Lab Manual
Lab Manual
Engineering Graphics-II
Paper Code: ES-158
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Course Outcomes (CO to Programme Outcomes (PO) Mapping (scale 1: low, 2: Medium,
3: High
CO1 3 3 3 3 2 - - - 1 2 1 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 2 - - - 1 2 1 2
CO3 3 3 3 3 2 - - - 1 2 1 2
CO4 3 3 3 3 2 - - - 1 2 1 2
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SYLLABUS
PaperCode: ES-158 Paper: Engineering Graphics-II L P C
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Unit I
Section of Solids: Definition of Sectioning and its purpose, Procedure of Sectioning, Illustration
through examples, Types of sectional planes-application to few examples.
Unit II
Isometric Projection: Classification of pictorial views, Basic Principle of Isometric projection,
Difference between isometric projection and drawing, Isometric projection of solids such as cube,
prism, pyramid and cylinder.
Oblique Projection: Principle of oblique projection, difference between oblique projection and
isometric projection, receding lines and receding angles, oblique drawing of circle, cylinder, prism
and pyramid.
Unit III
Perspective Projection: Principle of perspective projection, definitions of perspective elements,
visual ray method, vanishing point method.
Conversion of 3D to 2D figures.
Unit IV
Introduction to CADD: Interfacing and Introduction to CAD Software, Coordinate System, 2D
drafting: lines, circles, arc, polygon, etc., Dimensioning, 2-D Modelling, Use of CAD Software for
engineering drawing practices.
Note: The sheets to be created shall be notified by the concerned teacher. Textbooks:
References:
1. Engineering Drawing by N.D. Bhatt, 53rd Ed., Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Gujarat,2017.
2. Engineering Drawing by P.S. Gill, S.K Kataria & Sons, New Delhi, 2013.
3. Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics by Frederick E. Giesecke, Shawna Lockhart, Marla Goodman,
and Cindy M. Johnson, 15th Ed., Prentice Hall, USA, 2016
4. Engineering Drawing by M.B. Shah and B.C. Rana, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2009.
5. AutoCAD 2017 for Engineers & Designers by Sham Tickoo,, Dreamtech Press 2016.
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Introduction to Onshape
Let’s begin!
Getting Started
Before we start designing in Onshape, we need to create an account and sign in.
Creating an Account
Unlike most CAD software, you don’t have to download or install anything to use Onshape. But,
you do have to create an account. Once you have an account, you can log into Onshape from
any computer or mobile device as long as you have an internet connection. Follow the steps
below to create your account:
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Sketching: My Very First Part
Let’s get started.
2. Enter a name for your document, such as “My Very First Part”.
3. Keep the document Private (more on this topic later), and click [OK].
Default Geometry
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When we create a new Document, we might expect the Document to be empty, but we end up
in what’s called a Part Studio with four premade features. This group of features is called the
“Default geometry”, and it consists of the Origin and the three default planes: Top, Front, and
Right. The origin is the intersection of the 3 default planes, as shown here:
The default geometry can never be moved; however, the planes may be resized as needed.
Once a plane is selected, it highlights yellow and the corners (which are highlighted by blue
circles) may be dragged. This is just a visual change - no actual geometry is affected. These
types of geometries (planes and the origin) are types of a broader category called Reference
Geometry (which we’ll go into more depth on later).
2. Select the Front plane. This defines what 2D plane you will be sketching on.
3. Select the Line tool . Click on the origin, move the mouse, and click again for the end
of the line. A new line is started, connected to the first. This is called a sketch chain.
Pro Tip: You can select any tools in the toolbar by clicking on it. To deselect, click it again, or
use the context menu and select “Exit <tool name>”, or press the ESC key.
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Pro Tip: Sometimes, it is easier to sketch when you are viewing the screen “straight on”, or in
2D. To quickly do this, hit the “n” key on the keyboard (this makes the sketching plane normal to
the screen). Here is how the sketch looks after hitting the “n” key:
4. Keep repeating this until you have come back to the origin again.
Onshape knows to stop sketching the chain once you reach the
endpoint of another line. Onshape also conveniently shades our star
in light blue, so we know it is a “closed contour”. Sketches must have
a closed contour in order to create 3D solid geometry.
Pro Tip: Always keep an eye out for the blue shade in a closed contour. It’s sometimes hard to
see if all the lines touch each other. For example, here is an “open contour” star next to our
properly sketched closed one. Without the blue shading, it would be nearly impossible to see
the small gap at the origin:
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5. Accept the sketch with the green check .
6. Now click on the Extrude tool .
7. Click on the star sketch.
8. You can click and drag the arrow to control the depth of the extrusion. You can also
specify an exact depth by typing in the dialog. Specifying an exact dimension can be
very helpful when creating precise parts, which will come in handy once you start making
more complex designs. Let’s extrude the star by 2 inches (don’t worry, we will be using
metric in this curriculum too!).
9. Let’s change the direction of extrusion. To do that, either click on the arrows in the
dialog box to change the direction of the extrusion or click on the arrow coming out of the
extruded preview model.
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10. Click the green check box and you’re done!
Pro Tip: Onshape saves everything automatically, so note that there is no save button.
2. Onshape selection works like a toggle. Click on one of the lines in the star to select, click
again to deselect. Notice that when you select an entity, it is highlighted.
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3. You can also select multiple sketch entities. Click on one line, then click another. Two
lines in your star will be selected. Just keep clicking to select more sketch entities. The
cursor will display a count of selected entities, but it’ll only be accurate up to 5 entities.
4. If you want to select multiple sketch entities at once, you can drag a selection box
around or across entities.
Pro Tip: The box select is really smart! It does different things, depending on how you draw the
box. Drag left-to-right to select the entities that fall entirely within the box (indicated by solid
blue outline and blue-shaded selection box). Drag right-to-left to select the entities that the box
touches (indicated by dotted yellow outline and yellow-shaded selection box). Try it now!
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6. After selecting the sketch entities, you can delete them by pressing the delete key, or
right-clicking and selecting “Delete [number] sketch entities”.
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Pro Tip: You can also undo commands by clicking the Undo command , or pressing CTRL-Z.
Sketching: Part 2
1. Start a new part studio by clicking on the “+” icon on the bottom left corner of the screen,
and selecting “Create Part Studio”:
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2. Create a new sketch on the Front plane. This time, let’s create a rectangle, using the
“center point rectangle” tool from the rectangle pull-down:
3. Draw a rectangle at the origin by clicking the origin first, something like this:
4. New, select the circle tool , and hover the mouse over the center of the top line. It
should highlight orange, and show a little icon (The mouse is “snapping” to the
midpoint of the line):
Pro Tip: This small icon symbolizes a constraint on the sketch entity. In the example above, we
drew the sketch such that the center of the circle is constrained to be at the midpoint of the
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highlighted line. Constraints are an integral part of sketch-based modeling and we will spend a
lot of time learning about them in the next lesson.
5. Draw your circle here, and make it the same width as the rectangle. The mouse should
snap to the top corner of the rectangle:
Pro Tip: Instead of drawing a circle in Step 5, you could also use the “Center point arc”, located
next to the Circle tool in the toolbar.
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Snap the center of the arc to the midpoint of the line, then click the two endpoints of the line.
Your sketch will look like this after adding the circle from Step 6:
7. Next, select the trim tool , and click on the segments of the rectangle (if you
drew a full outer circle in Step 5, click on the bottom half of the outer circle as well) to
remove them, until you end up with a sketch like this:
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8. Accept the sketch with the green check mark . This sketch is now complete and it’s
time to extrude.
9. Select the extrude tool, select the sketch profile, and then extrude it by 1.25”:
10. Notice how Onshape automatically creates a hole during the extrusion, because we
drew a circle inside the sketch.
Sketching: Part 3
1. Let’s create a bracket, which might be used within a larger machine. Start by creating a
new part studio. Create a new sketch on the front plane, and draw a rectangle with its
corner at the origin. This time, use the “corner rectangle” tool :
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2. Next, draw another rectangle aligned to the top of the first one:
3. Use the trim tool to remove the overlapping lines (there are two of them):
4. We want the two horizontal edges on the top to be equal. Select those, and click the
Equal constraint . We’ll be learning about constraints next week, but all you need to
know now is that the Equal constraint makes the edges have the same length, no matter
what:
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5. And extrude it out like this:
Pro Tip: You could have also extruded the sketch to create the exact same solid without
completing step 3. If you did not trim the sketch, you can select the “U” region of the sketch (not
the square) from the graphics region and extrude that only.
6. Next, let’s remove some material from it. Create a new sketch on the top surface of the
bracket by clicking on the surface. Notice you don’t have to sketch on the blue reference
planes, but can also sketch on any flat face of an existing part:
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7. Sketch a new rectangle, that is aligned with the right side of the bracket, and accept the
sketch. Onshape should snap to the edges of the part:
8. Now, let’s extrude this rectangle down. In the extrude dialog box, change the operation
to “remove”:
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Sketch-Based Modeling and the Four
Foundational Features
We’ve learned how to view models, but how do you make them? This 3D object was actually
made by many 2D sketches and 3D features. The concept of making a 3D model out of a
combination of 2D sketches and 3D features is called Sketch-Based Modeling and is common
to many professional CAD systems.
To understand the concept of sketch-based modeling a little better, let’s open a document first.
Go to “College - Sketch-Based Modeling” and click on “Make a private copy” located on the top.
Choose [Private] and click [OK] on the dialog box. You should land on this page:
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This time, the interface looks a little bit different, because this is a part that we own rather than a
public part that we can only view). We now have a feature toolbar at the top of our screen. We’ll
focus on just a few features on the top left:
The four rightmost icons in the blue box represent Extrude, Revolve, Sweep, and Loft. These
are known as the 4 foundational features - important 3D features that modify a 2D sketch.
These tools are extremely useful in sketch-based modeling. In fact, you can make almost any
geometry just using these four features. Notice that we’ve also written these 4 keywords in the
tabs on the bottom of the screen:
Extrude
1. Make sure you’re in “Part Studio 1 - Extrude”. You should see a rectangle located in the
middle. This rectangle is your 2D sketch for this example.
2. Now we’re going to Extrude this rectangle. This means we’re going to take the shape in
the sketch and pull it in a straight direction (i.e. a constant cross section is extruded in a
straight direction). If we pull a rectangle in a straight direction, we can imagine it forming
a box. Let’s see what happens.
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3. Click on the Extrude tool in the feature toolbar.
Pro Tip: To keep the graphic screen clean, there are no text on the icons. However, if you hover
the mouse over the icon, descriptive text (including keyboard shortcuts) will quickly pop up, and
if you leave the mouse hovering over the icon for about 2 seconds, an even more helpful dialog
box will pop up. For example, if you hover over Extrude:
4. A dialog box should show up. Click anywhere in the gray area within the rectangle. The
dialog should end up looking like this:
5. Onshape will generate a preview of a box, just as we predicted. Click the green check
mark to accept.
6. You have successfully created a 3D model (the box) out of a 2D sketch (the rectangle)
by extruding.
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Revolve
1. Now let’s Revolve a sketch. Click on the “Part Studio 2 - Revolve” tab along the bottom.
You’ll see a sketch like this:
2. Let’s think about how this 2D sketch can become a 3D model. Imagine you cut this
shape out on paper. Now imagine a stick taped to the vertical line, which we will call the
axis of revolution. What happens when you spin the stick really fast? What do you see?
You might see a 3D object – in this case, the start of a chess piece. This idea of spinning
a 2D sketch with a constant cross section around an axis of revolution is called
revolving.
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3. Click on the Revolve tool . A dialog will show up. Notice that “Faces and sketch
regions to revolve” is already highlighted blue.
4. Click the sketch. Then click on “Revolve axis.” It should highlight blue:
5. Then select the vertical line. The dialog box should end up looking like this:
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6. Click the green check mark to accept.
7. You have successfully created a 3D model (the chess piece) from a 2D sketch by
revolving!
Sweep
1. Now let’s sweep a sketch. Click on “Part Studio 3 - Sweep”. You’ll see two sketches this
time, like this:
2. Let’s think about how we can use these 2D sketches as profiles for a 3D model. What
will happen when you drag this letter “I” along the “S” shaped curve? This idea of
dragging a 2D sketch with a constant cross section along another 2D path is called
sweeping.
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3. Click on the Sweep tool . A dialog will show up.
4. For the first highlighted field (“Faces and sketch regions to sweep”), click on the “I”
sketch.
5. Click on “Sweep path”. Then select the “S” curve. The dialog box should end up looking
like this:
Pro Tip: In this case, Sketch 2 was selected from the Feature List, not from the main Graphic
screen. Onshape accepts either, but in this case, selecting from the Graphic screen would
require two selections (one for each arc). When sweep paths are long and complicated,
selecting the entire sketch from the feature list can save a lot of time.
Loft
1. Finally, let’s loft a sketch. Click on “Part Studio 4 - Loft”. You’ll see 2 sketches, one on
top of the other, like this:
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2. Let’s think about how we can use these 2D sketches as profiles for a 3D model. Imagine
a 3D solid with a rectangular base and a circular top. This idea of smoothly connecting
multiple cross sections is called lofting. We can imagine a 3D solid like this:
As we can see on the left, the cross-section (with the cross hatch lines) of the geometry slowly
changes from a perfect square at the bottom to a perfect circle at the top.
3. Click on the Loft tool . A dialog will show up.
4. Under the “Profiles” field, click on both the rectangle and circle. The dialog box should
end up looking like this:
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5. Click the green check mark to accept.
6. You have successfully created a 3D model from 2D sketches (rectangle and circle) by
lofting!
second nature quite soon, as it will be repeated dozens of times throughout the creation
of a single part, and hundreds of times throughout a large assembly. For example, this
isthe feature tree of one of the previous parts, note the familiar 2D sketch/3D
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featurepattern:
● In addition to the workflow, most CAD programs include the four foundational features.
Let’s recap these four features one more time:
a. Extrude: This geometry is created when a constant cross section is extruded
in a straight direction.
b. Revolve: This geometry is created when a constant cross-section is revolved
around an axis of revolution.
c. Sweep: This geometry is created when a constant cross-section is sweptalong
a path.
d. Loft: This geometry is created when multiple cross sections are smoothly
connected together.
Every object around you, including your pen, your USB cable, and the keys on your keyboard,
was designed by someone, and was most likely created by some combination of these 4
foundational features. Take a look around you and think about how the objects you see might
have been created using these features. These four features, when used together, can create
just about any geometry in the world!
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Appendix A:
Below is more information. Many of them won’t make sense yet, but it’s good to know how to
get them, as we will be using them later in the course.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Activate the keyboard shortcuts map right in the user interface by pressing the Question mark
key "?" on your keyboard when in a document. You can even pop it out of the window for
continuous display:
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Mouse and Touchpad Gestures
Here is a summary on how to rotate, pan, and zoom.
Windows
or
2D pan: CTRL-right-mouse-button+drag (middle button
click+drag)
Touchpad
3D rotate: Right-mouse-button-click+drag
and Zoom in and out: Pinch out and pinch in, respectively
2D pan: CTRL-right-mouse-button+drag
Apple
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Touchpad 3D Rotate: Hold with two fingers first, then release one
finger and drag
and Zoom in and out: Pinch out and pinch in, respectively
Note: For easier use of the Apple Touchpad, go to Apple > System Preferences >
Trackpad and make sure “Secondary Click” is checked. My personal preference is to
have secondary click in the bottom right corner. Then, I can click and hold in the
corner with my thumb and move the cursor with my middle finger to rotate the model.
Appendix B:
More About Your Onshape Account
Views
The Documents page offers two types of views:
● List view - (Default) Presents documents by name in a list view and includes
the Detail pane to the right. Click the name to open the document (underlined upon hover),
or click anywhere else in the line to select.
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● Grid view - Presents documents in a thumbnail view (thumbnails are of the
last Part Studio accessed). The Details pane is closed but you can use the icon to open it
again. Each thumbnail includes: Document name, owner, time last modified, size and Gear
menu. To open a document, click the name. To select a document, click anywhere in the
thumbnail.
Document Filters
On the left is a list of predefined filters to make finding documents easier. Click one to filter the
list of documents:
● Recently opened lists documents most recently opened by you or another user
with permissions to the document.
● My documents lists all documents you have created as well as all documents
shared explicitly with you.
o If you are part of any companies, those companies are listed in this area, by company
name, under “My documents”.
o Created by me lists those documents you have created yourself.
o Shared with me lists all documents shared with you explicitly by another Onshape user
or as part of a team or company.
● If the user is a member of a company plan or a team, those filters are inserted at
this point in the list.
● Public lists all documents made publicly available to all Onshape users by
another Onshape user.
● Tutorials & Samples lists all tutorials and samples provided by Onshape; these
documents are read-only; feel free to make a copy for yourself in order to obtain edit
privileges, which you can do by clicking the Gear icon and selecting “Copy workspace”.
● Trash lists all documents that you have deleted. Private documents in “Trash”
still count towards your private document limit. Note that any documents you delete from the
“Trash”, and all those present in “Trash” when you click [Empty Trash], are deleted forever.
● Click Details in the upper right hand corner to toggle the document details
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area on and off. You can also view details about a specific document, access your user
account, and sign out of Onshape.
Units
Click on your user name in the upper-right hand corner, and select “Manage Account”. On the
left-hand side of the screen, choose the option that says “Preferences”. This is where you can
change your default units. They start with inch-degree-pound, but there are many options
available. To change them, just pull down the menus, select, and hit [Save Units].
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Sheet 1
Make the following 2D figure in Onshape CAD Software:
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Sheet 2
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, dimension, etc.), Extrude,
Drawing(FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 3
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.),
Extrude, Drawing(FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 4
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.), Extrude
(use single sketch in multiple extrude), Drawing (FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 5
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.), Loft,
Datum Plane, Drawing (FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 6
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.),
Revolve, Drawing (FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 7
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.), Loft,
Drawing (FV, Sectional TV, SV, Isometric View))
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Sheet 8
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.),
Extrude, Drawing (FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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Sheet 9
Make the following Part Model and Drawing in Onshape CAD
Software:
Use tools/features: - sketch (Line, Circle, constriction line, Polygon, dimension, etc.),
Extrude, Drawing (FV, TV, SV, Isometric View)
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