Scribd
Upload
15 views34 pages

Lab 1 Human Biology

The document outlines essential biosafety and lab safety rules for students in the Human Biology & Genetics course at Tishk International University. It covers proper attire, handling of chemicals, and the importance of maintaining a clean and safe laboratory environment. Additionally, it introduces key concepts in biology, including cellular organization, metabolism, and the use of microscopes in biological studies.

Uploaded by

Noor Farhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views34 pages

Lab 1 Human Biology

The document outlines essential biosafety and lab safety rules for students in the Human Biology & Genetics course at Tishk International University. It covers proper attire, handling of chemicals, and the importance of maintaining a clean and safe laboratory environment. Additionally, it introduces key concepts in biology, including cellular organization, metabolism, and the use of microscopes in biological studies.

Uploaded by

Noor Farhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Tishk International

University
Faculty of Pharmacy
2022 - 2023

Welcome to

Human Biology & Genetics

Supervised By:
Dr. Ahmed H.
Ebrahim

Prepared By:
Mr. Mohammed
Dlshad
Biosafety Rules:
Why does it
matter?
Safe working
protects:
You
Other lab workers
Cleaners
Visitors
Your work
Lab Safety Rules:
Wear protective
clothing
o Gloves are essential.
o Lab coats are required.
o Safety glasses
( goggles) may be
required to avoid
splashes.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Laboratory personnel should not
wear sandals.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Avoid touching objects (e.g., pencils, cell
phones, door handles) while wearing gloves.
Lab Safety Rules:
* Pencils, labels, or any other
materials should never be
placed in your mouth.

*Caution must be taken when


using gas burners. Be sure gas
burners are turned off when
finished.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Long hair must be tied back or
covered to minimize fire hazard or
contamination of experiments.
*Do not eat food or drink water in the lab.
do not use lab glassware as food or water
containers.
Lab Safety Rules:
Protect your hands safety:
- wash hands after every lab.
- Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers
carefully.
Lab Safety Rules:
Electrical safety:
-

- unplug electrical equipment after use.


- keep all electrical cords and wires away from
water .
Lab Safety Rules:
Chemical safety:
-never touch, taste or smell a chemical unless
instructed to do so.
- never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so.
-keep lids on chemical containers when not in
use.
Do not take any cultures out of
the lab for any reason.

All cultures should be handled as potentially


pathogenic.
Liquid cultures must always be kept in a test tube
rack.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Do not engage in practical jokes or
horseplay in the lab.

*Keep nonessential books and


clothing far away from your work
area.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Wipe the bench tops down with disinfectant both
before you begin your work and after you have
completed your work.

*Dispose of waste products according to


instructions.
Lab Safety Rules:
*Report all accidents, no matter how minor,
to your supervisor!!
Properties of Living
Organisms:
Hierarchical structural
organization
Molecular organization
Atoms, small molecules, polymers
Subcellular organization
Organelles
Cells
The simplest structure capable of having
all of the properties of life
Multicellular organization
Tissues, organs, organ systems
Ecosystem organization
Populations, communities, biomes
Whats
-Biology?
The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized
fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy,
behaviour, origin, and distribution.
Biology (Greek or Latin origin)
Bios = life
Logos = study of

Characteristics
of Cellular
Life: composition
1. 1. Metabolism
2. Growth 2. Specific
3. Reproduction organization
4. Movement 3. Homeostasis
5. Adaptation 4. Responsivenes
s
Biology – The Study of Life
Life arose more
than 3.5 billion
years ago
First organisms
(living things) were
single celled
Organisms
changed over time
(evolved)

New organisms arose


from older kinds
Today there are
millions of species
They inhabit almost
every region of Earth
today
In multicellular
organisms, cells
and groups of
cells (tissues)
are organized by
their function
Cells  tissues
Tissues  organs
Organs  systems
Systems 
ORGANISM
Cellular Composition:
Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba,
paramecium)
Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants,
Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in
fungi, animals)
Growth:
cell number (multicellular)

Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex:


Reproduction:
bacteria
Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and
animals
Movement:
3 types:
A. Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc)
B. External Part- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves
toward sun)
C. Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)
Adaptation:
Changing to meet the needs of the
environment
Examples:

1. Bird migration- behavioral adaptation


1. Human body temperature- Physiological adaptation
2. Hibernation- physiological adaptation
3. Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)- structural
adaptation
Metabolism:
Set of chemical reactions that convert “food”
into energy

Specific organization:
Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus,
chloroplasts, etc)

Homeostasis:
Maintaining the same state
Homeo = same, steady
Stasis = state
Examples:
-Water balance inside and outside of cell
-Human body temperature
*Cells function best when these are in balance
Responsiveness:
. Reaction(s) to various stimuli
Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration,
smell, etc.– earthworms respond to all of these

Branches of Biology:
1-Zoology- the study of animals
2-Ichthyology- the study of fish
Why Important? Fish are indicator species. Alert humans to
potential environmental problems
3-Mammalogy- study of mammals (NASA)
4-Ornithology- the study of birds
Why important? DDT(insecticide used in ‘50s and ’60s) Birds
of prey #s declined
bioaccumulation- the build up of chemicals or toxins in living
things
5-Botany- the study of plants
Why important? Food production, medicines
6-Microbiology- study of small life
Why important?
Medicines, bioterrorism
7-Anatomy- study of an organism’s parts
8-Physiology- study of how organism’s parts
work
Why important? Health professions,
9-Entomology- study of insects
veterinarians
Why important? West Nile virus, Yellow fever– carried by mosquitoes
10-Genetics- study of heredity and genetic material (DNA/RNA,
chromosomes, genes)
Why important? Cloning, research, solving crime
11-Ecology- study of all life in a particular area, the relationships b/t
those life forms and the environment
Why important? AMD, Overpopulation
Ozone Depletion/Greenhouse Effect
Rainforest Destruction
Pollution- other states pay to dump garbage in PA

12-Cell Biology- the study of cells


Why Important?
Need to know about cells to learn more about whole organisms
The microscope
A microscope come from Ancient Greek (mikrós)
'small', and (skopéō) 'to look is a laboratory
instrument used to examine objects that are too small
to be seen by the naked eye.
History of Microscope:
Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek is the
first one who Used single-lensed
microscopes of his own design and
make, van Leeuwenhoek was the first
to observe and to experiment with
microbes,

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek


1632-1723
Parts of Microscope:
Ocular Lens/Eyepiece: Body Tube: The body tube
Magnifies the specimen holds the objective lenses and
image. the ocular lens at the proper
distance, transferring the
image.

Objective Lenses:
Nose Piece: The Nose The Objective Lenses
Piece holds the objective increase magnification
lenses and can be turned to (usually from 10x ,40x,
increase the magnification 100x)
Arm: Used to support
the microscope when
carried. Holds the body
Stage Clips :These tube, nose piece and
2 clips hold the objective lenses
slide/specimen in
place on the stage.
Diaphragm: The
Diaphragm controls Light Source
the amount of light on (Illuminator)
the slide/specimen to Projects light upwards
the condenser. through the diaphragm,
the specimen and the
lenses.
Course adjustment:
Moves the stage up and
Stage: Supports down (quickly) for
the focusing your image.
slide/specimen.

Fine adjustment:
This knob moves the
stage slightly to
sharpen the image.
Base: Support the
microscope.
Magnification
:*To determine your magnification…you just multiply the ocular lens by
the objective lens.
*Ocular 10x Objective 40x:10 x 40 = 400

Caring for a
Microscope:
Clean only with a soft
cloth/tissue.
Make sure it’s on a flat
surface.
Carry it with 2 HANDS…one
on the arm and the other on
the base.
The microscope
should always be
started with the
4X (red) lens in
place and the
stage in its lowest
position.
Using a
Microscope:

1-Placing a slide on the 2-Beginning with the low power lens


stage

3-Adjusting the magnification


The Types of
microscope:
1. Simple light 2. Compound light
microscope microscope

3. Confocal microscope: unlike


compound microscope , which uses a
regular light for image formation, the
confocal microscopy uses a laser
light to scan sample that have dyed,
the image will be viewed by a
computer.
4. Electron microscope: is a microscope that uses a beam of
accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. They used it to
investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and
inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large
molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals.
a. scanning electron microscope or SEM uses electrons rather than light
for image formation. Samples are scanned in vacuum or near-vacuum
conditions, the specimen is plated with a conductive material such as
gold and placed in a chamber where electrons are directed towards it
and a 3-D, black-and-white image on a computer screen is
produced.

*SEM: is directed to observe the


surface of the specimen an can not
transmit through or inside the
objects.
b. Transmission electron microscope or TEM also uses electron
beam for image formation but, TEM uses a slide preparation to
obtain a 2-D view of specimens, so it's more suited for viewing
objects with some degree of transparency.

TEM: is directed to specimens to observe tiny


parts through which the beams of electrons can
transmit.
Don’t forget to join Google
classroom
Place your chairs back to their
places

Thank
you
Your next lab will be on

You might also like