Basic Elements of Python

Prof. Murali Krishna Gurram

Dept. of Geo-Engineering & RDT
Centre for remote Sensing, AUCE
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530 003
Dt. 30/09/2024
 Basic Elements of Python

a) Strings
• Strings
• Comparing strings
• Slicing and Striding strings
• String operators and Methods
• String formatting with 'str.format‘

b) Collections Data Types:

• Tuples
• Lists
• Sets
• Dictionaries
• Iterating and Copying collections
Strings in Python
 Strings in Python
Strings:
 Strings are sequences of characters enclosed in quotes (single,
double, or triple).

Unicode Representation:
 Python strings are Unicode-based, supporting a wide range of
characters from various languages and scripts.

Immutability:
 Strings are immutable, meaning their content cannot be
changed once created. New strings must be created to modify
existing ones.
 Strings in Python
Strings:
Example Creating Strings:
my_string = "Hello, world!"
another_string = 'This is a string.'
multi_line_string = """This is a multi-line string.
It can span multiple lines.""“

print(my_string) print(another_string)
print(multi_line_string)

Output:
Hello World
This is a string.
This is a multi-line string.
It can span multiple lines..
 Strings in Python
Strings:

Figure: Visualization of how characters in a string are stored in memory as an

indexed sequence.
 Strings in Python
2. String Comparison:
 You can compare strings in Python using comparison operators (==, !=, <, >,
etc.).

 Comparisons are case-sensitive and based on lexicographical order (ASCII

values).

 Lexicographic Ordering: Strings are compared based on their Unicode code

points.

 For example, "apple" comes before "banana" in lexicographic order.

Example of string comparison:

print('apple' == 'apple') # True
print('apple' != 'Apple') # True
print('apple' < 'banana') # True (because 'a' comes before 'b')
 Strings in Python
2. String Comparison:
 Equality: Use == to check if two strings are equal.
Example of string comparison:
if "Hello" == "hello":
print("Strings are equal.")
else:
print("Strings are not equal.")
 Strings in Python
2. String Comparison:
 Inequality: Use != to check if two strings are not equal.

 Case Sensitivity: String comparisons are case-sensitive.

Example of string comparison:

"Hello" != "hello" # True
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
 String Slicing: Slicing is used to extract a part of a string by
specifying a range of indices.
 Syntax: string[start:end]
 start: starting index (inclusive)
 end: stopping index (exclusive)

Example :
text = "Python"
print(text[0:3]) # Output: Pyt
print(text[:4]) # Output: Pyth
print(text[2:]) # Output: thon
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
String Slicing:
Example :
text = "Geoinformatics"
print(text[:4]) # Output: Geo
print(text[-4:]) # Output: tics
print(text[2:8]) # Output: oinfo
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
String Slicing: Extract a substring using square brackets and
indices.

Example :
my_string = "Python is awesome!"
substring = my_string[7:14]
Output:
"is awesome"
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
 String Striding: Striding allows you to step over elements within
a slice.
 Syntax: string[start:end:step]
 step: controls how much to increment between each
character
Example :
print(text[::2]) # Output: Pto (every 2nd character)
print(text[::-1]) # Output: nohtyP (reversed string)
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
 String Striding: Specify a step size for slicing.

Example :
my_string = "Python is awesome!“

reversed_string = my_string[::-1]
every_other_char = my_string[::2]
Output:
"!emosewa si nohtyP“
"Pto i aewm!"
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
 String Striding: Negative Indices: Access characters from the end
of the string.

Example :
my_string = "Python is awesome!"

last_char = my_string[-1]

Output:
!
 Strings in Python
3. Slicing and Striding Strings:
 String Striding:

Figure: Diagram showing slicing (0-based indexing) with different start, stop, and
step values.
 Strings in Python
4. String Operators:
Python supports various operators for strings.
Operator Description Example
+ Concatenation 'Hello' + 'World'
* Repetition 'Hello' * 3
in Membership (substring check) 'H' in 'Hello'
not in Membership (not a substring) 'z' not in 'Hello'

Example :
print('Hello' + ' ' + 'World!') # Output: Hello World!
print('Hello ' * 3) # Output: Hello Hello Hello
print('o' in 'Hello') # Output: True
 Strings in Python
5. Common String Methods:
Python provides several built-in methods for string manipulation.
Method Description Example
upper() Converts to uppercase 'hello'.upper()
lower() Converts to lowercase 'HELLO'.lower()
Removes whitespace from
strip() ' hello '.strip()
both ends
Replaces occurrences of a
replace(a,b) 'hello'.replace('h','y')
with b
split() Splits a string into a list 'a,b,c'.split(',')

Example :
sentence = " Hello World! "
print(sentence.strip()) # Output: Hello World!
print(sentence.upper()) # Output: HELLO WORLD!
print(sentence.replace("Hello", "Hi")) # Output: Hi World!
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
 String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings
dynamically.
 Use curly braces {} as placeholders.

Basic Formatting Example :

name = "Ram"
age = 25
message = "My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age)
print(message)

Output:
My name is Ram and I am 25 years old.
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
• String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings
dynamically.
Positional and Keyword Arguments - Example :
name = "Ram"
age = 25

message = "My name is {0} and I am {1} years old.".format(name, age)

message2 = "My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.".format(name="Bheem", age=30)

Output:
My name is Ram and I am 25 years old.
My name is Bheem and I am 30 years old.
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings dynamically.
Formatting Numbers - Example :
pi = 3.14159
print("Pi is approximately {:.2f}".format(pi))

Output:
Output: Pi is approximately 3.14
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings dynamically.

Figure: Diagram showing placeholders {} and how variables are mapped to them
during runtime.
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings dynamically.

Example: Write a formatted string that dynamically includes a person's name,

age, and profession
name = “Sita"
age = 24
profession = "Engineer"
formatted_string = "My name is {0}, I am {1} years old, and I work as a {2}.".format(name, age, profession)
print(formatted_string)
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings dynamically.

Example: Write a formatted string that dynamically includes a person's name,

age, and profession
name = “Sita"
age = 24
profession = "Engineer"
formatted_string = "My name is {0}, I am {1} years old, and I work as a {2}.".format(name, age, profession)
print(formatted_string)
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
• Custom Formatting: Use field specifiers within curly braces for more
control..
Example:

number = 1234.5678
formatted_number = f"{number:.2f}"

Output:
"1234.57"
 Strings in Python
String Operators and Methods:
 Concatenation: Combine strings using the + operator.
Example:

greeting = "Hello"
name = "Ram"
message = greeting + ", " + name + "!"
 Strings in Python
String Operators and Methods:
 Replication: Repeat a string using the * operator.
Example:

repeated_string = "Ram" * 3

Output:
"RamRamRam"
 Strings in Python
String Operators and Methods:
 Common Methods
 upper(): Converts to uppercase.
 lower(): Converts to lowercase.
 capitalize(): Capitalizes the first letter.
 count(): Counts occurrences of a substring.
 replace(): Replaces a substring with another.
 split(): Splits a string into a list of substrings.
 join(): Joins a list of strings into a single string.
 Strings in Python
String Operators and Methods:
 Common Methods
 Case Manipulation: upper(), lower(), capitalize(), title(), swapcase()
 Searching and Finding: count(), find(), rfind()
 Replacing and Modifying: replace(), startswith(), endswith(), strip(),
lstrip(), rstrip()
 Splitting and Joining: split(), join(), splitlines()
 Character Tests: isalpha(), isdigit(), isalnum(), isspace()
 Strings in Python
6. String Formatting with 'str.format':
String formatting allows you to insert variables into strings dynamically.

Example: Write a formatted string that dynamically includes a person's name,

age, and profession
name = “Sita"
age = 24
profession = "Engineer"
formatted_string = "My name is {0}, I am {1} years old, and I work as a {2}.".format(name, age, profession)
print(formatted_string)
Collections Data Types:
Tuples
Lists
Sets
Dictionaries
Iterating and Copying collections
Thank You