COURSE CODE 21CEC202T

COURSE - Geographic Information System

Applications of GIS
Presented by
Dr. A MANIMARAN
Department of Civil Engineering
SRM IST - KTR

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 Unit 1 Lesson plan

• Introduction & Definition • Cartography

• GIS in Civil Engineering. • Digital Cartography.
• Historical Back Ground. • Symbolization & Generation.
• Concept of Development. • Map and Definition of Map.
• Qualification Of GIS. • Types of Map.
• Requirement Of GIS. • Classification of map based
• Elements Of GIS. on scale.

• Classification of map based on purpose and theme

• Map analysis.
• Coordinate system.
• Projection systems.
• Coordinate systems used in India.
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What is GIS ?
“A computer - assisted system for the capture, storage
retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data, within
a particular Organization”. (Clarke, 1986)

A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the

following four sets of capabilities to
handle geo-referenced data:
✓ Input
✓ data management (data storage and retrieval)
✓ manipulation and analysis
✓ Output.
(Aronoff, 1989)
“A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software,
geographic data, and personnel to efficiently capture, store, update,
manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically
referenced
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information.” 3
 GIS Terminology:

Geographical Information System

Geographical Information Science
Geoinformatics
Geomatics
Spatial information system
Geospatial systems
Geospatial information engineering
Land information system

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 Types of GIS:

✓ Desktop GIS
✓ Professional GIS
✓ Enterprise GIS
✓ Mobile GIS
✓ Internet GIS
✓ Embedded GIS
✓ 4 D GIS
✓ Multimedia GIS

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 Father of GIS
• Dr. Roger Tomlinson (1933-2014)
He is the visionary geographer who conceived and developed the first GIS for use
by the Canada Land Inventory in the early 1960s. This and continuing
contributions led the Canadian government to give him its highest civilian
award, the Order of Canada, in 2001. Text for that award reads, “he pioneered
its uses worldwide to collect, manage, and manipulate geographical data,
changing the face of geography as a discipline.”

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Dr. Rojar Tomlinson
 Elements of GIS:

People Software

Data

GIS
Method
Hardware

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 Elements of GIS

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 Contd.,
1) Hardware : It consists of the equipments and
support devices that are required to capture, store
process and visualize the geographic information.
These include computer with hard disk,
digitizers, scanners, printers and plotters etc.
2) Software : Software is at the heart of a GIS
system. The GIS software must have the basic
capabilities of data input, storage, transformation,
analysis and providing desired outputs. ArcGIS
by ESRI is the widely used proprietary GIS
software. Others in the same category are
MapInfo, Microstation, Geomedia etc.
3) Data : The data is captured or collected from various sources (such as maps, field
observations, photography, satellite imagery etc) and is processed for analysis
and presentation.
4) Methods : These include the way in which data has to be input in the system,
retrieved, processed, transformed and presented.
5) People : This component of GIS includes all those individuals (such as
programmer, database manager, GIS researcher etc.) who are making the GIS
work, and also the individuals who are at the user end using the GIS services,
applications and tools.
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What GIS can do?

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What GIS can do Real world Problems
Identification Where ?
Locate What is there?
Trends What if ?
Patterns What has changed ?
Optimum path What relations exists
between ?
Models What is the best route?

10
What Analysis GIS can do ?

✓ Simple Query

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✓ Spatial Querying
✓ Single Layer Operation
✓ Multiple- Layer Operations
✓ Spatial Modeling
✓ Surface Analysis
✓ Network Analysis
✓ Point Pattern Analysis
✓ Grid Analysis

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12
 History of GIS
Mapmaking (representation of geographical information) has
evidences to show independent evolution of maps in different parts of the earth.
The direct evidence of mapping comes from in the form of Babylonian Clay

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Tablets as early as 1000 B.C which depicted earth as a flat circular disk.
Around 200 B.C, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of earth
accurately. Later came, Ptolemy and Al-Idrisi who made remarkable
contributions in the field of cartography. Following them were Mercator and ,
their work paved way for the upcoming cartographers and geographers to better
understand the earth and the geographical phenomenon.
Putting layers of data on series of base maps to analyze things
geographically has been into existence much longer than the introduction of
computers to the geographical world.
The French cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier had drawn the
13
maps of the Battle of Yorktown (1781) that contained hinged overlays to show
troop movements.
 CONTD.,
DECADE MILESTONES FOR COMPUTER-BASED GIS

Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory

pioneered many aspects of GIS (1960)

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Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial
1960’s data handling (1964)
US Bureau of Census developed Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) data format
(1967)
ESRI founded (1969)

CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)

First Landsat satellite launched (USA)

First geocoded census (1970)

1970’s
USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to
manage and analyze land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format

ERDAS founded 14

ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

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15
 CONCEPTS AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS
Hardware requirements

•2.8 Ghz PIV true PC compatible (dual-core processor recommended).

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•1 GB RAM (4 GB or greater recommended).
•800 x 600 SVGA Display (1280 x 1024 or greater recommended).
•250 MB hard disk free space (gigabytes of free space recommended).
•Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server
2008 or Vista with most recent service pack, in standard 32-bit versions or
in 64-bit versions. (Windows XP or greater recommended).
•Internet Explorer 6 or most recent IE version plus most recent service
pack.
•Microsoft's .NET Framework 2.0 or more recent.
•IIS 5.1 or greater to operate IMS.
For very large tasks, such as intensive web server applications using IMS,
investing in a dual socket, quad processor machine may be considered.
This has eight cores. Various processes within modern GIS applications
can use multiple processors. 16
 Why GIS ?
✓ Facilities faster process of operation.
✓Provides many real world problems with option of many scenarios.
✓Decision making tool with support of organized data.
✓Integrating technology.
✓Dynamic map display and interactive query
✓GIS is a powerful tool for handling spatial data.
✓In GIS, data are maintained in digital format.
✓In GIS, data are in more compact form then that of paper maps, tables etc.
✓Large quantities and types of data can be maintained retrieved at greater
speed.
✓It has the ability to manipulate the spatial data and corresponding attributes
information
8/4/2023 and to integrate different types of data in a single platform. 17
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GIS Software - Requirements
The most popular GIS software packages are:
• Hydro GeoAnalyst – Environmental data management and
visualization software by Schlumberger Water Services.
• Autodesk – Products include
• MapGuide and other products that interface with its flagship
• AutoCAD software package.
• Cadcorp – Developers of GIS software and OpenGIS standard
(e.g. Read/Write Open Source PostGIS database).
• Intergraph – Products include GeoMedia, GeoMedia
Profesional, GeoMedia WebMap, and add-on products for
industry sectors, as well as photogrammetry.
• ERDAS IMAGINE – A proprietary GIS, Remote Sensing, and
Photogrammetry software developed by ERDAS, Inc.
• ESRI – Products include ArcView 3.x, ArcGIS, ArcSDE,
ArcIMS, and ArcWeb services.
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GIS Software – Requirements, Contd..,

• IDRISI – Proprietary GIS product developed by Clark Labs.

• MapInfo – Products include MapInfo Professional and MapXtreme. integrates
GIS software, data and services.
• MapPoint – Proprietary GIS product developed by Microsoft.
• GISNet – A web-based GIS system developed by MRF Geosystems
Corporation.
• ILWIS - Integrated Land and Water Information System

ESRI (ArcGIS, ArcView 3.0)

• Manifold
• Small World
• GRASS
• MS MapPoint
• ER Mapper
• JTMaps (India)
• ENVI
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 Free classes
1. U.S. Geological Survey Getting Started with a GIS
http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/globalgis/tutorials/index.html

2. University of South Carolina GIS Short Course Handouts

Download PDF files.
http://www.cas.sc.edu/gis/training/handouts.html

3. Introduction to ArcGIS
This tutorial is intended to introduce you to the basic use of ArcGIS 8.2.
http://web.mit.edu/gis/www/introarcgis/

4. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA)

http://www.pasda.psu.edu/tutorials/default.asp

5. Trimble
http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.shtml

6. The National Center for Geographic Information Analysis (NCGIA)

http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/klink/gis.notes/ncgia/toc.html#UNIT38

7. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/index_e.php
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8. Remote Sensing
This comprehensive Remote Sensing tutorial by Dr. Nicholas M. Short is awesome!
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/

9. Global Positions
Free tutorials for ArcGis
http://www.globalpositions.com/Free.html

10. Esri free courses

http://training.esri.com/gateway/index.cfm?fa=search.resu lts&cannedsearch=2

11. Learn2Map Free GIS Tutorial and Shapefile Atlas

http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-learn-to-map-gis-tutorialand- shapefile-atlas.htm
Tutorial and Atlas.
http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-learn-to-map-gis-tutorialand-shapefile-atlas.htm

12. GIS Primer:

Comprehensive GIS resource from National Informatics Center (NIC), India
Free online lessons: http://gis.nic.in/gisprimer/

13. Introduction to GIS:

For teachers and learners
http://linfiniti.com/dla/
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GIS Courses Institute:
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Dehradun ,Various certificate courses & training
program on RS&GIS.
CSRE, IIT Bombay Mumbai M.Tech and Ph.D. courses.
Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology Hyderabad ,M.Tech program in
Environmental Geomatics
Indian Institute of Surveying and Mapping (Survey of India) Hyderabad ,M.Tech program in
Geomatics
Rolta Academy Mumbai 3 months intensive GIS course.
Pune
Advanced Computing Training School (ACTS) C-DAC's Pune Offers Diploma in
Geoinformatics (DGI)
All India Institute of Local Self Government Pune 'Certificate Course in GIS'
CDAC-Pune Offers Six Months Post Graduate Diploma in Geoinformatics.
Institute of Environment Education and Research, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Conducts a
Ph.D. and two years full time Masters in Geoinformatics.
Pune University M.Sc Geoinformatics, PGBSc (Applied) in GIS & RS
Sinhgad College of Science (M. Sc. in Geo-Informatics)
Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics Pune M Sc Programme in Geoinformatics

GIS Training Institutes in India - GIS in India

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www.gisinindia.com/directory/gis-training-institutes-in-india
 A Career in GIS
Position

GIS careers include responsibilities such as GIS Developer GIS Data Specialist

• Cartographic design GIS Engineer GIS Mapping Technician

• Data analysis
GIS Analyst GIS Mapping Assistant
• Computer programming
• Database administration Geospatial Analyst GIS Business Analyst

• Project management GIS Project Manager GIS Programmer

• System administration
Jr.Gis Associate Geographer
• Careers in GIS can also encompass
business development, managerial, and ArcGIS Cartographic designer
administrative roles. Developer/Programmer
GIS Applications Developer Database administrator.

Entry level (GIS digitisers) GIS MANAGER

Research Associate (R.A.) Project Fellow

Scientist

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Some premier Employers are :

Geoinformatics centres: Universités, Space Application Centre's, Birla Institute of

Technology, NRSC, etc.

Central Government organizations/agencies: NESAC, RRSAC,ISRO, ADRIN, IARI,

ICAR, etc.

Schools, Colleges and Universities:

Overseas: USA, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland, China, Malaysia, France,

Germany, Australia, etc.

Private sector: Different companies and industries. Telecommunication companies, oil

industry, transportation industry, etc.

Various government agencies and local authorities: Agriculture departments, geology

departments, forest departments, town planning department, etc.

New papers/magazines: Geoinformatics columnist

Educational
8/4/2023 content development firms: Conten 25
Companies providing job opportunities

✓ESRI India, New Delhi ✓Ardo Sama Geo Spatial

✓Encodex Telesystems
✓CyberTech Systems and Software Ltd., Mumbai
✓Geo Planet
✓Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.
✓GET
✓Fugro Survey India Ltd, Mumbai. ✓Hardcastle GIS Solutions Pvt Ltd
✓Magnasoft Consutancy Services, Bangalore ✓J&T Enterprises (Lucknow)
✓INCA Informatics Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi ✓K D Infotech
✓Lavasa Corporation Limited, Pune. ✓Maptoss
✓Micro Associates Consultancy (India) Pvt.
✓RMSI Private Ltd.
Ltd. (Mumbai)
✓Reliance Communication Pvt. Ltd.
✓MITCON (Mumbai)
✓Reliance Industries Ltd. ✓Nilson Technology (Delhi)
✓Reliance Energy Ltd. ✓Proficient Infotech (Nasik)
✓Speck Spatial Tech Ltd. ✓Quark Gen IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
✓Lepton Software Export and Research(P) Ltd ✓Rudra Geo Technologies (Nasik)
✓Schnell Informatics Private Limited
✓Kalyani Net Ventures Ltd., Puned
✓TomTom India Ltd
✓Simplex Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
✓Vakratund Imports and Exports
✓Geofiny Technologies Private Limited, Chennai ✓Xenolith Geoservices
✓Geographis (India) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad. ✓Yesaar Technology
✓Fugro Survey (India) Pvt Ltd. ✓Zenith Consultants (Jaipur)
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 APPLICATIONS OF GIS

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Helping With Global Problems
✓Terrorism
✓Overpopulation
✓Environmental Pollution
✓Global Recession
✓Deforestation
✓Natural disasters etc.
Helping With Local Problems
Investigating an industrial facility .
Figuring out the best route for an emergency

Other local problems

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Who Uses GIS?
Skills are with few people But
GIS is now a days taught in schools, colleges & universities
through out the world
Professionals of many fields are getting aware
Internet users of GIS have grown rapidly

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 REAL Observe Process / Interpret DECISION
WORLD DATA INFORMATION
Filter MAKING

Decision making through GIS

Various Sectors
Natural Resources Management
Disaster Management & Mitigation
Health
Education
Business GIS
Electoral process
Environment
Military Applications
Infrastructure –Power, Telecom, Transport etc.
Urban Planning etc…
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Cartography - definition and importance
• Cartography is the art and science of map making. Cartographers make a huge
contribution in making the maps more meaningful and understandable.
Cartography is concerned with reducing the spatial characteristics of a large
area or a smaller portion of it and putting it on map format. It is a carefully
designed instrument for recording, calculating, displaying, analysing and
understanding the interactions of objects in space. Its most fundamental
function is to bring things into view.

• Combining SCIENCE, AESTHETICS and TECHNIQUES, the reality can be

modelled to communicate the spatial information

Four processes are involved in cartography

1. Collecting and selecting data for mapping.

2. Manipulating and generalising the data, designing and constructing the map.
3. Reading or viewing the map.
4. Responding to or interpreting the information.
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 Contd.,
Some of the instruments/techniques used by a Cartographer for map
making are:
•Magnetic compass
•GPS
•Surveying
•Sextant
•Aerial Photography
•Satellite imagery

Types of Cartography
•General Cartography – maps constructed for general audience
•Thematic Cartography – maps of specific themes

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Map generalization is a process concerned with the application of

a set of algorithms to geographic data (represented in vector form)

in order to control the optimal representation of geographic

phenomenon at a range of different scales or levels of detail.

Model generalization is concerned with simplifying the

representational form in order to achieve efficiencies in data

storage, selecting classes of objects according to some specified

scale and map theme, and aggregating groups of objects in

accordance with scale constraints

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 MAP
The Diagramatic representation of an area of land or sea showing Physical

Features, citites, roads etc.

The word "map" comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi,

wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth and mundi the world. Thus, "map" became a

shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the

world.

Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of

the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps

is called a cartographer.
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 Map definition
• A map is a two dimensional representation of earth surface
which uses graphics to convey geographical information. It
describes the geographical location of features and the relationship
between them. Maps are fundamental to society.
• The new discoveries in Science and Geography fortified maps with
facts and technical details. Improvements in the fields of Geodesy,
Surveying and Cartography helped in bringing the maps to their
present form. The digital technology has altered the way of
creating, presenting and distributing the geographic information.
• The conventional cartography is now getting replaced by computer
aided designs and graphics, and the analog maps (paper maps) by
digital maps. The growing field of technology promises to bring
more advances to Cartography to render maps and allied services
that serve the society in a better manner.
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TYPES OF MAP

A topographic map describes the shape, size,

position, and relation of the physical features of an area. In
addition to mountains, hills, valleys, and rivers, most
topographic maps also show the culture of a region, that is,
political boundaries,
towns, houses, roads, and similar features.
On the basis of the scale, the map may be classified
as either a small scale map or a large scale map. Some of
large scale maps, are cadastral or revenue maps, utility
maps, urban plan maps, transportation or network maps.
On the basis of the content, maps are classified
Either as physical maps considered as small scale maps, or
cultural
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 Types of Maps
Based on Type Description Scale Examples
• Area covered is small Cadastral maps,
1:4,000
Large scale • Details are more, Topographical
1:2,000
maps objects are seen as large maps
Scale 1:500

• Area covered is large 1 : 2,50,000 Wall maps, Atlas

Small scale
• Less details, objects are 1 : 50,000 maps
maps
seen as small 1 : 25,000

Maps showing natural

features such as relief,1 : 2,50,000 Relief maps,
Physical geology, soils, drainage,1 : 50,000 Geological maps,
maps elements of weather,1 : 25,000 Climate maps, Soil
climate and vegetation, etc. maps
Function

Maps showing man-made 1 : 2,50,000

Political maps,
Cultural features such as population 1 : 50,000
Population maps,
maps distribution and growth, 1 : 25,000
Economic maps
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 1:50,000 [Small scale]
1:25,000 [Large scale]

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On the basis of Purpose or the content, the maps can be classified as follows:
a. Natural Maps:
These maps represent natural features and the processes associated with them. Given
below is the list of some such maps:

Astronomical map : It refers to the cartographic representation of the heavenly bodies

such as galaxies, stars, planets, moon etc.

Geological map : A map that represents the distribution of different type of rocks and
surficial deposits on the Earth.
Relief map : A map that depicts the terrain and indicates the bulges and the depressions
present on the surface.

Climate map : A climate map is a depiction of prevailing weather patterns in a given

area. These maps can show daily weather conditions, average monthly or seasonal
weather conditions of an area.
Vegetation map : It shows the natural flora of an area.
Soil map : A soil map describes the soil cover present in an area.
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8/4/2023 Geological map of India 41
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 Map Scale
The process of representing geographic features on a sheet of paper
involves the reduction of these features.

Fractional scale: If two points are 1 km apart in the field, they

may be represented on the map as separated by some fraction of that
distance, say 1 cm. In this instance, the scale is 1 cm to a kilometer.
There are 100,000 cm in 1 km; so this scale can be expressed as the
fraction or ratio of 1:100,000.

Many topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey have

a scale of 1 :62,500; and many recent maps have a scale of 1 :31 ,250,
and others of 1 :24,000. In India, commonly used fractional map
scales are 1:1,00,000,00; 1 :250,000, 1 :50,000; 1 :25,000 and 1
:10,000.
The method of representing this type of scale is called Representation
Fraction (RF) method.
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Graphic scale : This scale is a line printed on the map
and divided into units
that are equivalent to some distance such as 1 km or 1
mile. The measured ground distance appears directly on
the map in graphical representation.

Verbal scale: This is an expression in common speech,

such as, "four centimeters to the kilometer", "an inch to a
mile". This common method of expressing a scale has the
advantage of being easily understood by most map users.
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 Different types of scale representation Source : Anji Reddy

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 Map Analysis
4Ms of GIS
•In a GIS, we measure environmental parameters, develop maps
portraying earth characteristics, monitor changes in surrounding
space and time, and also model alternatives of actions and
processes operating in the environment. These are called four Ms
of GIS.

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 Uses of maps
• It aids to navigation, used as reference documents
and as wall decorations
• Data display – helps to display the spatial and non-
spatial data
• Data storage – stores the data in the database
• Spatial indexes – shows boundaries
and identifies each area with label (eg.
Landuse zones, soil/rock types)
• Data analysis tool – testing of
hypothesis, examines the relationship between
two distributions
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 Terms and definitions
• Pole: The geographic pole of earth is defined as either of the two
points where the axis of rotation of the earth meets its surface. The
North Pole lies 90º north of the equator and the South Pole lies 90º
south of the equator
• Latitude : Imaginary lines that run horizontally around the globe
and are measured from 90º north to 90º south. Also known as
parallels, latitudes are equidistant from each other.
• Equator : An imaginary line on the earth with zero degree latitude,
divides the earth into two halves–Northern and Southern
Hemisphere. This parallel has the widest circumference.

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 Map Projection
Map projection is a mathematical expression using which the
three-dimensional surface of earth is represented in a two
dimensional plane. The process of projection results in distortion of
one or more map properties such as shape, size, area or direction.

A single projection system can never account for the

correct representation of all map properties for all the regions of
the world. Therefore, hundreds of projection systems have been
defined for accurate representation of a particular map element for a
particular region of the world.

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 Types of map projections
1) Equidistant projection (Azimuthal projection)
In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as
straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. In any
presentation, they preserve directions from the center point. This
means the great circle through the central point are represented by
straight lines on the map. All distances from one (or two) points
are correct.

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 Contd.,

2) Equal area projection (Conical Projection)

•In standard presentation, conic (or conical) projections map
meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Area
measure is conserved everywhere.

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 Cylindrical Projection
•It can be visualized as a cylinder wrapped around the globe.
•Once the graticule is projected onto the cylinder, the cylinder is opened to get a grid
like pattern of latitudes and longitudes.
•The longitudes (meridians) and latitudes (parallels) appear as straight lines
•Length of equator on the cylinder is equal to the length of the equator therefore is
suitable for showing equatorial regions.

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 Coordinate system
• Coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or
coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points. A system of
representing points in a space of given dimensions by coordinates, such as
the Cartesian coordinate system or the system of celestial longitude and
latitude.
There are two common types of coordinate systems used in GIS:
• A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude–longitude. These
are often referred to as geographic coordinate systems.
• A projected coordinate system based on a map projection such as
transverse Mercator, Albers equal area, or Robinson, all of which (along
with numerous other map projection models) provide various mechanisms
to project maps of the earth's spherical surface onto a two-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate plane. Projected coordinate systems are sometimes
referred to as map projections.

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 Different Coordinate system
• Geographic co-ordinate system – uses 3 dimensional
spherical surface to define locations on the earth. A GCS
includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a
datum. The GCS consists of latitudes and longitudes, each of
longitude runs north-south ranging from -180° to +180° The
latitudes run from east-west ranging from +90° at North pole
and -90° at South pole. Any location on earth can be
referenced by a point with longitude and latitude.

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• Projected co-ordinate system – defined on a flat, 2 dimensional surface. The
locations are identified by x,y coordinates on a grid, with the origin at the
centre of each grid. Each position has two values that reference it to that central
location. These are called as the x-coordinate and y-coordinate.
• It is based on a spheroid geographic coordinate system, but it uses linear units
of measure for coordinates. It is also known as Cartesian coordinate system.
• In such a coordinate system the location of a point on the grid is identified by
(x, y) coordinate pair and the origin lies at the centre of grid. The x coordinate
determines the horizontal position and y coordinate determines the vertical
position of the point. In such a coordinate system the location of a point on the
grid is identified by (x, y) coordinate pair and the origin lies at the centre of
grid.

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 Advantages of GIS
• GIS allows us to view, understand, and visualize data in many
ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of
maps, globes, reports, and charts.
• A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking
at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.
• GIS give the accurate Data.
• Better Predictions and Analysis.

Disadvantages of GIS
• Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods
as Repair of damaged part at site may be difficult.
• Expensive software.
• Integration with traditional map is difficult.

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Natural Resources Management

-Resource assessment
-Change detection
-Suitability analysis
-Scenario study
-Impact assessment etc…

8/4/2023 57
Natural Resources Management Applications

✓Water Resources assessment

✓Land-use planning
✓Soil erosion potential evaluation
✓Watershed planning
✓Vegetation mapping
✓Ecosystem analysis
✓Conservation planning
✓Risk assessment
✓Coastal zone management and hazard mapping

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Disaster Management & Mitigation

•Earthquakes
•Drought
•Fire
•Flood & Cyclones
•Landslides & Erosion
•Volcano etc.

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 Flood Mapping

OUTPUT:
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THE 3D MODEL IS BEEN CREATED FOR THE ENTIRE AREA AND THE61
PREDICTION OF FLOOD IS BEEN DONE
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Landslide & Earthquake
Landslide Affected Regions In India

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 Managing Disasters -Why GIS?
Providing Many Benefits
Better Decisions and Informed • Understanding
Action!
• Efficiency
•Action • Cost Savings
•Decisions • Improved Analysis
•Model • Effective Planning
•Analyze • Better Decision Making
•Measure • Better
•Historically Largely Applied –Communication
•Individual Systems –Collaboration
–Coordination
In absence of GIS :

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GIS Provides:
•Data analysis on the disastrous phenomena (for e.g. landslides, floods, earthquakes
etc.), their location, frequency, magnitude etc.
•Risk potential assessment & monitoring
•Post-disaster damage assessment
•Data analysis & prediction on the disastrous events which might take place:
topography, geology, geomorphology, soils, hydrology, land use, vegetation and so
on.
• Data on element that might be destroyed if the event takes place:
infrastructure, settlement, population, socio economic data and so on.

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 Common Objectives:
• Protection of life and property.
• Provide critical and timely information.
• Provide the appropriate and timely response.
• Provide for basic life support needs.
• Provide for expedited recovery.
• Seek improvements and expand capacity.

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 Military / Defence Applications

• Conventional use of paper maps is continued

• Need to exploit GIS to exploit that Digital Geographic Information
• GIS is particularly helpful in two areas of defence: command and
control and production.

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 Forestry

➢ Forest Management Information System

➢ Forest resource mapping & monitoring
➢ Encroachment investigation
➢ Forest fire assessment

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 Agriculture

✓Crop water requirement prediction

✓Crop acreage & yield estimation
✓Crop condition assessment
✓Soil moisture evaluation
✓Suitability mapping

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 Business GIS
• Supply Chain Management
• Marketing
• Site Selection
• Consumer Management
• Logistics
• Intelligent Routing
• Demographic Analysis

Precisely GIS can be used for -

• For detection of potential market.
• For detection of dealer / distributor network.
• Zoning by market growth.
• For strategy planning in case of market
analysis for launch of products

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 Urban Planning & Development
✓ Urban sprawl analysis

✓ Cadastral mapping & land management

✓ Land use / land cover mapping & analysis
✓ Site selection

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 SOI Toposheet (Pune City) Satellite Image (Pune City)

Scale of SOI Toposheet 1: 25000 Liss-III Satellite Image

Spatial resolution 23.5m

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 Growth of urban built-up density from 1979-80 to 2008.
The zone wise study is not sufficient to notice the urban sprawl, while the concentric circle of 1km interval approach is more
appropriate for identifying the urban growth as well as its dispersion. There is lot of variation in urban development between the
multiple buffer rings.

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 Zone wise urban sprawl of Pune city in 2008:

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 Cadastral Level Mapping

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 ARVI VILLAGE

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 PUNE CITY

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 Pune University
Campus

1. Main Building
2. Publication department
1
2
1 2
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 Transportation
✓Route planning for road & rail
✓Road network updating
✓Logistics management
• Analysis of highway crash data
• Intelligent crash location
• Traffic planning tools
• Route selection and evaluation

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 Transportation Map of PMC

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 Land use/ Land cover Analysis

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Satellite Image (Pune City) 32.5m Resolution

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Satellite Image (Pune City) 23.5m Resolution

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 Site Suitability Analysis

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 Emergency Response Planning

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Time taken to reach the site from fire station
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 Urban Utility Services management

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 Utility Management
Creation of digital maps and asset maps of Electricity, Gas,
Telecom, Power, Water Utilities etc. linking them to the relevant
databases and developing systems for providing decision
support information.

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 GIS & Internet GIS

Potential applications
•Real estate
•Land records
•Environment
•Transportation
•Economic development
•Public safety
•Land use planning

GIS through Web browsers Potential

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 Conclusions
Key technology to support decision making
Future will see growth in data availability and computing power
to support GIS

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 [email protected]
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