CHAPTER 1. WRITING PROCESS.

1. What are the key differences between speaking and writing? By analyzing the
spoken text and the written text below, both of which focus on the same subject
matter, complete the column on the right.

Spoken text: Speaking is [pause] er Written text: Speaking is a skill

something we learn without really thinking which we develop subconsciously
about it [volume drops] usually from our (usually from our parents). Writing,
mums and dads, but writing is something however, has to be consciously
we really have to think about. It is [pause] developed. It is an expertise which,
um an exparexpertise not everybody has. surprisingly, many people still do
[intonation rises] Understand? Let me put it not possess. This is true even in the
another way. Loads of people still can’t 21st century!
write [points finger]. Now.

Question Speaking Writing

How is the skill Natural, unconscious process, Conscious, time-
acquired? usually from parents. intensive process, mainly
at school.
How is the language Simple linking devices (e.g.,
joined together? and/but).
How formal is the Flexible.
grammar?
How can extra meaning E.g., body language,
be communicated? including hand movements.
How is emphasis created? Changes in volume/tone.
Is variety possible? Different accents acceptable.
How do you interact with Audience is often known;
the audience? can clarify meaning instantly.
Can you change what you No you cannot delete speech.
said?

2. The sentences below are all examples of spoken English. Rewrite them to
make them more typical of written English.
1. ‘Speaking and writing are really really different skills ... um ... there are
three ways this is true – how they’re learnt, what they contain, and how they’re
done.’
2. ‘It’s clear, isn’t it, that yer grammar has gotta be better in writing.’
3. The main differences in speaking and writing [intonation rises]'? Difficult
question.’
4. Things don’t really change in writing, wherever you are, but in speaking
they can change loads.’

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 Academic vs Non-academic

3. Consider eleven pieces of advice from the list below. Place a check mark (V)
before the five most important of them (in your opinion) for a writer of
academic texts. Discuss your preferences with a partner or in a small group and
support them with appropriate arguments.
1. Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
2. Write in an objective, neutral manner.
3. Accurately use the terminology of your discipline.
4. Ensure that your language is rich enough.
5. Write in an academic style, avoid colloquial language, jargon, and slang.
6. Arrange your ideas in a strict logical order.
7. Pay special attention to the introduction of your text.
8. Incorporate visual support (tables, diagrams, graphs) for your ideas.
9. Cite leading papers in your field.
10. Think about the general presentation (chapters, sub-chapters, paragraphs, etc.)
of your text.
11. Pay special attention to the conclusion of your text.

4. Compare and contrast the following pieces of writing. On the left is an e-mail
written by a student. On the right is an essay extract about the same topic.

E-mail (standard writing) Essay (academic writing)

Dear Professor Plum, Characteristics of academic English
Please find below my answers to your ‘Academic English’ is differentiated from
questions. ‘general English’ in its focus on ‘those
I believe academic English and general communication skills in English which are
Englishare different for the main required for study purposes in formal
reason that they have very different education systems’(Jordan, 1997: 1).
goals. Lectures and seminars need a Within these systems, there are three main
different approach to general spoken areas of focus: the lecture, the seminar and
English. And, of course, academic the essay, each of which has a specific set
essay writing is not the same as of sub-skills which are required for
standard writing. successful performance. It is essays where
I think there are 4 main areas where I the most significant distinction between
can see big differences between academic English and general English is
standard writing and academic writing. made. Generally speaking, there are four
They are: main areas where differences between
• You should not be subjective. standard writing and academic writing can
• You should be more complex. be seen: the inherent objectivity of
• You should have more structure. academic writing, its complexity, its
• You should use academic style and formality of structure and its adoption of
systems. academic style.
Best wishes,
Sophia

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5. Look at the following pairs of sentences. In each case, decide which is more
typical of academic English, and explain why.
1a. I think that the first-person pronoun is not commonly used in academic
English.
1b. The first-person pronoun is not commonly used in academic English.
Reason: __________________
2a. There are a lot of scholars who argue that structure is important in academic
writing.
2b. Scholars such as Shih (1986) and Canagarajah (2002) argue that structure is
important in academic writing.
Reason: ___________________
3a. ‘Hedging language’ is never found in standard written English.
3b. ‘Hedging language’ is more likely to be used in academic English than
standard written English.
Reason: ___________________
4a. Academic English has a higher lexical density and grammatical complexity
than standard English.
4b. Standard English uses simpler grammar and fewer long words than academic
English.
Reason:____________________

6. Put each sentence into its appropriate place depending on whether it is

academic or not.
 It probably won’t happen.  The word should…
 Possible reasons include earthquakes  This proves that…
and other natural events.  It is argued that…
 Renwick (2018) states that climate  There are a couple of reasons for it.
change is impacting the environment  This essay will discuss…
in four main ways.

Non-academic Academic
In this essy I will talk about…
The literature suggests a variety of
explanations.
I think climate change is hurting the
environment.
There is a strong argument for… However,
there are also valid counterarguments
I think…
It is unlikely to occur.
There are lots of reasons including
earthquakes etc.
It is suggested that one solution may be to…

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7. Compare the following two paragraphs. Which paragraph is more objective?
Paragraph 1
Marketers may sometimes face dilemmas when seeking to balance consumer
needs and social responsibility. For example, no amount of test results can
guarantee product safety in cars if consumers value speed and power more than
safety features. Buyers may choose a less expensive chain-saw without a safety
guard, although society or a government regulatory agency might deem it
irresponsible and unethical for the manufacturer to sell it.
Paragraph 2
Marketers have a responsibility to society and they often don’t know how to
balance that with what customers might need. Why should someone care about
the safety features of a car for example, if they like speed and power more? And
even though society or the government should not allow shops to sell chain-saws
without safety guards, what about if I want a cheaper product which doesn’t
include the guards?

8. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences. Instead of using ‘we’, ‘the
researchers’, or ‘they’, write a passive sentence with an appropriate verb form.
Example: We can solve the problem. The problem can be solved.
(a) Prices are stable and we have maintained them in this way over generations.
(b) We define tropical forests here as ‘evergreen or partly evergreen forests’.
(c) We will confine the discussion to general principles of treatment.
(d) The researchers transcribed many genes and synthesised many proteins.
(e) They replicated these findings.

9. Rewrite the following sentences using any of the passive sentence

constructions.
1. People consider that this surgeon is a brilliant practitioner.
2. Somebody claims that the drug produced no undesirable side effects.
3. Most people now think that only a small fraction of the nitrous oxide emitted to
the atmosphere each year comes from fossil fuel use, primarily coal.
4. Researchers believe that the only problem with daytime sleep is that it is too
short.
5. Although the government expects the patient to pay for his treatment, he will
be reimbursed via the state medical insurance scheme.

10. Remove the questions from the following paragraphs and make any
necessary adjustments to the texts.
Example: Increasing numbers of students are choosing Business Studies as their
university subject. What is the reason for this? Many students believe ...
Increasing numbers of students are choosing Business Studies as their uni-
versity subject. The reason for this is that many students believe ...

4
 1. What is the symbolic importance of the jury? Jury trial represents judgment by
one’s peers. The jury is therefore seen as a major control over abuse of state
power.
2. Suctioning is associated with several complications. What can be done to
minimise or decrease these complications? There are several techniques which
can be used, such as hyperinflation and hyperoxygenation.
3. What is the overall variation of the impedance? As can be seen, for frequency
f1, the inductive reactance AB and the capacitive reactance AC are equal in
magnitude so that the resultant reactance is zero. Consequently, the impedance is
then only the resistance AD of the circuit.
4. What is the financial objective of a business? A business is normally set up
with a view to increasing the wealth of its owners.

11. Underline the instances of a cautious style of writing that you will be able to
find in the text below.

The America that greeted the first Europeans was far from an empty wilderness.
It is now thought that as many people lived in the Western Hemisphere as in Western
Europe at that time—about 40 million. Estimates of the number of Native Americans
living in what is now the United States at the onset of European colonization range
from two to 18 million, with most historians tending toward the lower figure. What is
certain is the devastating effect that European disease had on the indigenous
population practically from the time of initial contact. Smallpox, in particular, is
thought to have been a much more direct cause of the decline in Indian population in
the 1600s than the numerous wars with European settlers.
Indian customs and culture at the time were extraordinarily diverse, as could be
expected, given the expanse of the land and the many different environments to
which they had adapted. Some generalizations, however, are possible.
Most tribes, particularly in the wooded eastern region and the Midwest,
combined aspects of hunting, gathering and the cultivation of maize and other
products for their food supplies. In many cases, the women were responsible or
farming and the distribution of food, while the men hunted and participated in war.
By all accounts, Indian society in North America was closely tied to the land.
Indian life was essentially clan-oriented and communal, with children allowed more
freedom and tolerance than was the European custom of the day.
Although some North American tribes developed a type of hieroglyphics to
preserve certain texts, Indian culture was primarily oral. Clearly, there was a good
deal of trade among various groups and strong evidence exists that neighboring tribes
maintained extensive and formal relations – both friendly and hostile.

12. Below you will find a list of ten features characteristic of academic writing.
According to several findings, five of them are relatively prominent in Anglo-
American research texts. Try to find these features in the list.
1. Impersonal style of writing (i.e., without using the personal pronouns "I" or
"we").

5
 2. Intensive use of logical connectors (words like "therefore" or "however").
3. Heavy load of terminology and specialized jargon.
4. High degree of formal text structuring (i.e., division of the text into sections
and subsections with appropriate headings).
5. Tendency to cite and to include into the lists of references the most recent
publications in the field.
6. Frequent occurrence of the phrases which provide reference to the text itself
(e.g., "This paper discusses ...").
7. Use of long sentences with complicated grammar.
8. Strong emphasis on generalizations and highly theoretical issues.
9. Frequent use of footnotes and long remarks in parentheses.
10. Tendency to follow a certain pattern of textual organization (e.g., problem-
solution).

13. Make the following statements academic by using strategies listed above (see
Ex. 12). Be careful to use appropriate choices for each situation.
1. Supervision is a critical link between top managers and workers.
2. The expansion of the Universe continues.
3. Monetary policy is not effective.
4. Diseases are the results of the interaction of genetic and environmental
factors.
5. The most influential component of a computer is a central processing unit.
6. Genetic differences in alcohol metabolism between American Indians and
other races caused the death of a Navajo teenager.
7. Errors are the indicators of the learners' stages in their foreign language
development.
8. Economists think that statistical methods have a profound impact on process
involvement, production costs, quality, and competitive position.
9. A drop of nicotine kills the horse.
10. Ecology is defined as a study of the relations of living things with their
environment.

14. Look at the writing below. Are there any aspects of it which are not
‘academic’? How could you improve any of the ‘non-academic’ elements?
Identify examples of characteristics of academic writing (the passive voice,
formality, hedging language, etc.).
Reading for writing vs. reading for pleasure
I couldn't figure out if this question would be allowed or not. I've seen so much
advice for writers saying "read read read read and read some more!" And read outside
your genre! I have learned so much doing this. However...
How do you turn it off? How do you turn off dissecting books and looking at
stories in such a way that you can only see inciting incidents and second acts and plot
maneuvers? How do you just stop being a writer for a couple hours and just... Read a
story? Will books and I not be able to stay friends? Are we always gonna be awkward

6
and hang out only because we have too many mutual friends but have this
uncomfortable /knowing/ between us?
Maybe I'm not reading good enough books, or maybe it's because I'm reading
outside my typical favorite genre. But I feel like I've lost my ability to immerse
myself in a story since I started writing. I haven't disappeared into something in over
a year. Where is the magic of "one more chapter" then you look up and it's 4 days
later and you haven't showered or slept, and you think, "man, I should really maybe
eat some food"?
Is this something you give up when you decide to write? Something you
sacrifice?

Formal vs Informal

15. Fill in the blank spaces in the table below, which emphasizes specific
differences between informal and formal English.

Informal English Formal English Rule

you can see from this graph shows Pronouns – especially first- and second-
this graph that... that... person pronouns - are associated with
less formal English.
a bit; a lot of Formal language should be more precise
and of an appropriate academic register.
!– ;
not many Often there is a more formal negative
expression which can be used.
kids children
don’t; there’s Full forms, rather than contractions, are
used in academic writing.
do again; look into
A1 excellent, first-rate
Why did this Why, therefore, did
happen? [question this happen? [no
expecting an answer] answer expected]
at the end of Cliches should be avoided in academic
writing.

16. Find more formal words or phrases to replace those underlined below:
1. Research shows ... _______________________________________________
2. Three problems have been found. ___________________________________
3. The changes he made were bad. ____________________________________
4. Lots of people think ... ____________________________________________
5. There were many reasons for this. ___________________________________
6. Scientists have tried to prove ... _____________________________________
7. £100,000 was given to charity. _____________________________________

7
 8. He discussed issues like famine and poverty. __________________________
9. She has got to find alternatives. _____________________________________
10. We do not have enough resources. _________________________________

17. Find suitable synonyms to replace the underlined multi-word verbs below:
1. There are many issues to think about. ________________________________
2. They carried out an investigation. ___________________________________
3. The situation got worse. __________________________________________
4. The research tried to find out these causes. ___________________________
5. Many areas were looked into. ______________________________________
6. Interest rates are going up. ________________________________________
7. This has been going on for a while. _________________________________
8. The information is broken down into sections. ________________________
9. He managed to get by on very little food. ___________________________
10. Five candidates showed up at the interview. __________________________

18. Compare four pairs of sentences. It will not be difficult for you to decide
which are written in formal style and which in informal. What features of
formality or informality can you find in the sentences?

Thanks a lot for the invitation, 1. Thank you very much for your kind invitation.
but I'm afraid I can't come. I regret it will not be possible for me to come.

I really can't comment on the 2. I am not currently in a position to provide any

findings of this paper. comments on the findings of this paper.

Will you write me back as soon 3. I would greatly appreciate hearing from you at
as possible? I am waiting for your earliest convenience.
your reply.
If you need any further details, 4. I should be pleased to provide any further
please let me know. With best details you request. Sincerely yours, Alex
wishes, Alex. Brown.

19. Reduce the informality of each sentence.

1. The investigation of the origin of the Universe will go on.
2. What are the effects of pollution on the population of birds in large urban
areas? Several assumptions can be made.
3. You can clearly see the difference between these two sets of data.
4. The experiment will be over in three months.
5. We can't tell whether electricity is some peculiar kind of substance or motion
of ordinary matter.
6. This approach does not promise many innovations.
7. Our new research assistant is a nice guy.
8. 7 out of 25 students had difficulty with the task.

8
 9. Each statement in a high-level programming language is translated into many
machine-code instructions generally.

20. The following passage contains several instances of informal language.

Rewrite it in a more formal, academic style.

You might think that the sort of words you use in academic writing is not
important. But nowadays, its becoming really important for you to choose your
language and grammar carefully. The fact of the matter is that many students are
influenced by the writing style of mags and papers! They just do the same.

21. Find examples of the following features in the table in excerpts 1, 2, 3 below
and write them in the appropriate column. (Some squares will remain
blank.)
Excerpt 1
A clear problem in academic writing is that of the assessor or ‘assignment setter’, as
described by Ivanic and Simpson (1992:146). ‘This person is posing a challenge
and a threat to the student, and positioning him as a writer, and exercising control
over him. However stimulating the assignment may be ... it is also face-
threatening because it will be judged.’ Students’ knowledge that the work they
have written will be assessed may oblige them to consider their writing from
different perspectives, namely what they deem acceptable and what their tutors
deem acceptable. This is often difficult for students to achieve.
Excerpt 2
?4U. Who 8 my pizza? CYAL8R. <3
(Retrieved 25 June 2008 from http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/textmessageabbreviations.asp)
Excerpt 3
I don’t think there is a case for this argument at all. How could anyone imagine
putting such a proposal forward when it’s so clearly ludicrous? I believe that the
more people are aware of this issue, the better off we would all be.

Excerpt 1 is a formal text Excerpts 2 and 3 are

informal texts
Formal vocabulary
Passive voice
Cautious language
Objective language
Subjective language
Emotive language
Use of questions
Contracted forms
References
Formal vocabulary

9
 Academic Genres

22. Match the names of the English academic genres in the left column with their
definitions (descriptions) in the right column. Translate the names of the genres
into Ukrainian. Do you see any English-Ukrainian mismatches? Can you
translate into English the word "реферат "?

1. Summary 1. An article that critically examines a new

book or any other piece of writing.
2. Abstract 2. A research project proposed for funding.
3. Review 3. A short account of a research paper placed before it.
4. Conference 4. A relatively short piece of research usually
abstract published in a journal or a volume.
5. Research 5. A shortened version of a text aimed at giving the
paper most important information or ideas of the text.
6. Grant proposal 6. A short account of a conference paper.

23. Match the type of writing (on the left) to its description (on the right). Then
look again at the titles in part A and decide which title relates to each type of
writing.

An argumentative essay ... is writing which you do yourself (not for

assessment) to remember information and
develop your own learning skills.
A critique ... ... is a piece of writing, often used in the
sciences, which tests your knowledge about a
particular concept.
A descriptive essay ... ... is a much longer piece of writing (usually
>3,000 words) which tends to be used at
Master’s level.
A dissertation ... ... both summarizes and offers critical analysis
of an academic article or book.
An exam essay ... ... tends to be relatively short and very focused,
testing your ability to recall key information.
An evaluative essay ... is often set by teachers to test your
understanding of a particular topic - e.g., a
process, idea or theory.
Reflective writing ... ... tries to persuade the reader that a particular
point of view (i.e., your opinion) is correct.
A short-answer question ... compares and contrasts the different sides of
a topic. It may support one side or another, or
else take a balanced overview.

10
 Organising writing
24. Look at the text extracts (see Appendix A) and identify which of these
elements are included.
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Appendix
Author
Blurb
Date of publication
Details about author
Edition
Foreword
Glossary
Index
ISBN
List of contents
List of references
Place of publication
Preface
Publisher
Reviewers’ comments
Sub-title
Title

25. Organisation of texts.

a) Explain the following terms in italic:
Shorter texts, e.g. essays, are normally organised in the form:
Introduction > Main Body > Conclusion
Longer texts, e.g. dissertations and articles, may include (depending on subject
area):
Abstract > Contents > Introduction > Main Body > Case Study >Discussion >
Findings > Conclusion > Acknowledgements > Bibliography/References >
Appendices
Books may also contain:
Dedication > Foreword > Preface > Index

b) Match the definitions below to one of the terms in (10a).

1) Short summary (100–200 words) of the writer’s purpose and findings ( . . . . )
2) Section where various people who assisted the writer are thanked ( . . . . . . . )
3) Final part where extra data, too detailed for the main text, are stored ( . . . . . )
4) List of all the books that the writer has consulted ( . . . . . . . )
5) Section looking at a particular example relevant to the main topic ( . . . . . . . )
6) Introductory part of book which may give the writer’s motives ( . . . . . . . )
7) Alphabetical list of all topics in the text ( . . . . . . . )

11
26. All types of writing consist of a number of key elements. Label the items in
the text.
a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE ORIGINS OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction
c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is generally agreed that Industrial Revolution began
in Britain during the eighteenth century, with
significant developments in the iron, steel and textile
industries. But it is less clear what caused this sudden
increase in production in key areas; different writers
have examined the availability of capital, the growth
of urban populations and the political and
d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . religious climate. All of these may have played a part,
but first it is necessary to consider the precise nature
of what is meant by ‘Industrial Revolution’.
e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industry had existed for thousands of years prior to
the eighteenth century, but before this time society as
a whole remained agricultural. With the arrival of the
ironworks and cotton mills whole towns were
dominated by industrial activity. At the same time,
agriculture itself went through significant changes
which produced more food for the growing urban
population.

27. Divide the following text into three paragraphs by adding ‘//’ where you
think one paragraph ends and the other begins. Remember that each paragraph
should begin with a topic sentence. The idea introduced in that topic sentence is
then developed.
Respiration is the act of breathing. External respiration refers to the interchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary
blood. Internal respiration, by contrast, takes place throughout the body; it is the
interchange of these same gases between the circulating blood and the cells of the
body tissues. Inhalation or inspiration refers to the intake of air into the lungs.
Exhalation or expiration refers to breathing out or the movement of gases from the
lungs to the atmosphere. Ventilation is also used to refer to the movement of air in
and out of the lungs. There are basically two types of breathing: costal (thoracic)
breathing and diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing. Costal breathing involves the
external intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles, such as the
sternocleidomastoid muscles. It can be observed by the movement of the chest
upward and outward. By contrast, diaphragmatic breathing involves the contraction
and relaxation of the diaphragm, and it is observed by the movement of the abdomen,
which occurs as a result of the diaphragm’s contraction and downward movement.

12
28. Why are all texts divided into paragraphs? How long are paragraphs? Read
the following text, from the introduction to an essay, and divide it into a
suitable number of paragraphs.
INVESTMENT
Most people want to invest for the future, to cover unexpected financial difficulties
and provide them with security. Different people, however, tend to have different
requirements, so that a 25-year-old just leaving university would be investing for the
long-term, whereas a 60-year-old who had just retired would probably invest for
income. Despite these differences, certain principles apply in most cases. The first
issue to consider is risk. In general, the greater the degree of risk in investment, the
higher the return. Shares, for example, which can quickly rise or fall in value,
typically have a higher yield than bonds, which offer good security but pay only
about 5%. Therefore all investors must decide how much risk is appropriate in their
particular situation. Diversification must also be considered in an investment strategy.
Wise investors usually seek to spread their investments across a variety of
geographical and business sectors. As accurate predictions of the future are almost
impossible, it is best to have as many options as possible. A further consideration is
investor involvement. Some investors opt for a high degree of involvement and want
to buy and sell regularly, constantly watching the markets. Others want to invest and
then forget about it. Personal involvement can be time-consuming and worrying, and
many prefer to leave the management of their portfolios to professional fund
managers.

Citing and Plagirism

29. Using the Internet for research. Complete the following sentences in your
own words.
1. Wikipedia is ............................................................. , but....................................
2. Anyone can set up an Internet site. Therefore,.....................................................
3. Although it is generally easier to search for information online, you must..........
4. It is difficult to identify whether information on the Internet is academic or not
because…………………………………………………..

30. Challenging the specialists. Just because a specialist in a subject says

something, this does not mean you cannot challenge what has been said.
Consider the following claims and criticize them accordingly:
• ‘Democracy passes into despotism.’ (Plato)
• ‘Women have no sense of justice.’ (Arthur Schopenhauer)
• ‘If there were no God, it would have been necessary to invent him.’ (Voltaire)
• ‘All socialism involves slavery.’ (Herbert Spencer)
• ‘Businessmen are the one group that distinguishes capitalism and the American
way of life from the totalitarian statism that is swallowing the rest of the world.’
(Ayn Rand)

13
31. Which aspects of the original sources are plagiarized in the student’s first
draft?

Original sources First draft of student writing

 ‘Students were less certain about the 40 % of students think that using
concept of using someone else’s ideas someone else’s ideas without reference
(Qu.lb), with 40% of students not is acceptable.
acknowledging that this was plagiarism’
(Dawson and Overfield, 2006). Often, it is East Asian students who
 ‘A similar point could be made about find this a particular problem, because
Chinese academic norms, which are the in the Confucian system knowledge is
result in part of a long tradition of seen as something which is shared by
reproducing Confucian teachings in society (Sowden, 2005).
civil service exams. The philosopher’s
words were known by and belonged to It may also be a challenge for teachers
everyone’ (Sowden, 2005: 227). when giving feedback, as they are
 ‘We need to strike a balance between often unaware of how to strike a
being sensitive to students’ feelings, balance between being sensitive to
understanding potential cultural students’feelings, understanding
differences, and being clear and helpful potential cultural differences, and
in the messages we give through our being clear and helpful in the messages
feedback’ (Hyland, 2000: 381). they give.

33. How to recognise unacceptable and acceptable paraphrases. Study the

differences:

the original text an unacceptable an acceptable

paraphrase paraphrase
The rise of industry, the The increase of industry, Fall River, where the
growth of cities, and the the growth of cities, and Borden family lived, was
expansion of the population the explosion of the typical of northeastern
were the three great population were three industrial cities of the
developments of late large factors of nineteenth century.
nineteenth-century American nineteenth-century Steam-powered
history. As new, larger, America. As steam- production had shifted
steam-powered factories driven companies became labor from agriculture to
became a feature of the more visible in the manufacturing, and as
American landscape in the eastern part of the immigrants arrived in
East, they transformed farm country, they changed the US, they found work
hands into industrial farm hands into factory in these new factories.
laborers, and provided jobs workers and provided As a result, populations
for a rising tide of jobs for the large wave of grew, and large urban
immigrants. With industry immigrants. With areas arose. Fall River
came urbanization the industry came the growth was one of these

14
growth of large cities (like of large cities like Fall manufacturing and
Fall River, Massachusetts, River where the Bordens commercial centers
where the Bordens lived) lived which turned into (Williams 1)
which became the centers of centers of commerce and
production as well as of trade as well as
commerce and trade. production.

34. Are there differences between how plagiarism is seen in your country and
the UK? Tick if the statement reflects normal practice, put a cross if not, and a
question mark if you are unsure. How can you explain any differences?

Statement Normal practice Normal practice

in the UK in Ukraine
I can use other people’s This is not normal practice
original ideas without
reference.
I need to reference ideas This is not normal practice
which are commonly known
or accepted.
I can use/adapt the research This is not normal practice
of my friends.
I can copy and paste This is not normal practice
information from the Internet
into my essay without saying
where it is from.
I can submit the same piece This is not normal practice
of work twice
I can pay someone to check This is normal practice
through/proofread my essay
to make minor improvements

15
APPENDIX A

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