHz or <1Ocm) as an
alternative to transmission lines as at these frequencies it can handle more
power with lesser losses as compared to transmission lines.
See Appendix I.
 nofE.MW.with
Matter on Macroscopic Scale 299

Propagationof E.M.W. in wave

i n which
phenomenon either TE or TM guides
can be considered as a
hence ass
pass down the waves are reflected from
wall to
linesE.M.W. are
ansmission
wave guide in zig-zag fashion. [in
1EMwaves, )
usually propagated along the axis of cable
essentialfeature of
wave guide
As
characteristic
frequency similar propagation
to that of a
is that it
exhibits a cut
dff
tregvencies below the cut off value, the high pass filter. At
hackwards forwards across the wave
and wave is simply reflected
[Transmission
fT line guide
line do not have any and makes no forward
progress.
roadbanddevies.] cut off
frequency and are
fheory:
For. makingthe
treatment simple we assume that
() The walls of the guide are perfectly
gential component of E and conducting so that tan
normal component of B vanishes at its
surface.

The interior of the Wave

uide is frespace i.e. vacuum so that
=o
6=0 and p=0.
(ii) The cross section of guide
is uniform and rectangula.
(iv) The axis of wave guide is
b
along z-direction of right handed
Co-ordinate system. Fig. 6.20
In the light of above assumptions to discuss the
propagation of
E.M.W. in the guide consider Maxwell'seqns. in free space viz.
Div E=0 ...a) Div B=0 ...(b)
Curl B= 1OE *...c) Curl E=-.
JB
....)
..(1)

Taking the curl of eqn. 1 (d) we get

curl (B)

V(V"E)-'E=-0x B) (V")-VV]
[as V xVxV=V
300

which in the light of equations 1(a) and (c) reduces to

Electromagnetic Theory
1a'E =0
v'E
Similarly taking curl of eqn. 1(c) and lusing 1(b) and (d) we
get
V'B =0

As equations (2) and (3) are of the form

v-=0
We come to the conclusion that fields E and B are propagated .
waves in the guide at aspeed c.
Now as the solution of above wave equation when it is
along z-axis is propagating
y=ei(ow-k)

so ifk, is the wave vector or propagationconstant alongz-axis i.e. axis of

guide the solution of equations (2) and (3) willbe
EcoB-i(o-kg) .49)

To determine how E«. ) and Ba. y) Vary with x and y we start with
Maxwell's equations
1JE OB
curl B= and curl E=-.

which in terms of components can be written as

aB, dB, 1àE, OE, OE,
dy dz dy dz
JB, B, and
OE, OE, OB, ..5)
dz dx dz dx dt
•B, B, 1 OE, aE, aE, OB,
dx dy t
But from equation (4) it is apparent that
, and dt -i0’-ik,c as ko
 with Matter on
Macroscopic Scale
$o
equation , reduces to
(5), 301

C
..)

aB.oE. ...) C
..46)
aB, B,
aB,E, ...) C

E-ik,E, =-ik,cB, . )
E, =-ik,cB, ...i)
..7)
E, OE =-ik,cB, .iü)|
dy
the vvalue of
If we substitute B, from equation 7(i) in 6
1 OE, (0), we get
E,
dy ik,c ox C E,
•B, k, OE,
_ik, E
ie., dy k,c dx cko
E •B,
[k-k, 8 dx ..(A)
And if we substitute the value of E, from 6 (i) 7
(ii), we get
i k, dE
B, =
[k -k| c dx dy ...B)
Similarly eliminating B, and E, in turn, from 6(i) and 7(i) we get
E, =
dy .-ke JB,dx ..(C)
and B, = ko E, 3,
c dy ..D)
Examination of equations (A), (B), (C) and (D) shows that :
0) Ifa
hen as E, =B,electromagnetic
=0, the equationswave is to be propagated along z axs
(A), (B), (C) and (D) vanish. Therefore
there is no non-zero Component of Eor B. This in turn implies that TE M
"es cannotbe propagated along the axis ofa wave gulde.
302
ElectromagneticTheory
(i) If we set k - = ie., k,=, -k we find that
for k, <k,k, is imaginary whichin turn results in the attenuation of
Hgiven by egn. (4). This in tum means that we cannot propagat
for which k, <k, (or f, <f)iie. aguide acts as ashort of high passwaves
fil er
in the sense that one can propagate waves along it whose frequenci
greater than cut offfrequency.
The equation

ie.
1 1 (as k =2r/)

is called guide equation. t relates the free space wavelength , to cut ofr
wavelength , and guide wavelength ,. According to it
..E)

(ii) The phase velocity in the guide will be given by

or cko C
[as k;= 7-]
C 2r
or
as k= ..F)

This result clearly shows that v> cand for , =,

ie. phase velocity becomes infinite exactly at cut off:

(iv) As
[as k, =o/d
The group velocity with which energy is propagated along the axis of
the guide will be given by
dw
D,=
ak, k,
i.e.
, =c4k + 2k,
joratonofEMW. with Matter on Macoscoplc Scale
303

= cy[l- (k,/k,']
(as k¿ =k +]
y,=cll-(a,/a,'] (ask =2r/]
Fromthis equation it is clear that v, <cand vv, =
..(G)
c.
(v) Transverse components of the fields i.e. E,, Ey, B,,
guided Wave are independent of one and B, of
another and depend only on the
vgluesofthe longitudinal components E, or B, of the
possible to expresSs theem in terms of a guided wave, so it is
linear
independent solutions, one for which E=0 (TË)superposition of two
and one for which
B=0(TE). Transverse electric waves are sometimes known as Hwave
ndtransverse magnetic waves as E-waves.
TE Waves :
For these as E,=0 and k =k -k,
equations (A), (B), (C) and (D)
reduce to
ikgc ðB, ik, OB,
E, = ..) B

ik,c oB, ..(ii) ...(8)

B, = ik, dB,
k dy
Thus in TE mode all the transverse
components of EandB can be
expressed in terms of longitudinal component of magnetic vector B,. In
order to compute B, we use equation (3) i.e.
V'B- 1'B
=0
which in the light of eqn. (4) i.e.
Bon =Ba.,e -i(o1 -kg2)
ie. with
dz ’ (ik,) and ’(-io) becomes
J'B + JB
dy? t+ (ik,)' B-(-io)' B=
i.e. a'B 'B(w
dy' dy JB-0
Le. a'B + 'B
+k B=0 [as k, = cand k, =k +k]
304
Electromagnetic Theory
equation so must
As above equations is a vector B it reduces to be satisfiedfor
component of B. For z-component of each
a'B, 0B +kB, =0
2
a)
=0i.e.
with boundary condition |9B./on/s
=0 at X=0 and I=a.

=0 at y=0 and y=b.

and
dy
Such a solution is
nTy
B= B, cos jcos
m?
with a

where the indices m and nspecify the mode. The cut of wavelength i
given by
2T
as k=
2
i.e. (). = ..)

while cut off frequency willbe

n'7V2
m 2rc
mn = TC 2
as 0 ..K)
a
The modes corresponding tomand n are designated as TEm, mode.
The case m=n=0 gives a static field which do not represent a wave
propagation. So TEo mode does not exist. If a<b the lowest cut off
frequency result for m=0and n=liie.
TUC
(0),, =b or k, =
The TEoj mode is called the principal or dominant mode.
The fields in the guide for TE mode will be obtained from eqn. (3) D)
substituting the solution for B,, which is
Baro =B4. -i (0N -kgz).
InteractionofE.M. W. with Matter on
Macroscopic Scale 305
bue.9
ie.
=B,cos nTy i(o - kg2)
Thus we have

inrck,
B, cos Mt sin nTy
" -i(o-kg)
E,= intcko Bsin B, COS ty -i(oN- kgz)
B,= imrk, -B, sin
k'a a
COS

B, = intk, B, cos nty -io-kg2)

TM Waves :
For there as B, =0 and as 2

reduce to
k- k, =k equations A, B, C and D
ik, SE,
E, = B, = ik, OE,
...(i)
ik, OE, ..(10)
E, =
k dy .i) B, = ik, dE, -iv)
2 dx
Thus in TM mode, all the
expressed in terms of longitudinal transverse components of Eand B can be
may be computed by using the component of the electric field E., E.
eqn. (4) for z-component
Le.
(x, ) e
-i (ot -k2)
so that it satisfies eqn. (2)
(forz Component) i.e.
v'E, -- 1E, =0
i.e. E, +(ik,)' E,(-io)? E, =0
aE,
OEk?E,=0
or

dy
with boundary condition E,/s=0 i.e.
as
--
E, =0 at x=0 and
and E, =0 at y=0 and y=b
306
Electromagnetle Theory
Such asolution is
án
with ='
..M)
which coresponds to a cut ofT wavelength
1/2

[as k=2n/)
and acut off frequency
[ask =o cd
Comparing cqn. (M) with () we find that in a rectangular wavegujde
TE and TM modes have the same set of cut off frequencies, However the
cases m =0and n=lor m=land n=0 whichwere dominant in TE mode
do not exist for TM wave because the field vanishes or mor n=0.
The value of the fields for TM mode will be obtained from egn. (10)
by substituting the solution for E,, which is
e
-i(o - k,z)
-i (o -k,)
i.e. Eat:a =Ep sin sin
b
Thuswe have
imrk, -i (ot-k)
E, = -E, cos sin Je
7'a
innk, E, sin nty -i(N-k,z)

inTk, mTK nTy) -(N-k,2)

B, = -E, sin cos
b
bck
imTk, mTx -i(oM-k,z)
and B, = COS Sun
ack?
Note : In solving numericals related to wave guides keep in mind that
(a) The cut off' wavelength , for a given mode and free space wavelength ho are
given by
2
and
JteractionofEM.W. with Matter on Macroscopic Scale
307
legride wavelength

I) Thepropagationconstant
2*

velociy
0 Thephase

(e) Thegronp velocity

9 The guide impedencefor TE mode

Z=

while for TM mode

where Z, =377 ohm=free space impedance.

Example6. What must be the width of a rectangular guide such
that the energy of electromagnetic radiations whose free space
wavelength is 3cm. travels down the guide at 95% of the speed of light, in
principal mode.
Solution. We know that in awave guide energy travels with
group velocity

but here
v, =9 c
and for principal mode 2
2 = 2b
(a,o =

S0 .95 c=cy[-(3/2b)1 Ans.

or b=48cm.