MWL. RAHIM RASHID CHANZI ….

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 HUMAN ACTIVITIES
1. What is human activities?
Human activities are the things that human being does to modify the environment.

2. mention four type of human activities

(a) Primary activities
(b) Secondary activities
(c) Tertiary activities
(d) Quaternary activities

3. with example define the following terms

(e) Primary activities
Primary human activities are activities which involve extracting raw materials direct from
the earth.

(f) Secondary activities

Secondary activities is the type of human activities which involve processing of raw
material to final product from primary human activities.

(g) Tertiary activities

Tertiary activities are the one which involve in providing services for primary or secondary
activities. Example transport and communication.

(h) Quaternary activities

These are activities that involve provision of intellectual services and information. Example
information technology.

4. What are the importance of human activities?

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

(a) Human activities influence employment

(b) Human activities increase government revenue
(c) Human activities improve life standard of the people
(d) Human activities modify environment
(e) Human activities influence country’s development

5. Provide different between primary and secondary human activities.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HUMAN ACTIVITIES

(a) Primary activities create many employment compared to secondary activities.

(b) Primary activities produce raw materials while secondary activities process raw materials
(c) Primary activities control country economy compared to secondary activities
(d) Secondary activities rely on primary activities to sustain.

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6. What are the impact of human activities to the environment?

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES

(a) Air pollution

This can be caused by Industrial gases, burning of agricultural wastes and grains and mining.

(b) Water pollution

It is caused by dumping of untreated materials into the water bodies. Waste materials may come
from industries, farmyards and tourist centers.

(c) Soil pollution

It can be caused by dumping of radioactive materials on the ground, applying chemicals in the farms,
industrial waste like chemical and residue.

(d) Deforestation
This can take place when trees excessively are cleared during preparation of large farms, lumbering,
Overgrazing and development of new settlements.

(e) Soil erosion

This takes place easily because of cutting of trees for lumbering, construction, establishing extensive
farms and mining activities.

7. Discuss ways to solve problems caused by human activities

(a) Practicing good methods of agriculture.
(b) Planting trees after cutting tree.
(c) To educate people concern the environmental protection
(d) To control population.
(e) To make recycling methods
(f) To rehabilitate derelict lands.
(g) To enact law for protecting environment

 AGRICULTURE
1. Define agriculture
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating land, growing crops and rearing of animals. In
previous years agriculture was only involve with cultivation of crops.

Arable farming is the agricultural activities that involves the cultivation of crops only.

2. Mention two type of agriculture

(a) Small scale agriculture
(b) Large scale agriculture

3. Define the following

(a) Small scale agriculture
Small scale agriculture is type of agriculture that is practiced on small size of land. The
land used in small scale agriculture do not exceed four hectares.

(b) Large scale agriculture

Large scale agriculture is the type of agriculture in which crops are grown in large farm,
with high technology for selling purpose.

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4. State characteristics of small scale agriculture

CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE

(a) The farms are normally small, don’t exceed four to five hectares
(b) Farmers use low level of technologies in cultivation activities
(c) Most labours are family members
(d) The crops grown are mainly for food and not for sale
(e) Organic manure is mainly used
(f) Small scale agriculture uses variety of methods. E.g. shifting cultivation, sedentary
(g) The main crops grown are similar
(h) Poor storage facilities
(i) The production of crops is very low
(j) It involve animal keeping as well
(k) Food crops such as maize, beans, millet, fruits, and vegetables are main crops grown.

5. Explain effects of rapid population growth on small scale agriculture

(a) Reduction of the size of the farms.
(b) Over-exploitation of soil resources.
(c) Reduction of soil fertility due to poor methods and managements
(d) Small scale farmers may turn to commercial farmers
(e) Low production of crops
(f) Low surplus of food can be preserved
(g) It leads to scarcity of land for cultivation
(h) It may create land conflicts among the people.

6. Explain problems facing small scale agriculture

(a) Poor market
(b) Lack of capital
(c) Poor farming methods
(d) Poor farming tools
(e) Poor storage facilities
(f) Pests and diseases
(g) Decline in soil
(h) Climatic change
(i) Poor government support
(j) Low education

7. mention advantages of small-scale agriculture

(a) Small scale agriculture is cheap method of farming
(b) No advanced skills is required
(c) It save family needs for food and money
(d) Farmer can grow variety of crops and rear animal at once
(e) There is low cost of labour
(f) It provides employment
(g) It reduces poverty
(h) Small scale farming is easy to control
(i) It improves life standard of farmers to some extent
(j) Possession of land require few cost or possessed by family member
(k) Little chance of environmental pollution from fertilizers as they use mostly organic manure.

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8. explain disadvantages of small scale agriculture

(a) Inadequate technology
(b) Lack of sufficient capital
(c) low production
(d) method of agriculture affect soil
(e) Use of simple tools leads to low yields
(f) Insufficient supply of food
(g) Poor quality of crops
(h) They use Unskilled labour
(i) Poor storage facilities

9. discuss ways of improving small scale agriculture

(a) Government and NGO’S should assist farmers to improve their method of farming.
(b) Government should provide better seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farming equipment.
(c) Education should be provided to the farmers to improve their farming knowledge.
(d) The farmers should be provided with loans that will help them in their activity.
(e) Farmers should be encouraging to join co-operative maintain price of product.
(f) Improvement of market system

10. Define shifting cultivation

Shifting cultivation is the system in which a peasant keeps on shifting on place to place to find
more fertile land.

11. define large scale agriculture

Large scale agriculture is the type of agriculture in which crops are grown in large farm, with
high technology for selling purpose.

12. mention two type of large scale agriculture

MAJOR TYPE OF LARGE-SCALE AGRICULTURE

(a) Plantation or intensive agriculture

(b) Extensive mechanized grain cultivation.

13. define the following terms

(a) Plantation or intensive agriculture
Plantation agriculture is one in which the cultivation of one kind of crops is done on
large size of land.

(b) Extensive mechanized grain cultivation.

Extensive mechanized grain cultivation is one in which cultivation is carried out in
large area and mostly grain crops are grown.

(c) Monoculture
Monoculture is the system of growing only one dominant crop in the large size of
land.
14. Explain characteristic plantation agriculture.
(a) Farms are owned by government, co-operative, large company or wealthy individual
(b) Modern and scientific methods are used in crops production.
(c) There is high skilled labour.
(d) Skilled and unskilled Labour are hired for specific activities
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(e) There is wide use of fertilizer to improve soil fertility
(f) The size of farm is large
(g) It is conducted where population is low
(h) There is good management
(i) Production is high due to size of technology and large size of farm
(j) Plantation requires large capital for carrying out all farming task

15. explain characteristic of mechanized grain cultivation

(a) Only one grain crop is grown on farm. E.g. wheat
(b) It involves keeping animals sometime
(c) The farming activities is highly mechanized
(d) High technology is used in farming
(e) Most of the crops are food crops

16. mention advantage of large-scale agriculture

(a) The production is high for commercial purpose
(b) Modern and scientific method is used in the cultivation
(c) The farming method generate high income after good harvest
(d) Mostly they use machinery in the process of farming
(e) There is good control of disease and pest in farming
(f) There is surplus of food
(g) It employs many people
(h) It provides sufficient industry law material

17. Mention disadvantage of large scale agriculture.

(a) Large scale farming methods is expensive as it involves high capital and machinery
(b) It needs skilled labour to operate machinery used in farming
(c) It suffers great loss once diseases and pest invade the farm
(d) Monoculture methods of planting crops lead to loss of soil fertility
(e) The farming method puts less emphasize on food crops as the production is for sale
(f) The farming method is expensive to manage.
(g) It is affected by high population

18. Discuss importance of crops production for Tanzania economy

(a) It leads Tanzania to earn foreign exchange by exporting wheat, sugar and maize.
(b) It provides employment opportunities to the Tanzanian through factories works
(c) Agriculture has lead the development of infrastructure.
(d) It insures food safety to communities and government at all
(e) It provides income to the farmers
(f) Agriculture leads to development of industries in the country
(g) It leads to the improvement of life standard of the farmers
(h) Agriculture helps to reduce the impact of poverty.

19. Explain problems facing large scale agriculture in Tanzania.

(a) Adverse weather conditions reduce crops yield in some area. E.g. change in maize yield
(b) Most of the crops production is expensive to manage like coffee, tea as well as cotton
(c) Inadequate of varieties of fertilizer and pesticides result into low production
(d) Fluctuation in price of agriculture product in the world market hinder production
(e) Large scale agriculture needs high capital of investment
(f) Poor infrastructures like road and railway that needed to transport product to the market
(g) Low uses of technology in agriculture result low production
(h) Poor local market discourages the farmers

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20. explain how to improve large scale farming in Tanzania

(a) Improvement of methods and mode of production

This can involve the use of technology, fertilizers and storage means as well as ways of
harvesting

(b) Provision of capital to farmers

This will enable them to have good management of agriculture sector as it demands enough
fund.

(c) Improvement of local and external market

Market is essential thing in agriculture sectors as good market encourages farmers in
production

(d) Improvement of transport and communication

Good transport and communication is important in agriculture as it simplifies transporting
product to the industry and market

(e) Formation of farmers cooperation

In order to stabilize price of agricultural products cooperation is more importance. It insure
availability of good market.

21. what is livestock keeping

Livestock keeping refers to the agriculture that involves rearing of all domestic animals and
birds.

22. mention three type of livestock keeping

MAJOR TYPE OF LIVESTOCK KEEPING

(a) pastoralism
(b) sedentary livestock keeping
(c) commercial livestock keeping

23. define the following terms

(a) pastoralism
Pastoralism refers to process of rearing of livestock by means of grazing. This involve
taking animals to the area with postures and water.

(b) sedentary livestock keeping

Sedentary livestock keeping refers to the rearing of animal in permanent area without
looking for posture. No grazing is involved hence the name of zero-grazing is used.

(c) commercial livestock keeping

Commercial livestock keeping is the form agriculture which involve livestock keeping
and rearing animals for sale.

(d) true Nomadic pastoralism

True Nomadic pastoralism refers to process of rearing of livestock by means of grazing
through temporary looking for postures and water and return home.

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(e) semi-Nomadic pastoralism
True Nomadic pastoralism refers to process of rearing of livestock by means of grazing
through permanents looking for postures and water.

24. explain characteristics of nomadic pastoralism

(a) Cattle are kept for personal and family prestige and not for sale
(b) The herds of animals are large in size that leading overgrazing
(c) It involves keeping large number of animals
(d) Poor control of breeding processes that leads of outbreak of diseases
(e) Animals have poor quality and low value due to poor health and traditional breeding
(f) Poor animals’ health control
(g) Low technology involved
(h) It is cheap to manage
(i) No permanent settlement

25. State advantages of nomadic pastoralism.

(a) The methods of animal keeping are cheap
(b) The traditional breeding is more resistant to diseases
(c) The large number of animals insure food security for the family
(d) It improves the life standard of family and reduce poverty

26. mention disadvantages of nomadic pastoralism

(a) Many animals die due to poor control and diseases
(b) Poor quality of animal results into getting loss
(c) Poor productions
(d) Poor storage facilities
(e) It wastes more time in looking for postures
(f) It cannot be conducted where there is high population
(g) It fails to compete to the world market due to poor quality

27. define the following terms

(a) sedentary livestock keeping
Sedentary livestock keeping refers to the rearing of animal in permanent area without
looking for posture. No grazing is involved hence the name of zero-grazing is used.

(b) zero-grazing
Zero-grazing is rearing of animal without looking for posture and water.

(c) over grazing

Over-grazing is rearing of large number animal on the small piece of land.

(d) Paddock
Paddock is a small (perhaps 1 acre) temporary subdivision of a pasture made with
electric fencing, which is intensely grazed for a day and then left to rest.

28. explain characteristics of sedentary livestock keeping

(a) It is mostly conducted where there is high population hence no grazing
(b) There is no grazing
(c) Number of animal is few hence easy to manage
(d) They use high technology and skills
(e) They are environmental friend as they settle on one area
(f) The procedure allows to deal with other activities like fishing

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29. mention advantages of sedentary livestock keeping

(a) It delivers high production
(b) It is easy to manage diseases as size of herd is low
(c) There is no wastage of time as farmer don’t move for posture and water
(d) Sedentary system allows farmers to engages in other activities like cropping, fishing and trade
(e) It ensures availability of balance diet due to enough meat and milk
(f) It simplifies assistance of loan, education, cattle treatment and grants as they have
permanents area.
(g) The system encourages environmental conservation

30. mention disadvantages of sedentary livestock keeping

(a) The system is too expensive due to application of technology
(b) The system is lobour intensive
(c) It needs high skills to practice
(d) It requires high capital
(e) It faces the challenge of scarcity of animal feed.

31. define the following terms

(a) commercial livestock keeping
Commercial livestock keeping is the form agriculture which involve livestock keeping
and rearing animals for sale.

(b) Ranching
Ranching is the process of keeping large number of animals on large stretch of land.

(c) Ranch
Ranch is the large stretch of land in which large number of animals are kept for
commercial.

(d) Beef farming

Beef farming is the keeping of large number of cattle on large stretch of land for meat.

(e) Dairy farming

Dairy farming is the keeping of cattle for milk.

Transhumance
(f) Transhumance is the farming system which involve the seasonal movement of people
with their animals.
32. explain characteristic of commercial livestock keeping
(a) Commercial livestock is for sale.
(b) It is a highly specialized form of livestock keeping, no cultivation involved
(c) The movement of animals is confined to the ranch
(d) The number of animals kept are restricted to the capacity of land
(e) The system usually is practiced by individual, cooperation as well government.

33. mention advantages of livestock keeping

(a) It ensures farmer and society to get balance diet from meat as well milk
(b) Animals products are exported and countries earn foreign currency
(c) Livestock keeping contributes to the agriculture development
(d) Livestock keeping provides employment to many people e.g. on ranches
(e) It stimulates development of town as industry as well transport and communication

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34. mention disadvantage of livestock keeping

(a) System can lead to water, soil and air pollution from chemical used
(b) It effects and affected by population increase
(c) Overgrazing results environmental degradation
(d) Commercial livestock keeping needs high capital

35. discuss economic importance of livestock keeping in Tanzania

(a) Livestock saves domestic market
(b) It supply raw materials to the industries like skin
(c) It enables investment for buying livestock and selling
(d) It contributes national food supply like meat as well cash for buying food
(e) It provides employment to many people
(f) It contribute government revenue
(g) It enable country to get foreign currency

36. What are the importance of agriculture?

(a) it helps to insure availability of food for people and animals
(b) it provide raw materials for industries
(c) it create job opportunities
(d) it generate income for individual and country
(e) it improve life standard of the people
(f) It help to generate capital.

 WATER MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

1. What is water
Water is a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in
gaseous, liquid, and solid states

2. Define water management

Water management is the whole process of effective water supply, utilization and conservation to
ensure the sources of water and its resources don’t destructed.

3. Explain economic uses and importance of water.

ECONOMIC USES AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER

(a) Water is used for domestic purpose.

This include cleaning clothes, drinking, cooking and washing utensils at home.

(b) Water is used in industries activities

In involve washing raw material, cooling machine, diluting chemicals, initiating hydrolysis
process as well dissolving substance,

(c) Water is used in power generation

Water is the main resource in generating electricity in form of hydro-electric power. E.g.
KIDATU.

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(d) Water is used in agriculture sectors
Among the uses include irrigation, animal drinking and washing agricultural products and
animals.

(e) Water is used for recreation purpose

This involve swimming, creation of beach resort and boat racing.

(f) Water facilitate growth and development of fishing

This involve fishing in large water bodies like oceans, lakes and river that provide enough fish
for consumption and selling.

(g) Water facilitate the business activities

This involves selling water, fish and other products found in water bodies like coral reef

(h) Water facilitate transportation

Water is among the major means of transportation. Navigation through water is used in many
countries by using boat.

4. Discuss the impact of water shortage in society

(a) It cause poor life standard of the people
(b) It lead girls child to miss proper education
(c) It cause rise of water price in the communities
(d) Shortage of water create draught
(e) Shortage of water create conflict among the people
(f) Shortage of water lead to loss of biodiversity
(g) It may cause diseases
(h) It lead to poor communities development

5. What is river basin?

A river basin is the land that is drained by river and its tributaries. River basin also known
as drainage basin or catchment area.

6. What is river basin development?

River basin development is the sustainable use of river basin resources for economic gain.

7. Explain condition for river basin development to take place.

CONDITION FOR RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT TO TAKE PLACE

(a) The river basin has to cover a substantially large area.

(b) The volume of main river and its tributaries have to be large
(c) The impacts of the development should not have negative effects to the people and ecosystem.
(d) There should be adequate fund to ensure successful development.
(e) There should be availability of land to set up offices and other necessary building and facilities

8. discuss the benefits of river basin developments

BENEFITS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENTS

(a) Improvements of agriculture practice

River basin leads to improve agricultural production as land and water is available.

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(b) Ensure environmental conservation

This includes planting tree, protecting river bank and emphasis better farming methods

(c) Hydroelectric power generation

Through availability of water fall, electricity is generated and used for different purposes

(d) Improvement of transport and communication

River itself and dams created may be used for water transport for better communication.

(e) Creation of job opportunity

River basin development can create many employments in agriculture, fishing and HEP.

(f) Developments of tourism industry

Through goods and suitable management of basin may create a room for tourism sectors

9. define Rufiji basin development authority

10. explain benefits of Rufiji river basin development authority

THE BENEFITS OF RUFIJI RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

(a) Generation of hydroelectric power plants

It involves generation of electricity such as kidatu which is used within the basin and other
areas of the country.

(b) Promotion, growth and developments of tourism.

River basin as attraction of tourism like selous, rungewe, usungu game reserve and mikumi,
ruaha national park that enable good flow of tourist from different part of the world.

(c) Creation of employment opportunities

Rufiji river basin has many chances of employment like in leadership, agriculture sectors,
fishing sectors, as well tourism sectors.

(d) Improvements of agriculture production through irrigation.

Irrigation has been carried out by large scale farmers and small-scale farmers. E.g. kilombero
sugar factory.

(e) Rubada insure environmental conservation and resources protection.

Basin conducts different environmental conservation procedures and resources protection this
like planting tree.

11. Explain problems faced by Rufiji basin development authority.

THE PROBLEMS FACED BY RUFIJI BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

(a) Inadequate capital

Rubada has no enough fund to enable management and operation. This hinder its
developments and its growth.

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(b) Low level of technology
Poor technology has reduced the efficient of some project within the basin such as
hydroelectric power generation, transportation, agriculture as well fishing.

(c) Rural- urban migration.

This results into lack of man power in different sectors like fishing, agriculture and others

(d) Poor transport and communication infrastructures

Rubada has no good transport and communication facilities and infrastructures. This
effects the projects development.

(e) Poor support by local communities

Some local communities do not provide mutual support to the authority which is too
important for carrying out its activities.

(f) Fluctuating of water level in water bodies.

Since project uses water in irrigation and mainly for electricity generation, hence during the
drought season water become low to the extent that electricity production fail and once
water exceed amount flooding occur.

12. discus prospects of the authority of RUBADA

THE PROSPECTS OF THE AUTHORITY (RUBADA)

(a) Availability of hydroelectric power generation.
Once enough fund obtained the authority will be able to generate and produce enough power
for different consumption.

(b) Transports network.

Project has different means of transport like road and navigation through river and dams.
Once it invested well can develop other sectors.

(c) Fisheries
Within project still small-scale fishing is undertaking. If the fishing methods advanced in
modern ways it can lead to the better development of the project.

(d) Forestry
River basin development authority can exploit forest products that can advance the project in
selling forest products like logs.

(e) Tourism sector

The basin has selous game reserve which have the largest population of animals in the world.
The basin has two game reserve and two national parks. All this can contribute to the
development of the basin.

(f) Agriculture sector

Basin has more than 62,000 hectare of total land that can be cultivated by irrigation. If the
fund available basin will have enough agricultural production that can effluence its
development.

13. What is Tennessee valley authority?

Tennessee valley refers to the drainage basin of the Tennessee River in U.S.A. the
Tennessee valley is created in 1933 when U.S.A undergone in great depression.

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14. Mention main task of the Tennessee valley authority.

MAIN TASK OF TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

(a) Improvement of navigation

(b) Generation of electricity
(c) Control of flood
(d) Promote economic development
(e) Control soil erosion
(f) Agriculture activities

15. discuss the benefits of the Tennessee valley authority

BENEFITS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

(a) Tennessee helps to control flooding in valley.

This is done by constructing dams and planting tree in the area to reduce impact of flood.

(b) Tennessee helps to manage soil erosion.

The authority uses different methods to control soil erosion which include strip cropping,
construction of dams, contour ploughing and terracing.

(c) Tennessee help to increase agriculture production

Through improvement of irrigation and providing cheap fertilizer to the farmers lead to
increase agriculture production.

(d) Tennessee help in development of reliable electricity.

This is done by the effect of hydroelectricity, nuclear and fossil fuel power plants.

(e) Tennessee help in attraction of investment

Availability of water, land and electricity attract investors to make investments in different
sector within the project.

(f) Tennessee help in creation of job opportunity.

Authority employ many people indirect and direct in different area like in agriculture, tourism,
fishing, industries as well in management.

(g) Tennessee help to provide reliable transportation

Tennessee has rivers for navigation and good roads that transport people and goods like
petroleum, maize, steel and different machine.

(h) Tennessee lead to growth of urbanization within the basin.

Some of the largest urban include Chattanooga and Knoxville has been emerge on the
authority. The urban has social services like health care and houses.

16. Discuss the prospect of the Tennessee valley authority.

PROSPECT OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

(a) The room for the expansion of agriculture in the region.

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There is still a lot of arable and irrigable land that has not been fully utilize. This will
increase agriculture output.

(b) Availability of more land for other uses

More land is available for other uses like industries, urbanization and others

(c) Potentiality in power generation sectors

The authority has chance of power generation since there is quite number of nuclear
energy generation.

17. what is land reclamation

Land reclamation refers the process of converting waste land into land that can be used
again for economic activities.

18. mention five aim of land reclamation

THE AIM OF LAND RECLAMATION

(a) To increase the size of land available for agriculture purpose.

(b) To increase the size of land available for human settlement.
(c) To increase the size of land available for industries and offices purposes
(d) To increase chances of good resources utilization.

19. Explain five land reclamation techniques.

LAND RECLAMATION TECHNIQUES

A. Irrigation
This is the process of supplying water to the dry area for crops production purpose. The water
can be supplied through pipe and channel. Small scale agriculture needs small amount of
water while large scale needs large amount like dames.

B. Drainage
This is the process of reclaiming land that has stagnant or stationary water. The access water
is drained or removed to make the land suitable for settlement and agriculture. It involves use
of pumping machine and planting tree that consume a lot of water.

C. Clearing of vegetation and controlling pests

Some area may have very dense vegetation and pests like tsetse fly. Vegetation can be
cleared and pests killed by pesticides.

D. Afforestation
This is the process of establishment of forest where they didn’t previously exist. It involves
planting tree in the forest after cutoff. Afforestation can be done in swamp area by planting
tree that consume a lot of water to drain excess water.

20. define the following terms

(a) irrigation
This is the process of supplying water to the dry area for crops production purpose.

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(b) Drainage
This is the process of reclaiming land that has stagnant or stationary water.

(c) afforestation
This is the process of establishment of forest where they didn’t previously exist.

(d) clearing of vegetation

Clearing of vegetation is the process of cutting trees for the sake of getting land for other
uses

21. Mention four type of underground water.

TYPE OF UNDERGROUND WATER

(a) Connate or fossil water

(b) Meteoric water
(c) Juvenile water or magmatic water
(d) Oceanic water

22. Mention five resources obtain from water.

RESOURCES OBTAINED FROM WATER

(a) Fish and other creatures
They are used for foods, selling and some fish attract tourism like dolphin

(b) Sand
It is used for construction of houses, road and other infrastructure

(c) Hydropower
It is used in domestic used and industrial activities. It plays a great role in development

(d) Salt
It is used in cooking food, preparing beverage and to preserve food from decay in industries

(e) Decorative items

It is used as ornament for decoration in the houses, hotels and other areas.

23. explain the problem caused by extraction of water resources

PROBLEM CAUSED BY EXTRACTION OF WATER RESOURCES

(a) Overfishing and illegal fishing

All these reduce availability of fish and the behavior kill young fish and fish’s eggs. It may
lead to scarcity of fish and imbalance of ecosystem.

(b) Soil erosion and loss of soil quality

Extraction of sand and salt may destruct soil quality, since plants and fish use soil for their
growth. Fish breeds on the soil cave hence by be affected by soil erosion.

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(c) Outbreak of diseases like bilharzia and malaria.
Construction of dams, recreational facility and other may result into breeding of bacteria
that cause malaria and other diseases.

(d) Water pollution

Fishing, extraction of sand and other ways of obtaining water resources may contaminate
water and pollute it. For example, illegal fishing use poisons that lead the water to be
unsafe for consumption.

(e) Conflict among the people.

Once the resource of water is scarcity create conflict within the society. Farmers and
livestock keeper may use the same water sources that causes problem.

24. discuss solution of the problem result from extraction of water resources

SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM RESULT FROM EXTRACTION OF WATER RESOURCES

(a) Monitoring the fishing nets

This will ensure the size of the net hole is appropriate for fishing and not too small that can
catch small fish.

(b) Restricting illegal fishing

Fishing by using gunpowder and herbs kills a lot of fish and its eggs hence it supposed to be
restricted.

(c) To control sand harvesting

Sand harvesting that doesn’t regard the environmental safety should be stopped to protect the
environment and organism that depend on sand for their life.

(d) Encouraging people to practice fishing farming

Fishing farming will reduce the pressure of using natural water bodies like river, lake and
oceans. Hence will minimize the problem.

(e) Establishment of an environmental monitoring system.

This will help to monitor the safety of water bodies and resources available along the water
bodies and those found in the water bodies.

25. what is water pollution

Water pollution refers to the introduction of harmful or unwanted substances into the water
bodies. Harmful substance can be oil, color paint, dust, smoke, plastics bags as well
domestic waste.

26. What are the sources of water pollution?

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

(a) Industrial waste.
This includes such as gases, oil, chemical, solid waste as well industrial residue. This waste can
be released either direct or indirect into the water.

(b) Domestic waste

This includes food remain, plastic bags, insecticide and utensils all this can be dumped directly
into the water sources or dumped on land and washed into the water sources.

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(c) Agricultural chemical

This includes insecticides, fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides and other chemical used in
agriculture activities. They chemical may be good to use on land but once they are washed into
water sources they pollute them.

(d) Oil spills

This occurs in the ocean during the transportation of the oil as well in pipeline that pass
underwater. The pills may be caused by leakage in the pipe, sink of oil ship and exchange of oil
between two ships.

(e) Extensive construction.

Large building and construction projects may lead to the water pollution. Soil dug and cements
may be washed into the water sources during construction. Hence may result into pollution.

27. Discuss ways that can be used to conserve environment.

CONSERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES

A. Avoiding water wastage.

People should avoid wasting water in their uses as important resources. Hence uses of
tanks and other facilitates for storage is encouraged.

B. Controlling pollution
All people should play part in protecting water from pollution. Unwanted material should
be dumped on specific area instead into water bodies.

C. Law enacting and enforcement

Water bodies should be protected by law. Hence once people violate should be punished,
this will ensure water safety and water protection.

D. Provision of education
People should be educated on the importance of conserving water resources. Government,
local communities, NGO’s and individual can provide water conservation education through
school, collages, and in community level.

E. Sewage treatment.
Sewage effluent should be treated well before it is released into the water bodies. This will
reduce chance of pollution.

F. Controlling the use agriculture chemical.

The use of chemical in farming activities should be under control, especially in the area
where water bodies is nearby. Farmers should be educated to use fertilizer that has no
effect to water.

G. Recycling waste product.

People should be encouraged to recycle their waste rather than to dump in the water
bodies. Government should use recycling industry to recycle waste to reduce pollutants

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H. Immediate cleanup
In case there is pollutants that can be removed from the water like oil, plastics and other
pollutants. Immediate cleaning should be done.

This can be done by using chemical for neutralizing the oil and special machine-like
skimmer ships can be used.

 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST RESOURCES

1. What is forest?
Forest is an extensive area of land which is mostly covered by trees of different sizes,
species, and other form of undergrowth.

2. Mention two type of forest

TYPES OF FOREST.

(a) Natural forest

These are the forests which grow naturally depending on climatic condition on a given
area.

(b) Planted forest

These are the forests which are established by man, cared and maintained throughout
the year.

3. State characteristics of natural forestry

CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURAL FOREST.

(a) It involves different type of tree on the same land

(b) Most of the trees produce hardwood.
(c) The trees in these forest and indigenous to the area.
(d) There is a dense and thick undergrowth
(e) They are arranged in irregular shape.

4. What are the characteristics of planted forestry

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTED TREE

(a) Trees are mainly of one species

(b) Trees may or may not be indigenous of the area.
(c) Most planted trees produce softwood
(d) Planted trees arranged in regular shape
(e) They are for sale

5. Mention classification of natural forestry

(i) Tropical or equatorial rainforest
(ii) Mangrove forest
(iii) Temperate forest
(iv) Coniferous forest

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6. Define the following terms
(i) natural forestry
These are the forests which grow naturally depending on climatic condition of a given
area.

(ii) Planted forestry

These are the forests which are established by man, cared and maintained
throughout the year.

(iii) Tropical or equatorial rainforest

Tropical or equatorial rainforest is the type of forests found on equatorial region.
They have thick undergrowth and tall tree. They take long time to mature.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL OR EQUATORIAL RAINFOREST

(a) They are found on equatorial region

(b) They have evergreen
(c) They have thick undergrowth
(d) They are tall trees
(e) They take long time to mature
(f) They produce hardwood

(iv) Mangrove forest

Mangrove forests are forests which are found only along the tropical coasts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MANGROVE FOREST.

(a) Tree roots are shallow

(b) They can tolerate the salty conditions of water.
(c) They found along the tropical coast.

(v) Temperate forest

Temperate forests are the kind of forests which are found in the hemispheres.
They tend to shed their leaves at the beginning of the cold season.

(vi) Coniferous forest

Coniferous forests are the kind of forests which are found on the outermost part
of the hemisphere, upland and mountain areas.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONIFEROUS FOREST.

(a) Trees are evergreen
(b) They have needle like levees.
(c) Tree area has little undergrowth
(d) Tree take long time to mature
(e) They produce softwood.

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7. explain factors influence the distribution of forests

FACTORS INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS

(a) Relief
The landscape or actual appearance of an area can determine the type of forest. Different type
of slope brought variety type of forest. In 1800M there is tropical rainforest, 3000M up to
3500M dominated with bamboo forest.

(b) Aspect
This is the direction a slope face with respect to sunshine and the rain bearing wind. This
windward slope receive higher rainfall than slope facing away from rain bearing wind. Hence
forests cover a wide area on the windward slope of mountains.

(c) Drainage
Well drained area or slope support a large variety of trees while poor drained lowland
swamps. Shallow seashores support mangrove forest.

(d) Temperature
The worm or hot tropical climate support the growth of large trees with broad leaves while
cooler temperate climate where snow fall support conifer type of tree. It Have this leaves.

(e) Rainfall
Water is very essential for plants growth. Forest thrive in area that receive high rainfall. The
dense tropical rainforest thrives where rainfall is high and is well distributed throughout the
year.

(f) Soil
Soil provide nutrients and influence plant growth. The soil acidity, organic contents and
chemical composition determine the kind of tree growing in area.

(g) Human activities

People have high influence in determining the distribution of forest. They can increase the
number of tree and adding new species by planting more of them. At the same time they can
reduce by cutting it off.

8. discuss the importance of forest resource

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST RESOURCE

(a) Forest is the source of timber.

(b) It provides foreign currency to the producer countries.
(c) Forest is used to make medicine and chemical substance. E.g. rubber
(d) It is used to make logs for mining.
(e) Forest is used as a source of fuel like firewood and charcoal
(f) Forests are used to make pulp for manufacturing of paper
(g) Forests are source of fruits
(h) It is the source of domestic product like hats, basket and roofing material
(i) It is used as traditional shrine for some communities, for worshiping
(j) It creates employment to the communities
(k) It facilitates scientific studies and research
(l) It attracts tourism

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(m) It is habitats of wild animals
(n) Wooden poles used for electrical and telephone transmission.
(o) It modify climate of an area.
(p) it help to control soil erosion

In ecological and environmental balance

a. It is used to shape environment

b. It plays great role to modify climate of an area.
c. It controls soil erosion
d. They maintain balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
e. Forest provides suitable habitat for wildlife

9. Explain problem facing timber transport in the world.

Problems of timber transport in the world.

(a) Poor access of road from forest

(b) Logs are huge and heavy to float on water.
(c) Inaccessibility of river due to waterfall and rapids, hence can’t be used for log transport.
(d) Unsuitability of rivers for log transport due to seasonal variation of volume of water.
(e) Lack of well-developed means of transportation hinder transporting logs to the industries

10. discuss problems associated with forest resources harvesting

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FOREST RESOURCES HARVESTING

(a) Deforestation
This exposes the soil to agents of erosion like wind and water. As well it destroy other plants
species and young trees.

(b) Overexploitation lead to destroy water catchment

Since forest acts as water catchment hence overexploitation of forest resource lead to drought.

(c) Deforestation lead to climatic change

Forest plays important roles in climate modification of an area; hence clearance of tree may
change the climate of a particular area.

(d) Reduction of forest lead to accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Plant insure balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide hence cutting tree can increase carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere as plant use it during photosynthesis.

(e) Uncontrolled harvest lead to the loss of employment

Since many people are employed on the timber production and forest in general, hence
disturbing the forest sources can kills many jobs.

(f) Uncontrolled harvest lead to species extinction

Poor harvest results to disappear of some species of plant as well different animals that use
these plants as habitat.

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11. explain ways of addressing problems facing forestry resources harvesting in the
world

WAYS OF ADDRESSING PROBLEMS FACING FORESTRY RESOURCES HARVESTING IN

THE
WORLD

(a) Carrying out research to determine to the growth of the tree species required.
(b) Creating public awareness about the importance of forests
(c) Encouraging the use of existing alternative source of energy.
(d) To enforce and encourage the reforestation and afforestation.
(e) The law should be enacted and enforced to protect forest and its resources.
(f) Ensuring maximum utilization of the tree that have been cut.
(g) To conduct land reclamation after cutting tree.
(h) Training man power concern forestry management.

 SUSTAINABLE MINING
1. What is mining
Mining is the process of obtaining minerals from the ground. Or is the process which
involve the extraction of minerals from the ground.

2. What is mines
Mines are the place where mining activities takes place and minerals are obtained.

3. State two type of mining

TYPES OF MINING INDUSTRIES

A. Traditional mining industries

B. Modern mining industries

4. Define the following terms

(a) Traditional mining industries

Traditional mining industries are the industries which involve digging up the ground
without conducting research and uses of technology. Simple tools used like hoe.

(b) Modern mining industries

Modern mining industries are industries which involve the extraction of minerals from
the ground by using high technology and modern machine in researched areas.

(c) Open cast mining

Open cast mining is involves extraction of minerals which occur close to the earth’s
surface.

(d) Alluvial mining.

Alluvial mining is method is used where minerals occur in alluvial deposits. The method
also called place mining method.

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(e) Underground (shaft) mining
Underground (shaft) mining is method used when minerals are deep below the earth’s
surface.

5. Explain Factors for mineral exploitation.

FACTORS FOR MINERAL EXPLOITATION

(a) The value of minerals

Extraction of mineral depends on the value of particular minerals, this will enable to
achieve the cost of mining and transport on the mineral market as well to avoid loss.

(b) The size of the deposits

The deposit is important factors to consider in mining. Deposits in quantity of mineral
available on the ground. If the deposit is low there is no need to mine cause may not give
profit.

(c) The quality of minerals

Good quality minerals have high price on the market while minerals with a lot of impurities
their price reduced to the extent can’t give profit.

(d) Transport coast

In mining industry transportation is important things. When transport coast is high may
result the increase the price of mineral. Hence it is advised industry should be near to the
mining area.

(e) Labour
Mining industry need skilled and unskilled labours. Skilled labour increase fine and good
product in the market.

(f) Methods of extraction

Method of extraction can determine the coast of the product. Some minerals like ore found
depth to the ground hence shaft method used.

(g) Availability of reliable market

The aim of exploiting minerals is gaining income, hence market is important factors for
exploitation of the minerals. If there is no market of particular minerals extraction should
be delayed.

6. explain importance of mining industry to the economy

IMPORTANCE OF MINING INDUSTRY TO THE ECONOMY

(a) Mining industries provide employment to the people. E.g. gold mining in Geita-Kahama
(b) Mining industries lead to the development of iron and steel industry like South Africa.
(c) Mining industries contribute to the earning foreign exchange example oil in Angola
(d) Mining stimulate development of transport and communication like in Egypt
(e) Mining encourage development of other sectors like agriculture
(f) Mining leads to the development of town and big city like mererani and Johannesburg.

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7. discuss problems facing mining industry

PROBLEMS FACING MINING INDUSTRY

(a) Lack of enough capital for poor countries like Tanzania

(b) It cause Water and air pollution.
(c) Result into deforestation and loss of biodiversity.
(d) Lack of skilled labour hinder good exploitation and yield.
(e) Exhaustion of minerals due to over exploitation
(f) Price fluctuation in the world market affect development of industry
(g) Political conflict on the mining area discourage development of mining industries
(h) Poor transport system especially in landlocked countries like Zimbabwe affect industry.
(i) Environmental degradation and pollution hence leave land unproductive.

8. Explain Characteristics of the traditional mining industrial

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRADITIONAL MINING INDUSTRIAL

(a) Local tools are used

(b) There is no research done
(c) Poor environmental conservation
(d) It is small scale mining
(e) Unskilled labours are used
(f) There is lack of technology in mining
(g) Shortage of expert

9. Discuss problem facing traditional mining

(a) Lack of good mining tools
(b) Shortage of skilled labour
(c) Low production
(d) High risk of accident
(e) Inadequate capital
(f) Low technology
(g) Unreliable market

10. Explain Characteristics of the modern mining industries

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN MINING INDUSTRIES

(a) Modern machines are used for mining.

(b) There is effective research done before mining
(c) It is large scale mining
(d) There is use of advance technology
(e) Skilled labours are used
(f) Market is available

11. explain ways to minimize effect of mining to the environment

WAYS TO MINIMIZE EFFECT OF MINING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

(a) To encourage rehabilitation process by afforestation and reforestation programs

(b) Avoiding using chemical in mining to protect environment

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(c) mining should be done away of residential area
(d) Provision of health medical care to the miners such as soft hats and milk
(e) To encourage other economic activities rather than relying on mining
(f) Law should be reinforced to ensure mining is friend to people and human health.

12. what are importance of oil production to the middle east countries

IMPORTANCE OF OIL PRODUCTION TO THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

(a) Foreign exchange

Exporting petroleum brought foreign exchange to their countries. These countries depend on
the exportation and account for social and economic development of their counties.

(b) Source of government revenue

Middle east enough income from oil production. Hence it add a lot on countries economic
growth. This account for their total development.

(c) It provide employment opportunities

Many people employed on the oil production in the Middle East. This solve problem of
employment for the youth, helping people to rise their standard of living.

(d) Provision of energy and power

Petroleum and gas in Middle East save the need of energy and power for the industrial used
and domestic uses. This make life in desert region to be habitable by the use of electricity
devices like air condition.

(e) Improvement of transport system.

Exportation petroleum and its product enable Middle East to advance in transport network.
This like airport of Dubai and road transport.

(f) Improvement of other sectors

Development of oil production in Middle East encourage development of other sectors like
tourism. Tourism sector in Dubai and Qatar is growing better nowadays.

13. What are Advantages natural gas in Tanzania?

ADVANTAGES NATURAL GAS IN TANZANIA

(a) It is used to improve infrastructure and transport system. E.g. mtwara road.
(b) It provides employment opportunities to the Tanzanian. E.g. gas selling
(c) The use of gas encourage environmental protection.
(d) Natural gas is a source of energy for power generation
(e) Natural gas is free from pollution
(f) It contributes the government revenue by selling gas
(g) It improves other sectors like manufacturing industries.

14. explain Challenges of natural gas production in Tanzania

CHALLENGES OF NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION IN TANZANIA

(a) Natural gas is non-renewable resource hence it is finished.

(b) Price fluctuation discourages exploitation.

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(c) Inadequate skilled labour hinders exploitation
(d) Construction of pipelines is expensive
(e) Construction of pipeline destroys ecology
(f) Poor transport and communication system discourage the production
(g) Tanzania has low technology for successful extraction

15. explain ways to address the challenges of natural gas in Tanzania

WAYS TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES OF NATURAL GAS IN TANZANIA

(a) The government should formulate good policy to insure positive development of natural gas.
(b) Government should provide awareness to people on the benefits of natural gas
(c) Workers training should be conducted to improve their skills
(d) The government should provide soft loans to local investors to improve them.
(e) Research should be conducted to discover new minerals deposits
(f) Government should find market for minerals
(g) Law should be enacted to protect natural gas facilities
(h) Use of natural gas should be promoted and advertised

 TOURISM
1. Define the following terms
(a) Tourism
Tourism is the temporary movement of people from one place of interest to another
for leisure or recreation.

(b) International tourism

International tourism is the temporary movement of people from one country to
another country of interest for leisure or recreation.

(c) Domestics tourism

Domestic tourism is the temporary movement of people within the country to the
place of interest for leisure or recreation.

(d) Ecotourism.
Ecotourism or green tourism is the form of tourism which deals with visiting
unaltered natural environment. Unaltered natural environment include national
park, game reserves, coral reefs, forests and mountains.

(e) Tourism honeypot

Tourism honeypot is an area that attracts many tourists in a given area. Mountain
Kilimanjaro is an example of tourism honeypot in Tanzania.

2. State two type of tourism

Types of tourism.

A. International tourism

B. Domestic tourism

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3. Mention three type of tourism honeypot

Type of Tourism honeypot

(a) Historical honeypot e.g. historical site.

(b) Leisure honeypot e.g. beach.
(c) Physical honeypot e.g. mountains.

4. What are the importance of ecotourism

Importance of Ecotourism

(a) It minimizes running cost

(b) It attracts massive tourist
(c) It has less environmental effects.
(d) It protects available tourism attraction
(e) It promotes environment conservation

5. Explain factors for development and growth of tourism industry in in the world.

FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD.

(a) Presence of good weather and climate.

Availability of good climate and weather on the place tend to attract tourists from different
parts of the world especially from colder countries during the winter.

(b) Availability of good and clean beaches

Attractive beaches like those of Palm Beach in U.S.A, Barcelona in Spain, Mombasa in Kenya,
Durban, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth in South Africa and those of Bagamoyo and Kigamboni
in Tanzania all these attract tourism.

(c) Presence attractive sceneries or attractions

Scenic attraction like mountain scenery like Mount Kilimanjaro, Rockies, Alps and coast as
well valley and cave, crater and waterfall all these attract people by their impressive nature.

(d) Presence of parks and game reserves

Tourists like visiting national parks and game reserves where they can enjoy watching
animals, birds and different species in their natural habitats.

(e) Availability of amenities

This is the presence of facilities for bathing, dancing, boating, recreation and amusement
which area mostly found on the seaside resorts. All these attract tourist.

(f) Availability of accommodation

Good services like food, comfort and cleanliness provided through hotels attract tourist. This
account the goodness of accommodation.

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(g) Presence of interest features and museums
Features of interest like Kaole ruins in Bagamoyo, slave market in Zanzibar, historical building
in Kilwa and stone town in Zanzibar, pyramids in Egypt all this attract tourist from many
parts of the world.

(h) Accessibility of tourism sites

Presence of appropriate infrastructures like good roads, railways lines, parking areas,
airports, harbors, subways and others services to satisfy tourists.

(i) Safety and Security

Tourists need safe and security as other human being. Hence, they like to visit countries or
places which is safe. Country like Tanzania attract tourist because it is safe.

(j) Government policy

Once government put her emphasize on the tourism sectors. This industry will grow better. If
government put much emphasize on other sector, tourism will grow slowly.

6. Discuss the importance of tourism in the world.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

(a) Creation of employment

Tourism industry employs large number of people either directly or indirectly. People employed
on, transportation, hotel staff, tour guides, as well in trading commodities nearby the tourism
sites.

(b) Development of transport services

Development of tourism sector demands safe and modern transport system in the host
country. Transport means like air bus and jet, water transport like boat, land transport like
luxury bus and train is needed to encourage tourism sector

(c) Tourism increase international relationship

Country being safe it means it can secure citizens from other countries. Hence, they
encouraged to visit its attraction and build good relation with the host country.

(d) Tourism promotes protection and conservation wildlife and historical sites.
Since tourism sectors increase country’s income. Hence to protect the attractive sites is
important thing to ensure the continuous benefits. That is why things like national parks and
other sites are protected.

(e) Tourism sectors increase the government revenue.

Taxes paid in national parks, zoos, historical sites and from other attraction sites they
contribute to the government revenues.

(f) Tourism stimulates development of other sectors

Tourism helps transportation sectors, agriculture sectors through producing food staff, trade
sectors and other sector associated with tourism and its activities.

(g) Tourism encourage improvement of infrastructure

Tourism sectors needs good infrastructure like transportation means and communication
facilities. Advance infrastructures encourage tourism sectors.

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7. State positive and negative importance of tourism in the world

IMPACT OF TOURISM IN THE WORLD

Positive impact on economic effects.

(1) It increases foreign exchange in the host country.

(2) It creates employment for both skilled and unskilled Labour.
(3) It encourages development of infrastructures
(4) It adds government revenue in the host country
(5) It promotes another sector to develop.
(6) It promotes diffusion of technology

Positive impact on social effects

(a) Tourism encourages cultural change in the host country

(b) It encourages mobility and social interaction
(c) It influences introduction of new idea and customs
(d) It encourages international relationship between the countries

Positive impact on environmental effects

(a) Tourism encourage environmental conservation as it is their attraction

(b) It encourages the development of forest reserves

Negative impact on economic effects.

(a) It may force the government to put emphasize on them only by putting fund.
(b) Region with tourism attraction is given priority of development than other
(c) It encourages migration of people, hence leads to population pressure.
(d) It results into increasing of land price.
(e) It results into child Labour in many countries
(f) It leads to spread of terrorism in the world.

Negative impact on social effects

1. It results into introduction of unacceptable behavior

2. It led to spread in health problem like TB, HIV and other diseases

Negative impact on environmental effects

(a) Massive tourist flow lead to destruction of natural resources

(b) It results into environmental pollution on the beaches, parks and other area
(c) It leads to the killing of wild animals and variety of species.

8. Explain factors for development of tourism in Switzerland

FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN SWITZERLAND

(a) Good infrastructure system such as road and electrified railways networks.
(b) Favorable climate, good scenery of Alps Mountains.

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(c) Availability of good accommodation facilities like hotel.
(d) Hospitality of the people
(e) It is land of international organization like Red cross, WHO, ILO and World bank

9. Explain importance of tourism in Switzerland

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN SWITZERLAND

(a) it is major source of foreign currency for Switzerland

(b) It provides employment for many people.
(c) Tourism in Switzerland contributes enough revenue.
(d) It improves international cooperation in Switzerland
(e) It ensures environmental conservation and protection for continues tourist flow
(f) It results into development of technology and transport network.

10. What are negative effects of tourism in Switzerland?

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TOURISM IN SWITZERLAND

(a) Tourism in Switzerland contribute on the environmental pollution

(b) It faces stiff competition from other developed countries like as France, U.S.A, Spain and turkey.
(c) Winter and heavy snow in Switzerland hinder road and railways transport slow tourism flow.

11. Explain factors for development of tourism in Namibia

Factors favoring the development of tourism in Namibia

(a) Availability of numerous attractions

This includes wildlife, rivers, desert landscape and many more.

(b) Improvement of infrastructures

There are good transport and communication, good communication network this attract them

(c) Availability of strong tourism policy.

Namibia is serious in this sector in term of policy by promoting culture, environment and other.

(d) Availability of aggressive marketing

There is strong partnership between the government and the private sector in advertising and
marketing

(e) Availability of strong regional cooperation-(SADC)

Regional cooperation in Namibia and its members helps to promote tourism. The southern
Africa development community (SADC) is major cooperation on this in Namibia.

12. What are the importance of tourism in Namibia?

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM TO NAMIBIA

(a) It creates employment opportunity

(b) It brings foreign currency to a country

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(c) It stimulates the development of infrastructures
(d) It contributes to the improvement of social services such as school and health center
(e) It encourages environmental conservation programs
(f) It ensures preserve Namibia culture and norms as attraction.

13. What are negative effects of tourism in Namibia?

PROBLEMS FACING THE TOURISM IN NAMIBIA

(a) They face strong competition between Namibia and neighboring countries like south Africa
(b) They lack adequately skilled workers in the industry has hampered the sectors
(c) There is a slow implementation of the tourism policy which delay the development

14. Explain factors for development of tourism in Tanzania

Factors for Development of Tourism in Tanzania

(a) Political stability

Stability in peace and security in Tanzania encourage tourist from many countries. Hence
increase flow of tourist.

(b) Availability of beautiful landscape

There are varieties of attractive landscape like Mount Kilimanjaro, ngorongoro crater, rift valley
and ambone cave

(c) Presence of national, game reserves and zoos

National park like Manyara, Seregeti, Mikumi, Selous and Ngorongoro all these attract tourist
in Tanzania.

(d) Availability of beautiful coast along Indian Ocean.

The Indian Ocean provide good coast as tourism attraction in Tanzania. Beach in Bagamoyo,
Dar as Salaam, Mtwara and all along the coast of Indian Ocean.

(e) Availability of beautiful island in Tanzania

The island of Unguja, Pemba and Mafia attract tourism from different parts of the world.

(f) Favorable climatic condition

Moderate temperature, abundant sunshine attract tourist almost from temperate region

(g) Presence of historical sites, museum and achieves.

National museum and historical sites like Olduvai Gorge and others attract tourism

(h) Advancement in transport and communication

The improvement of airlines and sea fast ferries have contributed much on the tourism sectors.

(i) Improvement of accommodation facilities

In Tanzania there are comfortable accommodation to meet different economic status of the
tourist like sea cliff hotel in Dar as Salaam and other.

(j) Hospitality of the people of Tanzania

People of Tanzania live in peace and patient, this make them to be kindness which encourage
tourist to visit Tanzania as long as they believe they will be safe.

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(k) Establishment of special television channel for marketing

Tanzania introduce special channel (Tanzania safari channel) for advertising tourism sector
and their attraction all over the world. This method has great impact in increasing number of
tourist flow.

15. Discuss importance of tourism in Tanzania.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN TANZANIA

(a) Tourism provide foreign currency to our country

(b) It creates job opportunity to people
(c) It encourages the development of handcraft industry. Tourist used to buy baskets
(d) It influences international relationship and understanding
(e) It contributes the development of infrastructure like road, railway and airport
(f) It encourages conservation of environment and historical sites
(g) It results into creation of several of recreation or enjoyment like beaches and swimming pools.
(h) It stimulates diffusion of technology

16. Explain problems facing the tourism industry in Tanzania.

PROBLEM FACING THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

(a) High population increase.

This affects the national parks and games reserves prepared for tourism purpose. People
use them for settlement and other uses.

(b) Political unrest and threat.

Sometime Tanzania face this problem of chaos and insecurity. Example bombing of
American embassy in 1998 and unrest during and after the general election all these pose
challenge on tourism sector.

(c) Poor transport and communication

The development of transport and communication in Tanzania is not complete suitable for
tourism industry. Some area is not accessible hence hinder tourist flow.

(d) Low capital

Country economy is very low to manage whole demand of tourism sectors. Some
challenges become difficult to be resolved in time.

(e) Poor marketing and promotion of tourism sectors

The effect taken to publish and advertise the tourism sector in Tanzania is not good enough
as it required. In nowadays business sectors goes with advertisement.

(f) Emergence of criminal action

High rate of crime in attraction area like beaches, historical sites and big city like Dar as
salaam discourage tourist flow on the particular area.

(g) Lack of strong tourism policy

Tanzania government don’t put much emphasize on tourism sector due to its nature of
economy and government priorities.

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17. discuss methods to increase the income of tourism industry in Tanzania

METHODS TO INCREASE THE INCOME OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

(a) Tourism attraction should be strong protected.

(b) There should be control of population near tourism attraction
(c) Ant-poaching unit should be established to protect animals
(d) Training and education should be provided to the workers and communities
(e) There should be identification of new tourism attraction
(f) Marketing and promotion of tourism sector should be emphasized
(g) Government should create positive climate for tourism investors
(h) There should be improvement of infrastructures like road, railways and navigation

 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

1. What is manufacturing industries?

Manufacturing industries refer to the industries which deal with the processing of raw
material into medium or final product.

2. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUTRY

1. It provides employment
Manufacturing industries employ so many people direct as well in direct e.g. car industry

2. Stimulate development of transport and communication

Availability of manufacturing industry in a place necessitate demand of transport network and
communication like railways, road as well water transport

3. Stimulate development of other sectors

Manufacturing industries stimulate agriculture, transport, and tourism as well as power and
energy sector to develop.

4. It is a source of foreign currency

Manufacturing industries enabling exporting of industrial products to other countries that
result into earning foreign exchange.

5. it initiates diversification of country’s economy

Manufacturing industry stabilizes country economy by employing, producing consumer goods
as well as reducing expenses of importing products from other countries.

6. it enables processing of raw material

Industries enable processing of raw materials which simplify uses as well increase it value in
the market.

7. It helps country to depend on its own.

Industries enable counties to have power of manufacturing product and selling product. Hence
stabilize economy.

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8. It improves social services in the country

Social services like transport and communication is very important for development of
industries, countries which have industries these services are improved.

3. State type of manufacturing industries

Manufacturing industries are divided into two main categories namely:

(a) processing industries

(b) fabrication industries

4. define the following terms

(a) processing industries
Processing industry is the type of industry that prepares raw material in earlier
stage for fabrication.

(b) fabrication industries

Fabrication industry is the type of industry that prepares processed material into
usable products.

(c) light industries

Heavy industries these are the industries which produce heavy goods like metal,
locomotive and shipbuilding.

(d) heavy industries

Light industries these are the industries which produce light goods like plastics
goods and electrical equipment.

5. Discuss factors for the development and location of manufacturing industries.

FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

(a) Availability of enough capital

Capital is more important in initiating industries. Capital will ensure availability of Labour,
power, transport, equipment, advertisement and many more.

(b) Availability of raw material

Once raw material are near to the industries reduce the cost of transport hence simplify
running of the industries.

(c) Availability of power

Industries demand reliable power supply for operating machine, as well as providing light for
night works. Power is more important in industries.

(d) Availability of means of transport and communication

Transport enables transferring of raw materials to the industries as well transporting
fabricated products to the market and consumers.

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(e) Availability of reliable market
Market is more important for industries, once market is near reduces transport cost as well
simplifies selling the products produced.

(f) Availability of Labour

Some industries are more Labour intensive like sugar industries. Skilled and unskilled Labour
are needed for doing industrial task.

(g) Government policy and influences

Government has high influence in development of industries. If government policy emphasizes
other sectors rather than industries, industrial development will be low.

(h) Political stability.

Industrial development needs security and peace, political instability discourage industrial
improvement in particular country.

6. Mention major pollutant from manufacturing industries.

Major categories of industries waste

(a) Sewage
Untreated sewage may have bacteria that causes diseases as well treated sewage may have
chemical that harmful to people and organism.

(b) Solid waste

Solid waste such as iron, plastic products, bottles and others can pollute soil to the extent that
cannot be cultivated.

(c) Liquid waste

Waste like toxic chemical, hot water from thermal pollution and oil pills all can pollute
environment and finally kills aquatic organism.

(d) Gaseous waste

Gas like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and smoke all these are harmful to
organism and environment. It has impact in ozone layer and create global warming.

7. What are the ways of reducing pollutant from industries?

WAYS OF REDUCING POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIES

(a) Industrial site should be away from residence

(b) Industrial workers should be treated well to avoid impact of industrial hazard
(c) Industries waste should be packed well and deposited in safety area to reduce effect
(d) Recycling method should be used to reduce waste amount
(e) Smelting waste particle especially those with iron and steel should be conducted.

8. Explain factors which contributed to the development of vehicles production in japan.

FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLES PRODUCTION IN

JAPAN

(a) Presence of reliable raw materials like iron ore.

(b) Improvement of modern technology. Enables country to produce high quality car

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(c) Government policy of japan supports industrial development which includes vehicle production
(d) Availability of highly and large skilled Labour force that stimulate development vehicles
industries
(e) Availability of reliable power supply especially HEP and nuclear power for running industries
(f) Availability of reliable market all over the world stabilize car production in japan
(g) Strong determination of the country to become successful in industrial and trade activities
(h) Availability of water supply that is used in iron and steel industries
(i) Political stability and good diplomacy of japan encourage industrial development

9. What are the problems facing vehicles production in japan.

PROBLEMS OF VEHICLES PRODUCTION IN JAPAN

(a) Stiff competition from other countries in vehicle production like from South Korea, France,
Germany and Britain.
(b) Poverty in developing countries hinder expansion of market for Japanese vehicles
(c) Campaign of reducing air pollution discourage production of small vehicles at large
(d) Japan faces frequently earthquake that destroys their infrastructures and slow down their
progress.
(e) High cost of steel for motor vehicles creates challenge in car production
(f) Unstable price of fuel in the world discourages car possession hence affect market

10. explain factors for development of electronics production in south Korea

FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION IN SOUTH KOREA

(a) Availability of hardworking and efficient skilled Labour

(b) Reliable market for items produced as it has high quality
(c) Flexibility of electronic industrial as it can be located anywhere
(d) Reliable means of transport and communication
(e) High level of using science and technology in south Korea stimulate production
(f) Availability of capital due to development of other sectors like agriculture
(g) Strong government support

11. What are the advantages of electronics industry in south Korea

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY IN SOUTH KOREA

A. Creation of employment opportunities for the people of south Korea

B. It contributes in the growth of south Korea economy
C. Stimulate fast information transfer through use of internet services
D. Computer uses simplify processing of bulky data and information
E. It stimulates the growth of other industrial
F. It expands international relation with other countries

12. What are the problem facing electronic industry in South Korea?

PROBLEMS FACING ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY IN SOUTH KOREA

(a) Competition from other countries that produce same equipment like USA
(b) Shortage of reliable market from developing countries create challenges

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(c) Electronic devices like computer affected with virus, hence loss of information.
(d) Equipment depends availability of power that most developing countries it’s not reliable
(e) Cutback of employees because of mechanization

13. define textile industries

Textile industries are light industries dealing with manufacturing of clothes from raw material of
cotton, wool, silk, nylon and rayon.

14. explain limitations of production in textile industries in Tanzania

LIMITATIONS OF PRODUCTION IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN TANZANIA

(a) Poor local market as there is no constant buying and selling of goods
(b) Poor and shortage of raw materials. This resulting into failure to produce quality products
(c) Poor transport and communication network hinder transporting raw material easy and early
(d) Lack of reliable power supply interferes production in industries
(e) Unavailability of enough skilled Labour for operating machine
(f) Labour intensive is inefficiency than automated industries
(g) Stiff competition from other countries
(h) Shortage of skilled labour in textile industries

15. what is negative impact of manufacturing industries

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

(a) Industries lead to the pollution example air pollution

(b) Industries causes land degradation
(c) Industries results into noise pollution
(d) Some industries products are toxic hence can harm people e.g. nuclear product.
(e) Industries lead to great debt crises in the poor countries.

 SUSTAINABLE USE OF POWER AND ENERGY

1. What is resources
Resource is anything which is valuable and has direct benefits to human life.

2. With example mention two type of resources

(a) Renewable resources

These are types of resources which have got the capacity of regenerating themselves
naturally. Like wind, sun, tides, waves, biogas, HEP and geothermal.

(b) Non-renewable resources

These are types of resources which have not got the capacity of regenerating
themselves naturally. Like coal, petroleum, oil, firewood, natural gas and nuclear
energy

3. Define power and energy

Energy is the ability to do work. Power is a rate at which work is done. Without energy
nothing can be done.

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4. Mention major sources of power and energy in the world.

MAJOR SOURCES OF POWER AND ENERGY IN THE WORLD.

(a) The sun

(b) Coal
(c) Oil
(d) Natural gas
(e) Hydro-electric power {HEP}
(f) Geothermal power
(g) Wind power
(h) Waves
(i) Tides power
(j) Biogas
(k) Biomass
(l) Nuclear power

5. What is hydroelectric power?

Hydro - electric power {H.E.P} is the type of power generated by using moving water.

6. State advantages and disadvantages of HEP

Advantages of HEP

(i) It is very clean

(ii) It stimulates industrial development
(iii) It improves communication system like internet, tv
(iv) It stimulates development of trade sector

Disadvantages of HEP

(i) Construction of dames may lead to flood

(ii) It depends of availability of water
(iii) It may result into water pollution
(iv) It may result into water bone disease
(v) Construction of power plant is expensive

7. discuss factors that favour the development of H.E.P

Factors that favour the development of H.E.P

(a) A steep slope or gradient

(b) A sufficient and constant water supply
(c) Availability of enough capital
(d) Large volume of water
(e) Presence of lakes along the river course
(f) A space for reservoir to hold large amount of water
(g) Large market for both domestic and industrial

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8. What are the problems facing H.E.P production?

Problems facing H.E.P production

(a) Lack of enough capital for installation plants

(b) Lack of appropriate technology for installation of power plants
(c) Lack of enough skilled experts for operating machine
(d) Fluctuation of water due to seasonal rivers
(e) Siltation due to sedimentation
(f) Excessive evaporation of water

9. Mention station of HEP in Tanzania

1. Nyumba ya mungu and Hale on pangani river
2. Kidatu and Mtera Dam on Ruaha river
3. Kihansi
4. River ruvuma

10. State the uses of solar energy.

USED OF SOLAR ENERGY

(a) It is used for drying clothes, meat, fish and grains

(b) It is used for photosynthesis by plants
(c) It is used for production of solar electricity
(d) It is used to synthesize vitamin D to our bodies
(e) It is used to operate some electronic device like calculators, watches and solar stove
(f) It enables formation of rainfall after evaporation
(g) It’s the source of coal, gas and oil
(h) It is used for domestic work like heating water, cooking and lighting

11. What are the uses of oil?

Uses of oil

(a) It is used for transportation facilities like car, airplane

(b) It is used as Industrial power
(c) It is used for heating and lighting
(d) It is used as lubricant
(e) It is used for making illuminant candle and polishes
(f) It is used to make industrial raw material
(g) It is used to make material for road surfacing
(h) It is used for making tyres, inks, paints, carbon paper and gramophone records
(i) It is used for roofing and water proofing

12. What are the importance and uses of power and energy resources?

IMPORTANCE AND USES OF POWER AND ENEGRY RESOURCES

(a) It simplifies availability of power and energy for different uses like domestic and
industrial
(b) It enhances employment opportunity to the people

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(c) Other source of energy re environmental friend like solar energy
(d) Energy production stimulates industrial development
(e) Is enable improvement of transport and communication e.g. bullet train.
(f) Power and energy are the vital of all sectors of economy
(g) Promote rise of mega cities like new York, hog Kong as well dar es salaam

13. explain problems facing power and energy production

PROBLEMS FACING POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

(a) Construction of solar station is too expensive

(b) Production of nuclear power creates a lot of risk of radioactive contamination.
(c) Extraction of coal is difficult and expensive cause they are from deeper ground
(d) Some source of power are not environmental friends like coal and oil.
(e) Production of hydro-electric power affected by drought
(f) Production of power and energy need higher technology while some countries lack that
ability
(g) Some source of power are under threat of being exhausted due to its nature
(h) Production of power and energy sometime left land in horrible situation

 TRANSPORT
1. What is transport
Transport is the movement of goods, animals and people from one place to another.

2. Mention three type of transport

(a) land transport
(b) air transport
(c) water transport

3. Define the following

(a) land transport
Land transport is the movement of goods, animals and people on the land surface.

(b) air transport

Air transport is the one in which people and goods are moved from one place to another
through air by using airplane, balloon, helicopter and rocket.

(c) water transport

Water transport is the one in which people and goods are transported from one place to
another over water by using water facilities like boats.

4. what is land transport

Land transport is the movement of goods, animals and people on the land surface.

5. mention five categories of land transport

(a) Human transport
(b) Animal transport
(c) Road transport
(d) Railway transport
(e) Pipeline transport

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6. define the following

(a) Human transport
Human transport is the one which people carry light goods from one place to another
on feet.

(b) Animal transport.

Animal transport is the one in which goods and people are transported by using animal
means like camels, horses, elephant, donkeys, cow and dogs.

(c) Road transport

Road transport is the one in which goods and people are transported from one place to
another through the road by either bus or normal vehicle.

(d) Railway transport

Railways transport is the one in which people and goods are transported by using train
in rails.

(e) Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the one which is used to transport fluids like gases and liquid from
one place to another through pipes.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of human transport

ADAVANTAGE OF HUMAN TRANSPORT

(a) Human transport is available.

Human transport is accessible and can be used where other form of transport is not available
or can’t be used.

(b) Human transport is cheap.

It is affordable means of transport that can be used anywhere and by anyone.

(c) Human transport is safe

This form of transport is safer than road, air or water transport

(d) Human transport is flexible

This mode of transport can change direction at any time hence cannot be affected by traffic
congestion.

(e) Human transport is an alternative means of transport.

Human transport can be used instead of road, air, railways once they are not available.

(f) Human transport is environmental friend.

Human transport does not provide huge amount of gases like road, air and railways.

DISADVANTAGE OF HUMAN TRANSPORT

(a) Human transport is too slow.

Compared to other means of transport, human transport is too slow. Hence it takes longs time
to reach destination area.

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(b) Human transport cannot be used to carry heavy goods or bulky goods

(c) Human transport depend on physical and health of person.

Once person gets sick may not be able to perform human transport.

(d) Human transport is not suitable for perishable goods.

Since human transport is too slow hence perishable goods like tomatoes, pineapples, mangoes
all these cannot be transported by human transport for long distance.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of animal transport?

ADVANTAGE OF ANIAMAL TRANSPORT

(a) Animal transport is faster than human transport

(b) Animal transport can carry heavy goods
(c) It can be used instead of human transport
(d) It is cheaper compared to air and water transport.
(e) Animal transport is suitable in the area where other transport cannot be used.

DISADVANTAGE OF ANIMAL TRANSPORT

(a) Some animals are too expensive. E.g. camels and horse.
(b) Animals used for transport are not mostly available.
(c) It’s too hard to ensure safety of animal transport
(d) Some animals are to slow like camel and elephant compared to other transport.

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of road transport

ADAVANTAGE OF ROAD TRANSPORT

(a) Road transport have different vehicles and motor vehicles that can simplify transport.
(b) Road transport is flexible. It is connected to various places.
(c) Road transport is faster than human and animal transport.
(d) Construction of road transport is cheaper than railways.
(e) Road can be constructed and used at the same time unlike railways.
(f) Road transport compliment other means of transport.
(g) Road transport allows to transport small amount of goods in low cost

DISADVANTAGE OF ROAD TRANSPORT.

(a) Roads transport can be easily affected by weather condition.

(b) Roads transport losses its quality over long distance.
(c) Goods transported by road is at risk of robbery and damage by accident.
(d) Road transport is prone to accident.
(e) Road transport’s vehicles emits gases that lead to air pollution.
(f) It carries few goods and people compared to railway, air and water transport.
(g) Road transport faces congestion problems.

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10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of railway transport

ADAVANTAGE OF RAILWAYS TRANSPORT

(a) Railway transport can carry heavy goods, bulky goods and passengers at once.
(b) Railway transport is cheap.
(c) Railway transport is affected by weather in low level than road transport.
(d) Railway transport is safer than road transport
(e) Railway transport operates according to the time schedule
(f) Train contains many services like Hotel, Bathroom as well as Toilet unlike car.
(g) Railway transport save cost and time.
(h) Railway transport is not affected by congestion
(i) Railways transport has few maintenance cost
(j) Modern passenger trains are very faster and efficient e.g. bullets train.

DISADVANTAGE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

(a) Railway construction is expensive and take long time to finish.

(b) Railway transport relies on other means of transport like road transport.
(c) Some train is too slow except bullet train.
(d) Railway transport is not flexible.
(e) Railway differ in gauges hence rail with different gauges cannot share train.
(f) Railway station are far away from residence.

11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transport

ADAVANTAGES OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT

(a) Pipeline transport doesn’t pollute environment, only if leakage occurs.

(b) Pipeline reduces accidents and theft compared to other means of transport.
(c) Pipeline transport is not affected by congestion.
(d) Pipeline transport is not mostly affected by weather.
(e) Pipeline transport has low maintenance cost.
(f) Pipeline transport compliments other type of transport. E.g. road transport
(g) Pipeline transport is flexible can be laid on land, underground and under water.

DISADVANTAGE OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT.

(a) Pipeline transport is expensive to construct.

(b) it take long time to construct
(c) Pipeline transport can only transport fluids.
(d) Pipeline transport needs highly protection, supervision and maintenance to prevent leakage.
(e) Pipeline can be economical only if the project of products sustain.
(f) Pipeline transport depends on other means of transport to deliver product to the users.

12. What is air transport?

Air transport is the one in which people and goods are moved from one place to another through
air by using airplane, balloon, helicopter and rocket.

13. Mention two type of air transport

(a) Domestic air transport.

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(b) International air transport.

14. Define the following

(a) Domestic air transport.
Domestic air transport is the one in which people and goods are transported from one
place to another through airplane within the country. Example air strip.

(b) International air transport.

International air transport is the one which goods and people are transported from one
country to another through airplane.

15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air transport?

ADVANTAGE OF AIR TRANSPORT

1. Air transport is faster hence good for perishable goods.

2. Air transport is not affected by physical barriers like mountains
3. Air transport is more comfortable means of transport.
4. Air transport is flexible rout and plane can be changed.
5. Air transport uses strictly time schedule hence it is reliable.
6. Air transport have level of security and safety

DISADVANTAGE OF AIRTRANSPORT

(a) Air transport is highly affected by weather condition.

(b) Air transport is so expensive.
(c) Air transport subjected with high risk accidents
(d) Air transport need highly trained expert
(e) Air transport is not suitable for transporting heavy and large goods over long distance
(f) Air transport is only save place that have airport.
(g) Air transport sometime face hijacking and terrorist attacks
(h) Air transport depend on other forms of transports.

16. What is water transport

Water transport is the one in which people and goods are transported from one place to
another over water by using water facilities like boats.

17. Mention two type of water transport

(a) inland water transport
(b) sea water transport

18. Define the following terms

(a) inland water transport
This is the water transport which involves transporting people and goods over inland
water bodies such as rivers, lakes and canals.

(b) sea water transport

This is the water transport which involve transportation of people and goods over the
oceans and seas. Like Indian Ocean.

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19. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air transport

ADVANTAGE OF WATER TRANSPORT

1. Water transport is the most suitable for transporting heavy and bulky goods
2. Water transport requires minimal construction cost
3. Water transport has minimal congestion problems
4. Water transport is more safe compared with others
5. Water transport is flexible

DISADVANTAGE OF WATER TRANSPORT

(a) Water transport is the lowest means of transport.

(b) Modern shipping vessel are expensive
(c) Water transport is mostly affected by weather condition
(d) Water transport can only be used where there is water bodies.

20. discuss the importance of the transport industry in east Africa

IMPORTANCE OF THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY IN EAST AFRICA

(a) Transport is the source of employment

Transport industry can employ so many people as it deal with different means like railways,
airport as well port and bus services. It employs direct and indirect.

(b) Transport enhance trade

Wherever there is good transport system, it becomes easy to conduct trade as goods can be
transported within the countries and outside the countries.

(c) Transport promote unit and understanding.

Transport network link one place with another that help different people to meet and share
their things, behavior and understanding.

(d) Transport simplify exploitation of natural resources

Some resources must be transported to the users for consumption these like water, timber,
coal and others. Hence the area with good transport network simplify utilization of that
resources.

(e) Transport encourage development of other industries

Industries need good transport for transporting raw material and receiving as well
transporting products. Other industries like agriculture industries and tourism industries all
need transport system.

(f) Transport development of good encourage settlement

Most people like to settle in the area with good transport network hence area with better
transport attract settlements.

(g) Transport simplify movement of people.

Once people need to move from one place to another need better transport means to reach the
destination in time. Hence enabling them to travel from palace to place.
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21. Explain the problems facing transport industry in east Africa.

PROBLEMS FACING TRANSPORT INDUSTRY IN EAST AFRICA.

(a) Shortage of capital
Developments of better transport system needs high level of capital. Most of East African
countries lack this capital that lead to slow down transport industry.

(b) Shortage of skilled labour

Transport industry needs trained of man power and high understanding of technology that most
east African countries lack. This result into high number of accidents and failure in operating.

(c) Frequently rising of fuel cost.

The price fluctuation of fuel in the world market resulting into difficult in operating transport
industry in developing countries like Tanzania.

(d) Political instability

Political violence lead to destruction of transport infrastructure that cost a lot of money to repair.
Countries like Rwanda and Burundi face this problems

(e) Impact of landlocked countries

Some countries don’t have access to the sea or ocean, hence fail to provide such services and
resulting them to depends on other countries for delivery. E.g. Uganda depend on Kenya.

(f) Shortage of navigable lake.

Since only few rivers and lakes are navigated in East African hence maximum utilization of
water transport become difficult.

(g) Construction of transport network is to expensive

To construct transport system that is reliable needs a lot of capital. Transport facilities like
railways, roads, and airport and port all these need enough fund.

(h) The impacts of different railway line gauges

East African countries doesn’t have the same size of railway gauge that limit the train from these
countries to share the railways.

22. Discus measures that can solve problems of transport in Tanzania.

MEASURES TAKEN TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSPORT IN TANZANIA

(a) To ensure better revenue collection and seek financial assistance.

Tanzania in nowadays works effectively in tax collection as well as finding some financial
assistance from different donors to ensure better transport network.

(b) Training of man power.

Tanzania make effective ways to ensure they have human resources who can works in
transport industry. Man power are trained in airport, Railways Company as well as port
authority.

(c) Formation of law and policy

Law and policy are formulated to ensure transport industry grow well and protected from
different distraction.

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(d) Advancement of transport technology

Tanzania makes effort in increasing transport technology to ensure its improvement. Most of
the means of transport in Tanzania are improved compared to previous years. Example
railways.

(e) Construction of transport infrastructure

Construction of port, airport better roads as well as railways all these are in progress of
improvement. These improvement lead to the growth of country’s economy.

TEST ONE
1. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in the box provided

(i) If the time at Town X located at the Greenwich meridian is 1600 HRS Monday, what will
be the time and day in town Y located in1800?

A. 0400 hours Tuesday

B. 0400 hours Monday
C. 1000 Tuesday
D. 1000 Monday
(ii) NNE direction is equivalent to the following compass bearing
A. 22.50
B. 450
C. 000
D. 67.50

(iii )Michiweni at sea level has a temperature of 320c, what will be the temperature of
Karatu 1500m above the mean sea level
A. 190c
B. 90c
C. 0.60c
D. 230c

(iv)A Field work research technique is an example of……………….

A. Practical geography
B. Human and economic geography
C. Physical geography
D. Regional geography

(v) Water and air currents do not move in a straight line due to the spinning effect of the
Earth, the term used to describe this is ……….

A. Deflection
B. Reflection
C. Direction
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D. Refraction

(vi) Which of the following resources are non-renewable?

A. Biogas, oil and wind
B. Coal, gas and oil
C. Geo-thermal, biogas and solar energy
D. Wind, coal and electricity

(vii)Livestock keeping method where by animals are fed inside a shed without making them
going out in the field is called………….
A. Zero grazing
B. Nomadic pastoralism
C. Mixed farming
D. Ranching
(viii) The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere occurs on………….
A. December 22nd
B. June21st
C. March 21st
D. September23rd

(ix)An instrument that is used for the measurement of wind direction is………..
A. Wind vane
B. Anemometer
C. Barometer
D. Campbell stroke

(x) The name given to the vegetation of tropical continental climate of Africa and Australia is...
A. Grasslands
B. Savannah grasslands
C. Tropical grassland
D. Scrub, thickets and scattered trees
2. Match the items in column A with the correct responses from list B
LIST A LIST B
(i)An area of land separating two river basins (A)Surface run off
(ii)An area drained by a river and its tributaries (B)Watershed or divide
(iii)The surface flow of water from rainfall or melting of ice over (C)Warm ocean current
the ground
(iv) Pole wards moving ocean currents (D)River basin
(v)Up and down movement of surface water (E)Cold ocean currents
(vi)Narrow water path separating one land mass from another (F)Waves
(vii)A tract of land entering to a body of water (G)Tides
(viii)Water inlets to a land (H)Strait
(ix)A temperature at which water turns in to water droplets (I)Peninsula
(x) Temperature increase with altitude (J)Gulf
(K)Dew point

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(L)Temperature inversion
(M)Lapse rate
ANSWERS
i ii iii iv v vi Vii viii ix x

3. Write TRUE for correct statement and FALSE for incorrect ones
A. One of the evidences of flattened sphere shape of the earth is the sunrise and sunset that
occurs concurrently on the earth’s surface………..

B. Partial solar eclipse occurs when one part of the moon is blocked from view ……………

C. Fold mountains forms the world’s highest ranges………..

D. Most part of Netherland lies in lowlands thus most of its land is found in water
bodies……

E. All places at Greenwich have the same local time known as GMT…….

F. See breeze are winds which blow from the sea to the land during the day when the land
is cool……..

G. The radius of the Great circle is the same as that of the earth……..

H. The elements of weather are the same as those of climate……

I. The earth rotates from east to west…………..

4.(a) Carefully study the climatic data for station T and answer the questions after it
month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp(c) 23 24 26 28 29 28 26 26 26 27 26 25
Rain(mm) 2.5 0 2.5 0 18 124 195 108 100 61 10 0

(i) Calculate the annual rainfall for the station

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Compute the mean annual temperature

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) What is the annual range of temperature

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(iv) With two climatic characteristics peculiar to this climate, suggest the name of the climate
with these data

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Give the name of vegetation that grows in the climate

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) What could be the main economic activities taking place in the area?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Define the following geographical concepts

A. Deforestation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. Desertification

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
C. Destocking

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Stall feeding

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
E. Paddock

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5 Study the map extract of area A provided and then answer the questions that follow

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Key:
Forest

Seasonal swamps

Centre

Road
Spot height

(i) Find the distance of RUTHU Road in km.

(ii) Calculate the area covered by Buhindi Forest in km2

(iii) Write the grid reference of the following:

(a) Spot height __________________________
(b) Nyile Hill ____________________________

(iv) Mention four points on the resources found in the Buhindi Forest:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. Draw a diagram of a sea breeze and on it show the following

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A. Show the direction of wind movement
B. Show when the particular wind blows
C. Show pressure distribution in the area
D. What causes the wind to move?
……………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Name the instrument used to measure wind direction…………………

2. With examples explain the techniques that can be employed in land reclamation
3. With vivid examples discuss the benefits expected from successful utilization of resources
from Rufiji basin
4. What are the problems facing livestock keeping in Tanzania (with vivid examples)
5. Siting examples in Tanzania, explain the characteristics of sedentary farming
1. Define rotation and revolution

(b) Mention four evidences that prove the earth rotates

(c) List five common latitude lines

2. (a) Mention four Factors which influence saltiness or salinity in ocean water

(b) Mention three major forms of water movement in which oceans exhibit

3. (a) define the following terms

(i) Environmental lapse rate
(ii) Temperature inversions

(b) What is Stevenson screen? Mention five features of Stevenson screen.

4. (a) if the temperature at 500 metres where the tourist start climbing mount
Kilimanjaro is 200 C. what will be the temperature when they reach 2,000
metres above the sea level

5. Convert the following scale into

(i) 1:50 000 into statement scale
(ii) 1cm represent 0.25km into RF

6. List five methods which used to locate position on the map

7. Mention eight methods used to present relief on the map

8. Define the following terms

(f) Tourism
(g) International tourism
(h) Domestics tourism
(i) Ecotourism
(j) Tourism honeypot

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9. Explain factors for development and growth of tourism industry in in the world.

10. Explain Factors for mineral exploitation

11. Discuss factors for the development and location of manufacturing industries

12. Explain factors influence the distribution of forests

1. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write on the space provide. (25 marks)

(1) When it is 3.00 pm at Ngara 330 E in Tanzania what will be the time at Bankoko 500 E in
Thailand
A. 10.00am B. 04.08 pm C. 04.32 pm D. 10.00 pm

(2) When it is winter in the northern hemisphere in November, December and January, it is …….
In the southern hemisphere during the same month.
A. Autumn B. Summer C. Spring D. Winter

(3) A body of land completely surrounded by water is referred to as the:

A. Gulf B. Strait C. Island D. Cape

(4) Water and air current do not move in straight line due to spinning effect of the earth. The term
used to describe this situation is:
A. Deflation B. Reflection C. Direction D. Deflection

(5) If temperature at Rubanga station with altitude of 600M above the sea level is 320 C what will
be the temperature of Congo with height of 1800M above the sea level?
A. 24.10 C B. 280 C C. 24.80 C D. 28.80 C

(6) The state of the atmosphere in relation to the amount of water vapour is known to as:
A. Humidity B. Rainfall C. Atmosphere D. Precipitation

(7) Which one of the following is not factor to consider while deciding the climate of place?
A. Prevailing wind B. Annual rainfall C. Distance from the sea D Annual range
temperature

(8) The following are factors affecting climate of a place. Which one is not?
A. Latitude B. Vegetation C. Soil D. Longitude

(9) The information given in a map is shown by convenient sings and symbols which are
interpreted by the use of a:
A. Scale B. Map C. Margin D. Key

(10) A map showing important natural and man-made features is known as a:

A. Topographical map B. Statistical map D. Distribution map C. Atlas map

(11) Describe the impact of water shortage to community

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(12) Elaborate the problems which face the development of transport sector in Tanzania

(13) Geographers prefer watching weather forecasting news every day. Do they benefit by
watching such news? Give (7) reasons.

(14) Explain suggestion on how to improve small scale agriculture in Tanzania.

(i) The only type of climate that is different from others in the season of high rainfall ………......
(a) Mediterranean
(b) Tropical continental
(c) hot desert
(d) marine climate

(ii) What is the local mean time of Dar es Salaam at 450 E when it is noon at Greenwich?
(a) 10:00 am
(b) 7:00 pm
(c) 3:00 pm
(d) 8:00 pm

(iii) Wind blows from..............................

(a) Low altitude to high altitude
(b) Low pressure to high pressure
(c) High pressure to low pressure zone
(d) Sea to land during the day

(iv) Which is the largest among the following scales....?

(a) 1:25000
(b) 1:500000
(c) 1:50000
(d) 1:10000

(v) Identify the incorrect association in the following pairs.

(a) Isobar and Sunshine
(b) Isobar and Pressure
(c) Isotherm and temperature
(d) Isohyets and Rainfall

(vi) WSW compass direction is equivalent to the following compass bearing

(a) 2250
(b) 1350
(c) 245.50
(d) 247.50

(vii) The time recorded along the same meridian is.....

(a) Local mean time
(b) Greenwich Mean Time
(c) Great mean time
(d) Standard time

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(viii) The difference between Plateaus and Plains is that...

(a) The former has almost uniform summit at the top
(b) The later has almost uniform summit at the top
(c) Plateaus forms a fertile soil than plains
(d) Plains are associated with forces operating within the earth while in plateau external force

(ix) The reasons as to why Pluto is not regarded as a complete planet is...
(a)It is very far from the sun
(b)It is very small
(c)It shares orbit with other objects
(d) A, B and C are all correct

(x) ...........is where live stocks are grazed on an extensive piece of land.
(a) Stall feeding
(b) Paddock
(c) Destocking
(d) Ranching

2 .Match the items in column A with the correct responses from column B

COLUMN A COLUMN B
I)The furthest planet a)Pluto
ii)Convection rainfall b)Neptune
iii)World solstice c)When the sun appears to be overhead in june2st march
and 22nddec
iv)The equinox d)21st march and 23rd September
v)Distributaries e)Common rains along the equator
vi)Tributaries f)Common rains at the tropics
vii)Environmental lapse rate g)Occurs during the day
viii)Aphelion h)Occurs at night
ix)Perihelion i)Temperature increase at 0.60c for every 100m
x)Land breeze j)Temperature decrease at0.60c for every 100m
k)Branches joining the main stream/river
l)Minor channels at the mouth of the river where it
deposits its load
m)Occurs in each year on 3rd January
n)Occurs in each year on 4th July

Answers:

i ii iii iv v Vi vii viii ix x

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3. Write TRUE or FALSE in the following.

(i) The earth is in aphelion each year on 3rd January and perihelion on 4th July………..

(ii) The earth rotates from west to east…………

(iii) Solar eclipse occurs when the sun comes between the earth and the moon….

(iv) A constellation is a group of stars forming a pattern…….

(v) Longitudes are angular distance north or south of the equator…..

(vi) A natural satellite is an object that orbits other object larger than itself…..

(vii) On crossing the International Date Line the day is gained or lost…..

(viii) All latitude lines are great circles….

(ix) When reading the grid references on a map we start with the nothings followed by the
easting….

(x) Map scale = ratio between ground distance and that on a map……..
1. Read the following statements carefully and then write the letter of the correct answer in the
space provided against each question.
(i) This is an example of a block mountain
(a) Atlas Mountain
(b) Mount Meru
(c) Drakensburg Mountains
(d) Ruwenzori Range

(ii) Which of the following is the smallest scale?

(a) 1:1,000,000
(b) 1:100,000
(c) 1:50,000
(d) 1:10,000

(iii) Fold mountains are caused by

(a) Compressional force
(b) Tensional force
(c) Force of gravity
(d) Eclipses

(iv) This instrument is used for measuring the speed of wind

(a) Wind vane
(b) Barometer
(c) Anemometer
(d) Hygrometer

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(v) Dar es Salaam at sea level has a temperature of 320C. What will be the temperature of a
place in Arusha 1,500 metres above sea level?
(a) 0.60C
(b) 230C
(c) 170C
(d) 90C

(vi) What is the difference in time between Conakry 150W and Lilongwe 300E?
(a) 3 hours
(b) 2 hours
(c) 4 hours
(d) 1 ½

(vii) Give the compass bearing for South West

(a) 1350
(b) 2250
(c) 3150
(d) 450

(viii) The system of crop cultivation is called:

(a) Horticulture
(b) Agricultural
(c) Arable farming
(d) Crop husbandry

(ix) The human activities may cause the following problems in the environment
(a) Pollution and land degradation
(b) Shortage of capital and pollution
(c) Shortage of water and temperature
(d) Global warming and social services

(x) Agriculture activities is mainly practiced in the following places with

(a) Fertile soil, rainfall and high temperature
(b) High humidity, temperature and rainfall
(c) Fertile soils, rainfall and winds
(d) Fertile soils, rainfall and temperature

2. Match the items in Column A with the corresponding items in Column B.

COLUMN A
(i) Banguela ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Climate ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Agriculture ---------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) Key ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) Planets ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vi) Galaxy ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vii) Isotherms ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(viii)Sun ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ix) Mozambican Ocean Currents ------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) Barometer ------------------------------------------------------------------------

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COLUMN B
A. The temperature and rainfall conditions of a place.
B. Defines signs and symbols used in a map.
C. Average weather conditions recorded over a long period of time.
D. Symbols and signs in map.
E. Lines on a map joining places with the same atmospheric pressure.
F. Bodies that revolve around the sun.
G. Cool Ocean currents.
H. Stars.
I. Group of all stars.
J. Warm Ocean Currents.
K. Lines on a map joining places with the same temperature.
L. Large plane bodies revolving round the sun.
M. Lines on a map joining places with the same amount of a rainfall.
N. Animal keeping and crop cultivation.
O. An instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure.

3. Write TRUE or FALSE against the statement given.

(a) Human activities include fishing, shopping, mining and tourism. -----------------------------
(b) The hot desert regions have a very large diurnal range of temperature. ----------------------
(c) Small scale farming produces food for sale and consumption. -------------------------
(d) The atmosphere is said to be saturated when it does not contain water vapour. ------------
(e) Agriculture activities employ many people in Africa. ---------------------------
(f) Mt. Elgon, The Himalayas and Ruwenzori ranges are good examples of Volcanic
mountains.---------------------
(g) Cash crops include coffee, tea, Cassava and Cotton. --------------------------
(h) Biotic factor in agriculture include pests, parasites, insects and weeds. ------------------------
(i) Small scale farming requires family labour, machines and high capital. -----------------------
(j) Human factors in crop cultivation implies capital, technology, market and labour. ----------

4. Carefully study the climatic data given for station A, and then answer the questions that
follow:
MONTH J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Temperature
in 0c 25.5 25.8 26 26 27.3 26.5 26.5 26.1 26.8 26.8 26.3 25.7
Rainfall in
mm 246 186 185 198 184 176 174 197 188 206 261 266

(i) Calculate the mean annual temperature.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) Give the annual range of temperature for the station.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Calculate the annual rainfall for the station.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(iv) Suggest the type of climate for the station.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Give the cash crop grown on the station above.

(i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. State four ways of giving the location of a place in a map.

(i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. What are the major characteristics of small scale agriculture in East Africa?
(i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Give any four main types of human activities that take place in Dar es Salaam region.
(i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(v) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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SECTION B (30 MARKS)

Answer only TWO (2) questions from this section.

9. Explain the main importance of agriculture to the economic development of Tanzania . Give
any five points.

10. Describe any five characteristics of small scale farming.

11. With examples, explain any five factors that influence agriculture activities.

12. Describe how economic factors may affect agriculture production in Africa. Give any five
points

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