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Lecture2.3(Functions)

The document provides an overview of functions, including definitions of one-to-one (injection), onto (surjection), and bijective functions, as well as inverse functions and function composition. It also explains the floor and ceiling functions, which assign integers based on real numbers. Examples are included to illustrate these concepts.

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am3651471
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6 views

Lecture2.3(Functions)

The document provides an overview of functions, including definitions of one-to-one (injection), onto (surjection), and bijective functions, as well as inverse functions and function composition. It also explains the floor and ceiling functions, which assign integers based on real numbers. Examples are included to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

am3651471
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

 Definition of functions

 Floor Function & Ceiling Function


Learning Objective

 To understand the various types of functions

2
Definition of Functions

 A function f from 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵(𝑓:𝐴→𝐵) is a mapping that assigns each


element of set A to exactly one element of set B: 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏.

3
One-to-One and Onto Functions

 A function 𝑓 is one-to-one or an Injection ↔ {𝑓(𝑎) =𝑓(𝑏) →𝑎 = 𝑏} for


all 𝑎 and 𝑏 in the domain of 𝑓.

 ∀𝑎 ∀𝑏𝑓(𝑎) =𝑓(𝑏) → 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 ∀𝑎 ∀𝑏 (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 →𝑓(𝑎) ≠𝑓(𝑏).

4
One-to-One and Onto Functions

Example Determine whether the function f from {a, b, c, d} to


{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} with f (a) = 4 , f (b) = 5 , f (c) = 1, and f (d) = 3
is one-to-one.

Solution The function f is one-to-one because f takes on different


values at the four elements of its domain.

5
One-to-One and Onto Functions

 A function 𝑓:𝐴→𝐵 is called onto, or a surjection ↔for every element 𝑏∈𝐵


∃ an element 𝑎∈𝐴 with 𝑓(𝑎)=𝑏.

 A function 𝑓is onto if ∀𝑦 ∃𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)=𝑦)

6
One-to-One and Onto Functions

Example Is the function f (x) = 𝑥 2 from the set of integers to


the set of integers onto?

Solution The function f is not onto because there is no integer


with 𝑥 2 = −1.

7
Bijective Function

 The function f is a one-to-one correspondence , or a


bijection, if it is both one-to-one and onto. We also say that
such a function is bijective.

8
Inverse Function

 Let f be a one-to-one correspondence from A to B. The inverse


function of f , denoted 𝑓 −1 , is the function from B to A defined as
𝑓 −1 (b) = a when f (a) = b.

a b=f(a)

A B

9
Composition of Functions

 Let 𝑔: 𝐴 → 𝐵, 𝑓: 𝐵 → 𝐶. The composition of f and g , denoted by


f ◦g , is the function defined by
( f ◦g)(a) = f (g(a))

10
Composition of Functions

Example Let f and g be the functions from the set of integers


to the set of integers defined by f (x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x + 2.
What is the composition of f and g ? What is the composition
of g and f ?
Solution
( f ◦g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (3x + 2) = 2(3x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 7
g◦f )(x)= g( f (x)) = g(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3) + 2 = 6x + 11.

11
Floor Function & Ceiling Function

 The floor function assigns to the real number x the largest integer
that is less than or equal to x.
 The value of the floor function at x is denoted by 𝑥 .

 The ceiling function assigns to the real number x the smallest


integer that is greater than or equal to x.
 The value of the ceiling function at x is denoted by 𝑥 .

12
Example
Some examples of the floor functions and the ceiling
functions are
1 1 1 1
=0, =1, − = -1, − = 0,
2 2 2 2

3.1 =3, 3.1 =4, 7 =7, 7 =7

13
Summary
 Injection or One-to-One: ∀𝑎∀𝑏𝑓(𝑎) =𝑓(𝑏) → 𝑎 = 𝑏

 Surjection or Onto: A function 𝑓is onto if ∀𝑦∃𝑥(𝑓(𝑥)=𝑦)

 Bijection: both (One-to-One and Onto)

 Inverse Function: (Bijection)

 Function Composition: (𝑓∘𝑔)(𝑎) =𝑓( 𝑔(𝑎)).

14  Floor Function & Ceiling Function


3
Find the value of 1.1 , , −1 and −1 .
4

Answers

3
1.1 = 1, =1, −1 = -1, −1 =-1.
4

15
Sequences and Summations

16

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