COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Presented by
Dr. Hesham M. Khalil
COURSE AGENDA
• Introduction
• Conservation Laws of Fluid Motion
• Turbulence
• Finite Volume Method for Diffusion Problems
• Finite Volume Method for Convection-Diffusion Problems
• Solution Algorithm for Pressure-Velocity Coupling in Steady Flows
• Solution of Discretized Equations
• Finite Volume Method for Unsteady Flow
• Implementation of Boundary Conditions

• Errors and Uncertainty in CFD Modelling

• Design Modeler and Meshing
• Fluent and CFD Post
• Final Project
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The hybrid differencing scheme

• The hybrid differencing scheme of Spalding (1972) is based on a combination of central and
upwind differencing schemes.
• The central differencing scheme, is employed for small Peclet numbers (𝑃𝑒 < 2) and the upwind
scheme, is employed for large Peclet numbers (𝑃𝑒 ≥ 2).
• The hybrid differencing scheme uses formulae based on the local Peclet number to evaluate the net
flux through each control volume face.
• The Peclet number is evaluated at the face of the control volume.
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The hybrid differencing scheme

• For example, for a west face,

𝐹𝑤 (𝜌𝑢)𝑤
𝑃𝑒𝑤 = =
𝐷𝑤 Γ𝑤 /𝛿𝑥𝑊𝑃

• The hybrid differencing formula for the net flux per unit area through the west face is as follows:

1 2 1 2
𝑞𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 1+ 𝜙 + 1− 𝜙 for −2 < 𝑃𝑒𝑤 < 2
2 𝑃𝑒𝑤 𝑊 2 𝑃𝑒𝑤 𝑃

𝑞𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝜙𝑊 for 2 ≤ 𝑃𝑒𝑤
𝑞𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝜙𝑃 for −2 ≥ 𝑃𝑒𝑤
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The hybrid differencing scheme

• It can be easily seen that for low Peclet numbers this is equivalent to using central differencing for the
convection and diffusion terms, but when |𝑃𝑒 | > 2 it is equivalent to upwinding for convection and
setting the diffusion to zero.
• The general form of the discretised equation is

𝑎𝑃 𝜙𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 𝜙𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 𝜙𝐸

• The central coefficient is given by

𝑎𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The hybrid differencing scheme

• After some rearrangement it is easy to verify that the neighbour coefficients for the hybrid
differencing scheme for steady one-dimensional convection–diffusion can be written as follows:

𝑎𝑊 𝑎𝐸
𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑤 max −𝐹𝑒 , 𝐷𝑒 − ,0
max 𝐹𝑤 , 𝐷𝑤 + ,0 2
2
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Assessment of the hybrid differencing scheme

• The hybrid difference scheme exploits the favourable properties of the upwind and central

differencing schemes.

• It switches to upwind differencing when central differencing produces inaccurate results at high 𝑃𝑒

numbers.

• The scheme is fully conservative and since the coefficients are always positive it is unconditionally

bounded.

• It satisfies the transportiveness requirement by using an upwind formulation for large values of Peclet

number.
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Assessment of the hybrid differencing scheme

• The scheme produces physically realistic solutions and is highly stable when compared with higher-

order schemes such as QUICK.

• Hybrid differencing has been widely used in various CFD procedures and has proved to be very

useful for predicting practical flows.

THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Hybrid differencing scheme for multi-dimensional convection - diffusion

• The hybrid differencing scheme can easily be extended to two- and three dimensional problems by

repeated application of the derivation in each new co-ordinate direction.

• The discretised equation that covers all cases is given by

𝑎𝑃 𝜙𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 𝜙𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 𝜙𝐸 + 𝑎𝑆 𝜙𝑆 + 𝑎𝑁 𝜙𝑁 + 𝑎𝐵 𝜙𝐵 + 𝑎 𝑇 𝜙 𝑇

with central coefficient

𝑎𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝑎𝑆 + 𝑎𝑁 + 𝑎𝐵 + 𝑎 𝑇 + ∆𝐹

and the coefficients of this equation for the hybrid differencing scheme are as follows:
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Hybrid differencing scheme for multi-dimensional convection - diffusion

• In the above expressions the values of 𝐹 and 𝐷 are calculated with the following formulae:

• Modifications to these coefficients to cater for boundary conditions in two and three dimensions
as before.
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The power-law scheme

• The power-law differencing scheme of Patankar (1980) is a more accurate approximation to the one-
dimensional exact solution and produces better results than the hybrid scheme.
• In this scheme diffusion is set to zero when cell 𝑃𝑒 exceeds 10.
• If 0 < 𝑃𝑒 < 10 the flux is evaluated by using a polynomial expression.
• For example, the net flux per unit area at the west control volume face is evaluated using

𝑞𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝜙𝑊 − 𝛽𝑤 𝜙𝑃 − 𝜙𝑊 for 0 < 𝑃𝑒 < 10

5
where 𝛽𝑤 = 1 − 0.1 𝑃𝑒 𝑤 /𝑃𝑒 𝑤

and 𝑞𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝜙𝑊 for 𝑃𝑒 > 10

THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The power-law scheme

• The coefficients of the one-dimensional discretised equation utilising the power-law scheme for
steady one-dimensional convection–diffusion are given by

with central coefficient

𝑎𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤
and

𝑎𝑊 𝑎𝐸

5 5
𝐷𝑤 max 0, 1 − 0.1 𝑃𝑒 𝑤 + max 𝐹𝑤 , 0 𝐷𝑒 max 0, 1 − 0.1 𝑃𝑒 𝑒 + max −𝐹𝑒 , 0
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

The power-law scheme

• Properties of the power-law differencing scheme are similar to those of the hybrid scheme.

• The power-law differencing scheme is more accurate for one-dimensional problems since it

attempts to represent the exact solution more closely.

• The scheme has proved to be useful in practical flow calculations and can be used as an

alternative to the hybrid scheme.

THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

• The use of upwind quantities ensures that the schemes are very stable and obey the transportiveness

requirement, but they are prone to numerical diffusion errors.

• Such errors can be minimized by employing higher-order discretisation.

• Higher-order schemes involve more neighbour points and reduce the discretisation errors by bringing in a

wider influence.
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• The quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinetics (QUICK) scheme of Leonard (1979)

uses a three-point upstream-weighted quadratic interpolation for cell face values.

• The face value of 𝜙 is obtained from a quadratic function passing through two bracketing nodes (on

each side of the face) and a node on the upstream side.

THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• For example, when 𝑢𝑤 > 0 and 𝑢𝑒 > 0 a quadratic fit through 𝑊𝑊, 𝑊 and 𝑃 is used to evaluate
𝜙𝑤 , and a further quadratic fit through 𝑊, 𝑃 and 𝐸 to calculate 𝜙𝑒 .
• For 𝑢𝑤 < 0 and 𝑢𝑒 < 0 values of 𝜙 at 𝑊, 𝑃 and 𝐸 are used for 𝜙𝑤 , and values at 𝑃, 𝐸 and 𝐸𝐸 for
𝜙𝑒 .
• It can be shown that for a uniform grid the value of 𝜙 at the cell face between two bracketing nodes 𝑖
and 𝑖 − 1 and upstream node 𝑖 − 2 is given by the following formula:

6 3 1
𝜙𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝜙𝑖−1 + 𝜙𝑖 − 𝜙𝑖−2
8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• When 𝑢𝑤 > 0, the bracketing nodes for the west face w are 𝑊 and 𝑃, the upstream node is 𝑊𝑊 and
:
6 3 1
𝜙𝑤 = 𝜙𝑊 + 𝜙𝑃 − 𝜙𝑊𝑊
8 8 8

• When 𝑢𝑒 > 0, the bracketing nodes for the east face e are 𝑃 and 𝐸, the upstream node is 𝑊 so:

6 3 1
𝜙𝑒 = 𝜙𝑃 + 𝜙𝐸 − 𝜙𝑊
8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• If 𝐹𝑤 > 0 and 𝐹𝑒 > 0, the discretised form of the one-dimensional convection–diffusion transport

equation may be written as :

6 3 1 6 3 1
𝐹𝑒 𝜙 + 𝜙 − 𝜙 − 𝐹𝑤 𝜙 + 𝜙 − 𝜙 = 𝐷𝑒 𝜙𝐸 − 𝜙𝑃 − 𝐷𝑤 𝜙𝑃 − 𝜙𝑊
8 𝑃 8 𝐸 8 𝑊 8 𝑊 8 𝑃 8 𝑊𝑊

which can be rearranged to give

3 6 6 1 3 1
𝐷𝑤 − 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐷𝑒 + 𝐹𝑒 𝜙𝑃 = 𝐷𝑤 + 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐹𝑒 𝜙𝑊 + 𝐷𝑒 − 𝐹𝑒 𝜙𝐸 − 𝐹𝑤 𝜙𝑊𝑊
8 8 8 8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• This is now written in the standard form for discretised equations:

𝑎𝑃 𝜙𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 𝜙𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 𝜙𝐸 + 𝑎𝑊𝑊 𝜙𝑊𝑊

𝑎𝑊 𝑎𝐸 𝑎𝑊𝑊 𝑎𝑃

6 1 3 1
𝐷𝑤 + 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐹𝑒 𝐷𝑒 − 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝑎𝑊𝑊 + 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤
8 8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• For 𝐹𝑤 < 0 and 𝐹𝑒 < 0 the flux across the west and east boundaries is given by the expressions

6 3 1
𝜙𝑤 = 𝜙𝑃 + 𝜙𝑊 − 𝜙𝐸
8 8 8

6 3 1
𝜙𝑒 = 𝜙𝐸 + 𝜙𝑃 − 𝜙𝐸𝐸
8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• Substitution of these two formulae for the convective terms in the discretised convection–
diffusion equation together with central differencing for the diffusion terms leads, after
rearrangement as above, to the following coefficients:

𝑎𝑊 𝑎𝐸 𝑎𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑃

3 6 1 1
𝐷𝑤 + 𝐹𝑤 𝐷𝑒 − 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤 𝐹𝑒 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝑎𝐸𝐸 + 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤
8 8 8 8
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

• The QUICK scheme for one-dimensional convection–diffusion problems can be summarized as

follows:

𝑎𝑃 𝜙𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 𝜙𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 𝜙𝐸 + 𝑎𝑊𝑊 𝜙𝑊𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸𝐸 𝜙𝐸𝐸

with central coefficient

𝑎𝑃 = 𝑎𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸 + 𝑎𝑊𝑊 + 𝑎𝐸𝐸 + 𝐹𝑒 − 𝐹𝑤
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Higher-order differencing schemes for convection-diffusion problems

Quadratic upwind differencing scheme: the QUICK scheme

and neighbour coefficients

𝑎𝑊 𝑎𝑊𝑊 𝑎𝐸 𝑎𝐸𝐸
6 1 3 6
𝐷𝑤 + 𝛼𝑤 𝐹𝑤 + 𝛼𝑒 𝐹𝑒 1 𝐷𝑒 − 𝛼𝑒 𝐹𝑒 − 1 − 𝛼𝑒 𝐹𝑒 1
8 8 − 𝛼𝑤 𝐹𝑤 8 8 1 − 𝛼𝑒 𝐹𝑒
3 8 1 8
+ 1 − 𝛼𝑤 𝐹𝑤 − 1 − 𝛼𝑤 𝐹𝑤
8 8

where
𝛼𝑤 = 1 for 𝐹𝑤 > 0 and 𝛼𝑒 = 1 for 𝐹𝑒 > 0
𝛼𝑤 = 0 for 𝐹𝑤 < 0 and 𝛼𝑒 = 0 for 𝐹𝑒 < 0
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

General comments on the QUICK differencing scheme

• The QUICK differencing scheme has greater

formal accuracy than the central differencing or
hybrid schemes, and it retains the upwind-
weighted characteristics.
• The resultant false diffusion is small, and
solutions achieved with coarse grids are often
considerably more accurate than those of the
upwind or hybrid schemes.
THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD FOR CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

ASSIGNMENT NO. 5

• Examples 5.4,

• Write a MATLAB program to solve examples no. 5.4.

• Compare results of both central differencing and QUICK schemes with analytical solution.
• Submit the MATLAB program files along with a soft copy report including the solution of the
above problem and the program code.
• Send the report at [email protected].
• Both e-mail and submitted report titles should be with the following format :
‘CFD Course – Spring 2020 – Name of Student– Assignment No. 5’