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 Module-1

Structural Analysis

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Model Example-1

A rectangular plate of size: Length 4, Width 2 and Thickness 1, is

subjected to a load of 900 unit along the length direction. E = 2X105,
Poisson's Ratio = 0.33.
Find out the deflection and tensile Stress in X-direction.
Compare your results with a theoretical solution.
Theoretical Solution:

P 900 PL 900  4
( ) x = = = 450 N / mm2 ( ) x = = = 0.009 mm
A 2 1 AE (2 1)2 10 5

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 Elements for Structural Analysis (2D & 3D)

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Element Choice

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Define Model & Material Properties | Pre-Processing

/TITLE,2-D PLATE STRESS ANALYSIS

!PRE-PROCESSING BEGINS
/PREP7
!DEFINE ELEMENT
ET,1,82
!DEFINE MATERIAL PROPS
MP,EX,1,2E5 !DEFINE YOUNG'S MODULUS
MP,NUXY,1,0.33 !DEFINE POISSON RATIO
!DEFINE SOLID MODELLING
RECTG,,4,,2 !MODELLING A RECTANGLE
APLOT !PLOT AREAS (PLOT OR SHOW THE RECTANGLE)

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 PLOT CONTROLS: NUMBERING

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 PLOT CONTROLS: NUMBERING

KPLOT & KPT NUMBERING

LPLOT & LINE NUMBERING

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Define Mesh | Pre-Processing

!DEFINE MESH SIZE

KESIZE,ALL,0.5 !Element Size at all key-points (1,2,34)
!MESH THE AREA
AMESH,1 !MESH AREA '1'
EPLOT !PLOT ELEMENTS
FINI
SAVE

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 How to find Element Numbers?

EPLOT !With Element numbers activated

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 How to find out Node-Numbers?

NPLOT !With Node numbers activated

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 ELIST !LIST ALL ELEMENT DETAILS

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 NLIST !LIST ALL NODE DETAILS

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 Solution Phase

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 Solution Phase

UX=0 FX=100N

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Solution Phase
/SOLU !ACTIVATE SOLN PHASE
!DEFINE SUPPORT
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 !SELECT ALL NODES WITH X=0 LOCATION
D,ALL,UX,0 !CONSTRAIINT ALL NODES IN X & Y DIRN
D,1,UY,0 !CONSTRAIINT ALL NODES IN X & Y DIRN
NSEL,ALL !SELECT ALL NODES
NSEL,S,LOC,X,4 !SELECT ALL NODES WITH X=4 LOCATION
F,ALL,FX,100 !APPLY FORCE ON ALL NODES 100 UNIT PER NODE (TOT=
9NODES X 100N/NODE = 900 N)
NSEL,ALL
!Ensure boundary conditions are proper or not

SOLVE

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Deformed Shape with Un-deformed

Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Deformed Shape – Def + Undeformed

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Tensile Stress in X-Direction

Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Nodal Solu – Stress –
X-Comp

Local Stresses because of local nodal loads. Can be reduced by

fine mesh at corners

Average Stress = 900 / 1X2 = 450 N/mm2

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Comparative Results based on Various Mesh Size

You can observe the refinement in results, local stresses (red, orange, yellow
and green zones) are reduced because of fine mesh.
Mesh = 0.5 Mesh = 0.25 Mesh = 0.125
9 Nodes 17 Nodes 33 Nodes
100 Unit load per node 53 Unit load per node 27.27 Unit load per node

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Comparative Results based on Various Mesh Size
PL 900  4
TheoriticalSolution : ( ) x = = = 0.009 mm
AE (2 1)2 10 5

FEA Solution
Ux = ~0.009583

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Plane Stress Condition

Thickness (z-direction) of plate is very small as compared with length (x-direction)

and width (y-direction). Therefore, stress in z-direction is negligible as compared to
stress in x- and y- direction.

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Design Questions: ? ???
Is it a plane stress or plane strain condition?

What happens when I change modulus of elasticity (Extreme High

(like rock) and Extreme low (Like clay)?

Can I reduce the FE domain (size)? If so how much?

Will the plate under consideration of given design conditions fail?

How do you know it will fail?

If fails then what shall I do?

Any stress concentration (local stress) effect)? If so then how I will be

able to address?

Which practical problem can be solved using this simple problem?

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Plane Strain Condition

Length (z-direction) of cylinder is high as compared with diameter. Therefore, strain

in z-direction is negligible as compared to strain in x- and y- direction.

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Model Example-2

A rectangular plate of size: Length 4, Width 2 and Thickness 2, is

subjected to a load of 900 unit along the length direction. E =
2X105, Poission’s Ratio = 0.33.
Find out the deflection and tensile Stress in X-direction.
Compare your results with a theoretical solution.
Theoretical Solution:

P 900 PL 900  4
( ) x = = = 225N / mm2 ( ) x = = = 0.0045 mm
A 2 2 AE (2  2)2 10 5

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Length 4, Width 2 and Thickness 2

Can I solve a 3D problem as a 2D problem? Using a 2D

element??

Yes: We can select a plane stress element which has an

option to incorporate thickness as input.

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Element Choice

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Define Model & Material Properties | Pre-Processing

/TITLE,2-D PLATE STRESS ANALYSIS

!PRE-PROCESSING BEGINS
/PREP7
!DEFINE ELEMENT
ET,1,82
ET,1,82,,,3 !ACTIVATE THICKNESS OPTION BY GIVING KOPT(3)=3
R,1,2 !DEFINE THICKNESS AS 2 (YOU CAN CHANGE AND CHECK RESULTS!

!DEFINE MATERIAL PROPS

MP,EX,1,2E5 !DEFINE YOUNG'S MODULUS
MP,NUXY,1,0.33 !DEFINE POISSON RATIO
!DEFINE SOLID MODELLING
RECTG,,4,,2 !MODELLING A RECTANGLE
APLOT !PLOT AREAS (HERE, PLOT OR SHOW THE RECTANGLE)
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 Define Mesh | Pre-Processing

!DEFINE MESH SIZE

KESIZE,ALL,0.5
!MESH THE AREA
AMESH,1 !MESH AREA '1'
EPLOT !PLOT ELEMENTS
FINI
SAVE

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 PLOT CONTROLS: NUMBERING

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 PLOT CONTROLS: NUMBERING

KPLOT & KPT NUMBERING

LPLOT & LINE NUMBERING

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 How to find Element Numbers?

EPLOT !With Element numbers activated

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 How to find out Node-Numbers?

NPLOT !With Node numbers activated

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 ELIST !LIST ALL ELEMENT DETAILS

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 NLIST !LIST ALL NODE DETAILS

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Solution Phase

/SOLU !ACTIVATE SOLN PHASE

!DEFINE SUPPORT
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 !SELECT ALL NODES WITH X=0 LOCATION
D,ALL,UX,0 !CONSTRAIINT ALL NODES IN X & Y DIRN
NSEL,ALL
D,1,UY,0
NSEL,ALL !SELECT ALL NODES
NSEL,S,LOC,X,4 !SELECT ALL NODES WITH X=4 LOCATION
F,ALL,FX,100 !APPLY FORCE ON ALL NODES 100 UNIT PER NODE (TOT=
NSEL,ALL
9NODES X 100N/NODE = 900 N)
SOLVE

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Deformed Shape with Un-deformed

Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Deformed Shape – Def + Undeformed

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Tensile Stress in X-Direction

Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Nodal Solu – Stress –
X-Comp

Local Stresses because of local nodal loads. Can be reduced by

fine mesh at corners

Average Stress = 900 / 2X2 = 225

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Comparative Results based on Various Mesh Size

You can observe the refinement in results, local stresses (red, orange, yellow
and green zones) are reduced because of fine mesh.
Mesh = 0.5 Mesh = 0.25 Mesh = 0.125
9 Nodes 17 Nodes 33 Nodes
100 Unit load per node 53 Unit load per node 27.27 Unit load per node

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Comparative Results based on Various Mesh Size

PL 900  4
TheoriticalSolution : ( ) x = = = 0.0045 mm
AE (2  2)2 10 5

FEA
Solution

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Design Questions: ? ???
Is it a plane stress or plane strain condition?

What happens when I change modulus of elasticity (Extreme High

(like rock) and Extreme low (Like clay)?

Can I reduce the FE domain (size)? If so how much?

Will the plate under consideration of given design conditions fail?

How do you know it will fail?

If fails then what shall I do?

Any stress concentration (local stress) effect)? If so then how I will be

able to address?

Which practical problem can be solved using this simple problem?

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Model Example-3
A cantilever beam Length 80, Width 20 and Thickness 1, is
subjected to a load of 100 unit at the end in –ve y-direction.
E = 2X105, Poisson's Ratio = 0.33.
Find out the deflection of end point and tensile Stress in X-
direction. Compare your results with a theoretical solution.

P = 100
20 Width

Thickness 1
(you can change and check the results)

Theoretical Solution: 80 Length

PL3 100  803 Mb 100  80 20

= = = 0.128mm ( b ) x = y=  = 120 N / mm2
3EI  1  203
 I 1 20 3
2
3  2  105  
 12  12

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Define Model and Material Props
/TITLE,2-D BEAM STRESS ANALYSIS
!PRE-PROCESSING BEGINS
/PREP7
!DEFINE ELEMENT!
ET,1,82
!DEFINE MATERIAL PROPS!
MP,EX,1,2E5 !DEFINE YOUNG'S MODULUS
MP,NUXY,1,0.33 !DEFINE POISSON RATIO
!DEFINE SOLID MODELLING
RECTG,,80,,20 !MODELLING A RECTANGLE
APLOT

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Define Mesh

!DEFINE MESH SIZE

KESIZE,1,2 !SPECIFY ELEMENT SIZE NEAR KEYPOINT '1'
KESIZE,2,5 !SPECIFY ELEMENT SIZE NEAR KEYPOINT '2'
KESIZE,3,5 !SPECIFY ELEMENT SIZE NEAR KEYPOINT '3'
KESIZE,4,2 !SPECIFY ELEMENT SIZE NEAR KEYPOINT '4'

AMESH,1 !MESH AREA '1'

EPLOT !PLOT ELEMENTS
FINI
SAVE
!PRE-PROCESSING ENDS

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 Solution Phase

!ENTER SOLUTION PHASE

/SOLU
!DEFINE SUPPORT
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 !NODES IN LINE X=0 IS SELECTED
D,ALL,ALL,0 !ALL DOF CONSTRAINED
NSEL,ALL
!DEFINE LOAD
FK,3,FY,-100 !FORCE DEFNED ON KEYPOINT
SOLVE

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Deformation Plot
Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Deformed Shape – Def + Undeformed

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 Check the deformation at free end (UY)
Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Deformed Shape – Def + Undeformed

PL3 100  803

= = = 0.128mm
3EI  1  203

3  2  105  
 12 

FEM Solution: 0.13 mm

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 Bending Stress Plot
Click: General Postprocessor – Plot Results – Contour Plot – Nodal Solu – Stress –
X-Comp
Mb 100  80 20
( b ) x = y=  = 120 N / mm2
I 1 20 3
2
12
FEM Solution: 128 N/mm2

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Design Questions: ? ???
Is it a plane stress or plane strain condition?
What happens when I change modulus of elasticity (Extreme High
(like rock) and Extreme low (Like clay)?
Can I reduce the FE domain (size)?
Will the beam under consideration of given design conditions fail?
How do you know it will fail?
If fails then what shall I do?
Any stress concentration (local stress) effect)? If so then how I will be
able to address?

What if there is an inclined load?

[email protected] BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956