Appendix 1: Normal curve areas

To find the area under the normal curve, you can apply the table below. You must know how
many standard deviations that point is to the right of the mean. Then, the area under the
normal curve can be read directly from the normal table.

.00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 0.50000 0.50399 0.50798 0.51197 0.51595 0.51994 0.52392 0.52790 0.53188 0.53586
0.1 0.53983 0.54380 0.54776 0.55172 0.55567 0.55962 0.56356 0.56749 0.57142 0.57535
0.2 0.57926 0.58317 0.58706 0.59095 0.59483 0.59871 0.60257 0.60642 0.61026 0.61409
0.3 0.61791 0.62172 0.62552 0.62930 0.63307 0.63683 0.64058 0.64431 0.64803 0.65173
0.4 0.65542 0.65910 0.66276 0.66640 0.67003 0.67364 0.67724 0.68082 0.68439 0.68793
0.5 0.69146 0.69497 0.69847 0.70194 0.70540 0.70884 0.71226 0.71566 0.71904 0.72240
0.6 0.72575 0.72907 0.73237 0.73565 0.73891 0.74215 0.74537 0.74857 0.75175 0.75490
0.7 0.75804 0.76115 0.76424 0.76730 0.77035 0.77337 0.77637 0.77935 0.78230 0.78524
0.8 0.78814 0.79103 0.79389 0.79673 0.79955 0.80234 0.80511 0.80785 0.81057 0.81327
0.9 0.81594 0.81859 0.82121 0.82381 0.82639 0.82894 0.83147 0.83398 0.83646 0.83891
1.0 0.84134 0.84375 0.84614 0.84849 0.85083 0.85314 0.85543 0.85769 0.85993 0.86214
1.1 0.86433 0.86650 0.86864 0.87076 0.87286 0.87493 0.87698 0.87900 0.88100 0.88298
1.2 0.88493 0.88686 0.88877 0.89065 0.89251 0.89435 0.89617 0.89796 0.89973 0.90147
1.3 0.90320 0.90490 0.90658 0.90824 0.90988 0.91149 0.91309 0.91466 0.91621 0.91774
1.4 0.91924 0.92073 0.92220 0.92364 0.92507 0.92647 0.92785 0.92922 0.93056 0.93189
1.5 0.93319 0.93448 0.93574 0.93699 0.93822 0.93943 0.94062 0.94179 0.94295 0.94408
1.6 0.94520 0.94630 0.94738 0.94845 0.94950 0.95053 0.95154 0.95254 0.95352 0.95449
1.7 0.95543 0.95637 0.95728 0.95818 0.95907 0.95994 0.96080 0.96164 0.96246 0.96327
1.8 0.96407 0.96485 0.96562 0.96638 0.96712 0.96784 0.96856 0.96926 0.96995 0.97062
1.9 0.97128 0.97193 0.97257 0.97320 0.97381 0.97441 0.97500 0.97558 0.97615 0.97670
2.0 0.97725 0.97778 0.97831 0.97882 0.97932 0.97982 0.98030 0.98077 0.98124 0.98169
2.1 0.98214 0.98257 0.98300 0.98341 0.98382 0.98422 0.98461 0.98500 0.98537 0.98574
2.2 0.98610 0.98645 0.98679 0.98713 0.98745 0.98778 0.98809 0.98840 0.98870 0.98899
2.3 0.98928 0.98956 0.98983 0.99010 0.99036 0.99061 0.99086 0.99111 0.99134 0.99158
2.4 0.99180 0.99202 0.99224 0.99245 0.99266 0.99286 0.99305 0.99324 0.99343 0.99361
2.5 0.99379 0.99396 0.99413 0.99430 0.99446 0.99461 0.99477 0.99492 0.99506 0.99520
2.6 0.99534 0.99547 0.99560 0.99573 0.99585 0.99598 0.99609 0.99621 0.99632 0.99643
2.7 0.99653 0.99664 0.99674 0.99683 0.99693 0.99702 0.99711 0.99720 0.99728 0.99736
2.8 0.99744 0.99752 0.99760 0.99767 0.99774 0.99781 0.99788 0.99795 0.99801 0.99807
2.9 0.99813 0.99819 0.99825 0.99831 0.99836 0.99841 0.99846 0.99851 0.99856 0.99861
3.0 0.99865 0.99869 0.99874 0.99878 0.99882 0.99886 0.99889 0.99893 0.99896 0.99900
Appendix 2: Table for the M/M/S queuing model
This table gives the value of Lq for combinations of λ/μ and S.
S
λ/μ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.1 0.0111 0.0003
0.2 0.0500 0.0020 0.0001
0.3 0.1286 0.0069 0.0004
0.4 0.2667 0.0167 0.0013 0.0001
0.5 0.5000 0.0333 0.0030 0.0003
0.6 0.9000 0.0593 0.0062 0.0006 0.0001
0.7 1.6333 0.0977 0.0112 0.0013 0.0001
0.8 3.2000 0.1524 0.0189 0.0024 0.0003
0.9 8.1000 0.2285 0.0300 0.0042 0.0005 0.0001
1.0 0.3333 0.0455 0.0068 0.0010 0.0001
1.2 0.6750 0.0941 0.0159 0.0026 0.0004 0.0001
1.4 1.3451 0.1771 0.0325 0.0060 0.0010 0.0002
1.6 2.8444 0.3129 0.0605 0.0122 0.0023 0.0004 0.0001
1.8 7.6737 0.5321 0.1052 0.0228 0.0048 0.0009 0.0002
2.0 0.8889 0.1739 0.0398 0.0090 0.0019 0.0004 0.0001
2.2 1.4909 0.2772 0.0659 0.0159 0.0037 0.0008 0.0002
2.4 2.5888 0.4306 0.1048 0.0266 0.0065 0.0015 0.0003 0.0001
2.6 4.9328 0.6582 0.1610 0.0427 0.0111 0.0027 0.0006 0.0001
2.8 12.2735 1.0002 0.2412 0.0660 0.0180 0.0047 0.0012 0.0003
3.0 1.5283 0.3542 0.0991 0.0282 0.0078 0.0020 0.0005
3.2 2.3857 0.5130 0.1453 0.0428 0.0123 0.0034 0.0009
3.4 3.9061 0.7367 0.2086 0.0633 0.0190 0.0054 0.0015
3.6 7.0898 1.0553 0.2948 0.0913 0.0283 0.0085 0.0024
3.8 16.9370 1.5187 0.4116 0.1293 0.0413 0.0129 0.0038
4.0 2.2165 0.5695 0.1801 0.0590 0.0190 0.0059
4.2 3.3273 0.7839 0.2476 0.0828 0.0275 0.0088
4.4 5.2682 1.0778 0.3365 0.1143 0.0389 0.0129
4.6 9.2893 1.4869 0.4535 0.1556 0.0542 0.0185
4.8 21.6408 2.0711 0.6073 0.2093 0.0744 0.0261
5.0 2.9376 0.8104 0.2788 0.1006 0.0361
5.2 4.3009 1.0805 0.3683 0.1345 0.0493
5.4 6.6611 1.4444 0.4833 0.1779 0.0664
5.6 11.5185 1.9438 0.6314 0.2332 0.0884
5.8 26.3732 2.6482 0.8226 0.3033 0.1165
6.0 3.6830 1.0709 0.3920 0.1519
6.2 5.2981 1.3968 0.5039 0.1966
6.4 9.0771 1.8306 0.6455 0.2525
6.6 13.7701 2.4200 0.8249 0.3223
6.8 31.1272 3.2446 1.0536 0.4092
7.0 4.4472 1.3473 0.5174
7.2 6.3138 1.7289 0.6521
7.4 9.5111 2.2325 0.8204
7.6 16.0392 2.9118 1.0314
7.8 35.8982 3.8563 1.2976
8.0 5.2266 1.6367
8.2 7.3444 2.0740
8.4 10.9597 2.6474
8.6 18.3226 3.4166
8.8 40.6832 4.4807
9.0 6.0186
Appendix 3: a few formulas

M/M/1 formulas POQ formulas

λ
Probabilistic models
Wq =
μ(μ − λ) 2
ROP = d ⋅ L + Z L ⋅ σ 2d + d ⋅ σ 2LT
k +1
⎛λ⎞
Pn > k = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝μ⎠
Learning curves
M/D/1 formulas log rate
TN = T1 ( N b ) , where b =
log 2
λ(2μ − λ)
LS =
2μ(μ − λ )

2μ − λ
WS =
2μ(μ − λ )

λ2
Lq =
2μ(μ − λ)

λ
Wq =
2μ(μ − λ)

EOQ formulas
D Q
TC = S+ H
Q 2

2 DS
Q∗ =
H